1. Chapter 2: Cells Chapter 2- Cells

3. The animal cell (3-D) Nucleus Vacuoles Plasma Membrane Mitochondrion Nucleolus Cytoplasm Golgi apparatus Rough endoplasmic reticulum

4. Label the parts of an animal cell.

5. The plant cell (3-D) Cell wall Plasma Membrane Central vacuole Chloroplasts Mitochondrion Nucleus Cytoplasm Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

6. Label the parts of a plant cell.

8. 3-D structure of a chloroplast

16. 1. Vesicles transport substances within the cell. Small vesicles containing substances made by the ER are pinched off from the ER. How substances made by the endoplasmic reticulum enter the Golgi apparatus and are finally secreted out of the cell rough endoplasmic reticulum vesicle forming Processes in the Golgi Apparatus

17. 1. Vesicles transport substances within the cell. Small vesicles containing substances made by the ER are pinched off from the ER. How substances made by the endoplasmic reticulum enter the Golgi apparatus and are finally secreted out of the cell rough endoplasmic reticulum vesicle forming vesicle pinched off Processes in the Golgi Apparatus

18. 1. Vesicles transport substances within the cell. Small vesicles containing substances made by the ER are pinched off from the ER. 2. Vesicles then fuse with the Golgi apparatus and release their contents into the Golgi apparatus. The substances made by the ER may be modified inside the Golgi apparatus. How substances made by the endoplasmic reticulum enter the Golgi apparatus and are finally secreted out of the cell rough endoplasmic reticulum vesicle forming vesicle fusing with Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus vesicle pinched off Processes in the Golgi Apparatus

19. 1. Vesicles transport substances within the cell. Small vesicles containing substances made by the ER are pinched off from the ER. 4. Secretory vesicles fuse with the cell surface membrane and their contents are released outside the cell. How substances made by the endoplasmic reticulum enter the Golgi apparatus and are finally secreted out of the cell 3. Secretory vesicles containing these modified substances are pinched off from the Golgi apparatus. They then move to fuse with the cell surface membrane. rough endoplasmic reticulum vesicle forming secretory vesicle pinched off substances released outside the cell secretory vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane Processes in the Golgi Apparatus vesicle pinched off 2. Vesicles then fuse with the Golgi apparatus and release their contents into the Golgi apparatus. The substances made by the ER may be modified inside the Golgi apparatus . vesicle fusing with Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus

20. In animal cells organize the assembly of spindle microtubules during cell division. Consists of two short cylinders, facing right angles at each other Centrioles Function Structure Organelle

22. In plant cells contains cell sap such as nutrients and mineral salts Fluid filled space surrounded by a partially membrane known as tonoplast Vacuole Function Structure Organelle

25. Differences between animal and plant cell Animal Plant Cell wall absent present Chloroplasts absent present Vacuoles small and many usually large and central Stores food as glycogen granules starch granules

27. Specialised / Differentiated cells Differentiation: A process in which the zygote undergoes a change from a simple to complex structure. (contains DNA from both parents)

28. cell membrane Cytoplasm with a red pigment protein called haemoglobin. It carries oxygen.

33. The Xylem Vessel

37. Young Xylem vessels Matured xylem vessels

41. Specialised Cells, Tissues, Organs & Systems A group of cells work together to form a tissue . intestinal epithelium (tissue) made up of intestinal epithelial cells epithelium in the trachea (tissue) made up of epithelial cells and gland cells cartilage in the trachea (tissue) made up of connective tissue cells epithelium in the lungs (tissue) made up of epithelial cells connective tissue in the lungs made up of connective tissue cells muscle cell neurones intestinal epithelial cell epithelial cell gland cell muscle tissue made up of muscle cells nervous tissue made up of neurones (nerve cells) connective tissue cell connective tissue cell epithelial cell

42. Specialised Cells, Tissues, Organs & Systems Different tissues combine to form an organ . trachea (organ) lungs (organs) stomach (organ) intestine (organ) muscle tissue cartilage (tissue) muscle tissue connective tissue nervous tissue intestinal epithelium (tissue) epithelium (tissue) epithelium (tissue)

43. Specialised Cells, Tissues, Organs & Systems Several organs work together to make up an organ system . lungs (organs) trachea (organ) intestine (organ) stomach (organ) digestive system (organ system) respiratory system (organ system)

44. Specialised Cells, Tissues, Organs & Systems human (organism) digestive system (organ system) respiratory system (organ system) Various organ systems work together to make up an organism .