PHONEMIC AND PHONEMIC FEATURES VOWELS AND CONSONATS

1. “UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL
ECUADOR”
facultad de filosofía, letras y ciencias
de la educación
ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS
TANIA AGUIRRE
PHONOLOGY/PHONEMIC
AND PHONETIC FEATURES/

2. TANIA AGUIRRE

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE
ORGAN OF SPEECH
THE PAIRED VOCAL “THE vocal folds vibrate to create
FOLDXS ARE LOCATIONS sounds for vowels and voiced
IN THE LARYN consonants”
UVULA, shape like a U THONGUE THE PALATE
Comes from latin
“grape” Is segmented in
Is segmented in three three sections
sections
Part of the tongue
The tongue tip Know as apex lying closest to
the front teeth

4. Is a speech sound
VOWELS
Produced by human
beings
Vowells occur in
combinations
T
I DIPHTHONGS
H
N
E They are called
V
diphthongs
E 1. Voicing
V
N 2. Vowel
O
W
T
VOWEL
Determine the vowel quality
features are as
E
O PRODUCTIONS
follow
3. Simple/
L
R comple
ENGLISH VOWEL
x
The position of the 4. ᴂ/ᴐ
PHONEME
articulatory organs
QUADRANT
SPANISH VOWEL No more than two vowels
PHONEME can occur together in
QUADRANT spanish

5. SPANISH VOWEL
PHONEME
QUADRANT
T
O
A
E
R
A
N
G
U /I/
E
/u/
P
O
S
/o/
I /e/
T
I
/a/
H
S
A
E
P
P
L
O
I
N
ENGLISH VOWEL
PHONEME
QUADRANT

6. Is the difference in
CONTRAST pronunciation which is used by
the speakers
Phonetic and phonemic vowel
Vowels sounds are
sorted monophthongs
MONOPHYHONGS
contrast
And diphthongs
Is a single vowel <pet> /pɛt/
articulated witout
change in quality
<team> /tIym/
A front vowel is
pronunced with the Part of the tongue from ts
highest neutral position

7. /SPANISH/i/with
ENGLISH/Iy/and/I/
THE /i/
/i/ /I/ /Iy/
The fronto The tongue is The tongue is
section of the positioned positioned
tongue rises forward forward
To make
And high in the And slightly
contact both
oral cavity lower
sides.
Than in the
Of the upper with the sides in
oral cavity for
lateral teeth contact.
/i/

8. SPANISH ENGLISH
/i/ /Iy/ /I/
<ira> /‟ira/ <week /‟wIyk/ <sit> /‟sIt/
>
<tea> /‟tIy/ <busy /‟bIzIy
> /
PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES
SPANISH ENGLISH
/i/ /Iy/ /I/
Voiced, Voiced,complex Voiced,
simple,high ,ten simple,high
/i/ /ǐ/ /ii:/ /ii/ [I:] [I]
[‘mil] [ mǐnǐ [‘mii:t] [‘ɹiitʃ] [‘mI:t] [‘ɹItʃ]
mo] ]

9. The tongue is The tongue is
The dorso section
positioned forward positioned forward
And high in the oral and high in the oral
Of the tongue reaches
cavity with its sides. cavity
The borders of the hard In contact with the lateral With thw sides in contact
palate. teeth. with the lateral teeth.
Making a groove Lips are spread and
The jaw moves up
between tongue/ palate. retracted.

10. SPANISH ENGLISH
/e/ /ey/ /ɛ/
<tren /‟tren/ <came /‟keym <let> /‟lɛt/
> > /
<sleig /‟sley/ <said /‟sɛd/
h> >
PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES
SPANISH ENGLISH
/e/ /ey/ /ɛ/
Voiced, Voiced,complex,te Voiced,
simple,high n simple,high
/e/ /ɛ/ /ei:/ /ei/ [ɛ:] [ɛ]
[‘neto] [ texa [‘plei:/] [‘skeit] [‘sɛ:d] [‘sɛt]

11. The dorso section of The thongue The tongue is
the tongue positioned slightly slightly
Upwards gently to Forward and low in Back and low in the
the central area the oral cavity oral cavity
With the apex With the tip of the
Of the oral cavity
positioned. tongue placing

12. SPANISH ENGLISH
/a/ /a/ /ᴂ/
<cárce /‟/kars <calm /‟kam/ <hat> /‟hᴂt
/
l> el >
<not > /‟nat/ <laugh /‟lᴂf
/
>
PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES
SPANISH ENGLISH
/a/ /a/ /ᴂ/
Voiced, Voiced,complex,t Voiced,
simple,high en simple,high
/a/ /ǟ/ /a:/ /a/ [ᴂ:] [ᴂ]
[‘palma] [ mǟno] [‘fa:ɹ] [‘hat] [‘bᴂ: d
] [‘hᴂt
]

13. Is the most
common vowel in
spoken english.
Ant it is a quite
short vowel
sound
The
IN MANY LIGHTLY Unstressed
pronunciation is
PRONUNCED. syllables
“uh”
In english but it The tongue is
Inmultisyllabic
does not in positioned in the
words
spanish middle.

14. The tongue is
retracted backwards
The tongue is
positioned back .
The dorso
The oral cavity. Lips section of the
are rounded tongue
In a low-mied
position
Is moved
The tip of the backwlowerards
tongue moves up. but
With respect to
the height.

15. [ü] voiced,simple,H-
B,nasal (‘punto)
[u] voiced, simple, H- [ʊ]voiced,simple,H-
Phonemic and
B,tense UL(‘urna) B,lax,UL (‘tʊk)
phonetic
features.
[uṷ:]
voiced,,complex,H-B,L [ʊ:] voiced,simple,H-
(‘suṷ:) B,lax,L (‘wʊ:d)

16. DIPhTHONGS
A dipthong is a
complex vowel
ENGLISH
Phonological group
DIPHTHONGS
of a vowel sound Made of two
components
Followed by a non FOR EXAMPLE: the
adjacent glide diphthong transcribed
within the same phonetically.
sylable.
The vowels can be
classified as either
weak i,u
SPANISH
Strong vowel a, e, o
DIPHTHONGS
Two strongs vowels
can‟t be in the same
syllable

17. SPANISH FALLING SPANISH RISING
DIPHTHONGS DIPHTHONGS
weak /ya/ low central position
SPANISH /ye/mid front position
Strong
/ay/ tongue moves /yo/ high front position.
upwards recurrently /yw/ high back position
/ey/ upwards gently /wa/low central position
mid front section. /we/rounded to spread
/ew/ backwards /wy/high front position
smoothly from position. /wo/keep rounded.

18. MacMillan IPA symbols
Dictionary Broad Narrow
j /y/ [j]
i /ɪy/ [ɪɪ̯̯]
e /ɛ/ [ɛ]
ɑ /a/ [a]
ʌ /ə/ [ʌ] if stressed
u /uw/ [uu̯]
ɜr /əɹ/ [ɝ] if stressed
[ɚ] if unstressed
eɪ /ey/ [eɪ̯̯]
aɪ /ay/ [aɪ̯̯]
ɔɪ /ɔy/ [ɔɪ̯]
oʊ /ow/ [ou̯]
aʊ /aw/ [au̯]
ɪr /ɪɹ/ [ɪɹ] or [ɪəɹ]

19. ARTICULATOR AND
THE VOCAL TRACT Articulatory basis POINT OF
ARTICULATION.
How describe VOICING
consonant sound.
Produced by Sound quality THE
partially ARTICULATOR
Vocal cords ACTIVE IN THE
Association is SPEECH
apico-alveolar
The lower lip
Voiced-otherwise /m,p/
Fronto-palatal The tongue as
for/k,t,tʃ/
Voiced POINT OF
Dorso-velar ARTICULATION
consonants
Difference Voiceless Is any part in
dialects consonant the mouth

20. Upper and lower surface
POINT OF MANNER OF
THE ARTICULATOR ARTICULATION ARTICULATION
Any part in the
moves freely enough to mouth Air flows out
be active
Major Passive
Articulator
During the production
In the speech of a sound
The upper Alveolar
teeth (v) ridge(t)
Hard The velum Stop, fricative,nasal,
Major Active palate ʤ k lateral, vibrant,
Articulator affricateor a continuant

21. PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC
CONSONANT CONTRAST
CONSTRAST OF ENGLISH AND
SPANISH STOPS
Stop or plosive HOMORGANIC SOUNDS
Passive articulator
This refers to sounds
and completely cuts.
English and spanish Made at the same place
stops P,t,k,b,d,g of articulation.

22. /p/CONTRASTIVE TRANSFER
AANALYSIS
Contextualized phonetic
P transcription.
R
P
O
/ I
D
p
U
C /b/voiced
- T Strong and weak forms.
b
C
U /p/voiceless
T
/ R
I
E
O
Phonemic adn phonetic features
N
and distribution..
/p/[p] [ph] [p’][p-]

23. /p-b/ PRODUCTION PICTURE
/b/voiced /p/CONTRASTIVE TRANSFER AANALYSIS
/p/voiceless
International Contextualized phonetic
Phonetic transcription.
Transcription
EXAMPLES: both Strong and weak forms.
language
Phonemic adn phonetic
<strap> /stɹᴂp/ features and distribution..
/b/[b]
<bob> /bab/

24. Despite the fact that spanish
and english.
/t/
/t/is voiceless, apico-
dental,oral,stop.
FEATURES
/t- /-t-/[.t][r][ţ][ʔ]
d/PRODUCTION
PICTURE
Phonemic and Same phonological
phonetic symbol/d/
/d/
English:/d/[ʔ][r]
distribution
Spanish:[δ][Φ] /d/

25. /k-g/PRODUCTION PICTURE
/k/voiceless /k/ /g/
/g/voiced
Phonemic
the same features
distribution,/g/the
spanish spelling: in both languages.
same sound.
<acosar>/ako‟sar/
English Voiceless, dorso- Voiced,dorso-
spelling:examples velar,oral, stop. velar,oral,stop,
<clear>/‟kliyəɹ/
Phonemic and
phonetic Spanish:[Ɣ] [g]
Oral, dorso-
velar,stop distribution./k/[r][r]
english: [g]
[r] [r]

26. /f-v/ PRODUCTION PICTURE
Phonemic and phonetic
features
Labio-
dental,oral,fricative
Spanish,has two
/f/ /v/
allophones
[f] voiceless Free <„fɹiy> Special emphasis
has to be given
Labio dental, oral,
/f/[ɸ] Sound its absence.
fricative, [ɸ]

27. /S- /z/ voiced
Z/PRODUCTION
PICTURE /s/voiceless
Both english and
spanish have Phonemic and
REMINDER /s/sound which is phonetic features.
voiceless
PRODUCCION: Phonetic and phonemic
PRODUCCION:/Z/happens
ENGLISH spelling features /z/ sound occurs is
as an allophone of /s/<z>
<z>razor /‟reyzƏr/ voiced.
and s /s/

28. /z/ /s/
Sound which is voiceless
Sound wich is voiced
The diference is marked
greatly.
Apico –alveolar,
oral,fricative
REMINDER:
Positional variation, and it
voiced /z/voiced, apico- [s]h, position, initial,
alveolar meddle and final.

29. /ð-θ/ production picture
/ð/voiced,
/θ/ voiceless
/θ/
Phonetic and phonemic
features:
/θ/ Apico, interdental,oral, fricativ
e
in both languages: in
Exist english phoneme and
spanish allophone
distribution The english:/θ/ is not
used in America
/θ/
REMIND it occurs in a low.

30. /ð-θ/ production picture
/ð/voiced,
/θ/ voiceless
/ð/
Phonetic and phonemic
features:
/ð/ Apico, interdental,oral,
fricative
in both languages:
Exist
Voiced, apico- interdental, oral,
/ð/ fricative. In spanish is
allophone
In english it is phoneme,
Position between
vowels.
voiced, apico- interdental.

31. /λ-r/ production picture
/λ/voiced,
/r/ voiceless
/λ/
Phonetic and phonemic
features:
/λ/ Apico, interdental,oral,
fricative
in both languages:
Exist
Voiced, apico- interdental, oral,
/r/ fricative. In spanish is
allophone
In english it is
Position between phoneme, voiced, apico-
vowels. interdental.

32. As an Allophone /ʒ/ of
This /ʒ/ sounds as a the FRONTO-
Phoneme in English. PALATAL LATERAL
/λ/ in Spanish.
EXAMPLES
<ge> garage /gə'ɹaʒ/
The /ʒ/ sound occur in <si> occasion /ə‘keyʒən/
English only middle and <s> measure /mɛʒəɹ/
final position. <g> regime /ɹeyɪ'ʒiym/
<z> azure /'æʒəɹ/

33. VOICED
FRONTO-PALATAL
ORAL
GROOVE
FRICATIVE
THE VIOCED FRICATIVE /ʒ/ENTERED THE
ENGLISH PHONEME INVENTORY THROUGH
FRENCH WORDS

34. The voiceless
DORSO-VELAR /x/ is
sound which existx
particulary in
Spanish
A common
EXAMPLES confusion is
<j> jarabe made with the
/xaˈrabe/ glottal English
<g>girasol /xiɾaˈsol/ /h/ when English
<x>xavier /xabieɾ/ speaker utter the
velar sound

35. THIS PHONEME /X/ HAS
THREE ALLOPHONE WHICH
MAY OCCUR IN FREE
VARIATION REGARDING
VOICELESS
DORSO-VELAR
ORAL [x] voiceless, dorso-
FRICATIVE velar, oral,fricative
[h]voiceless, glottal, oral
fricative
[ø] zero allophone

36. The /h/ is another The /h/ sound never
sound which happens in occursin final position
partial distribution
Spanish speaker same This phoneme not exists
pronounce as the english in Spanish but it‟s an
/h/ allophone of sound /x/
EXAMPLES
<h> holiday
/halɪdey/
<wh>whole /ˈhowl/

37. phoneme /h/ has two
allophones in English:
[h] voiceless, glottal, oral,
fricative
[-ɦ-]voiced,glottal,oral
fricative
VOICELESS
GLOTTAL
ORAL
FRICATIVE
THE ENGLISH WORDS
<when>,<why>,<what> are
pronunced by some speakear with the
initial consonant cluster /hw/

38. ARTICULATOR AND POINT OF ARTICULATOR
E /ʧ/ /ʤ/
AFFRIC
ORAL
ATE
S [ʧ] [ʤ]
VOICELESS VOICED
VOICING
HOMORGANIC SOUNDS
AFFRICATES have the same place of
articulation
They are transcribed using the symbols for
the stop and the fricative creating a
diagraph

39. /ʧ/ FEATURES
VOICELESS
APICO-ALVEOLAR
LAMINO FRONTO-
PALATE
ORAL
AFFRICATE
THE / ʧ/ SOUND IS A COMMON ELEMENT IN
ENGLISH AND SPANISH BESIDES THR BOTH
LANGUAGES HAVE ONE ALLOPHONE WITH
THE SAME FEATURES

40. VOICED
APICO-ALVEOLAR
LAMINO FRONTO-
PALATE
ORAL
AFFRICATE
IN SPANISH IT IS ALLOPHONE OF THE PALATAL
APPROXIMAT /y/ UTTERED BY FEW PEOPLE OF THE
COAST REGION

41. CONTRAST NASAL SOUND
The nasals ARTICULATOR AND POINT OF
ARTICULATION
consonants are
continuan
Occlusive
produced when the BILABIA APICO DORSO DORSO
air to flow out L ALVEOL VELAR PALATAL
Nasal
E AR
through the nasal S
cavity /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ ----
t
-
/n/ /m/ /ŋ/
/m/ /n/ [ŋ] /ɲ/
voiced voiced voiced voiced
VOICING
EXAMPLES
<m> message /ˈmɛsəʤ/
<mm> mammal /ˈmæmə/

42. ENGLISH SPANISH
It has three allophones:
[m] voiced, bilabial, nasal, It has just one
occlusive,continuant allophone
[ɱ]voiced,labiodental,nasal, [m]
occlusive,continuant voiced,bilabial,nasal,
[mͅ] voiced,bilabial,nasal, occlusive,continuant
occlusive,continuant,syllabic
ENGLISH NASAL CONSONANTS MAY BECOME
SYLLABIC WHEN OCCURING IN FINAL-WORD
POSITION AS PART OF AS UNSTRESSED
SYLLABLE AND BESIDES WHEN THE REDUCED
VOWEL SOUND IS DROPPED

43. /Y//W/ PRODUCTION PICTURE
Fronto palatal, oral,
voiced, fricative
/W/
Aproximat sound Features distribution
Both language Spanish: there are
ENGLISH
[_ų] bilabial
Voiced bilabial-
dorso velar [w-]dorso velar Allophones [w-]
Oral, approximant [g]semiconsonant
semiconsonant[_ų]
color

44. /y/
Production picture
features distribution
Phoneme, voiced, ENGLISH: /Y-/
fronto-palatal, ora.
SPANISH:ʤ, /j-/
Differents allophones and
phonemes in both Two happen in free variation.
languages.

45. PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN CONNECTED
SPEECH
What occurs when a non.native speakers lacked of
experience in tha language.
THE PHONETIC TEACHING DIFFERENT
CONNECTED SPEECH
PROCESSES PROCESSES
Learners of foreing
CHANGES IN Common both spanish
languages try to
PRONUNCIATION and english..
pronounce
Depend on the
Within and between
words.
Each single word. formality of the
situation.
Position with LINKING(connectin
They fail to blend words.
neighboring sounds. g)