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Chapter 3 management (9 th edition) by robbins and coulter
1.
ninth edition STEPHEN P.
ROBBINS © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc.© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.All rights reserved. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie CookPowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West AlabamaThe University of West Alabama MARY COULTER Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture and Environment:and Environment: The ConstraintsThe Constraints ChapterChapter 33
2.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–2 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N EL E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. •The Manager: Omnipotent or SymbolicThe Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic • Contrast the action of manager according to theContrast the action of manager according to the omnipotent and symbolic views.omnipotent and symbolic views. • Explain the parameters of managerial discretion.Explain the parameters of managerial discretion. •The Organization’s CultureThe Organization’s Culture • Describe the seven dimensions of organizational culture.Describe the seven dimensions of organizational culture. • Discuss the impact of a strong culture on organizationsDiscuss the impact of a strong culture on organizations and managers.and managers. • Explain the source of an organization’s culture.Explain the source of an organization’s culture. • Describe how culture is transmitted to employees.Describe how culture is transmitted to employees. • Describe how culture affects managers.Describe how culture affects managers.
3.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–3 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. •Current Organizational Cultural Issues FacingCurrent Organizational Cultural Issues Facing ManagersManagers • Describe the characteristics of an ethical culture, anDescribe the characteristics of an ethical culture, an innovative culture, and a customer-responsive culture.innovative culture, and a customer-responsive culture. • Discuss why workplace spirituality seems to be anDiscuss why workplace spirituality seems to be an important concern.important concern. • Describe the characteristics of a spiritual organization.Describe the characteristics of a spiritual organization.
4.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–4 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. •The Environment (cont’d)The Environment (cont’d) • Describe the components of the specific and generalDescribe the components of the specific and general environments.environments. • Discuss the two dimensions of environmentalDiscuss the two dimensions of environmental uncertainty.uncertainty. • Identify the most common organizational stakeholders.Identify the most common organizational stakeholders. • Explain the four steps in managing external stakeholderExplain the four steps in managing external stakeholder relationships.relationships.
5.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–5 The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic?The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic? • Omnipotent View of ManagementOmnipotent View of Management Managers are directly responsible for anManagers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure.organization’s success or failure. The quality of the organization is determined by theThe quality of the organization is determined by the quality of its managers.quality of its managers. Managers are held accountableManagers are held accountable for an organization’s performancefor an organization’s performance yet it is difficult to attributeyet it is difficult to attribute good or poor performancegood or poor performance directly to their influencedirectly to their influence on the organization.on the organization.
6.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–6 The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic?The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic? • Symbolic View of ManagementSymbolic View of Management Much of an organization’s success or failure is due toMuch of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside of managers’ control.external forces outside of managers’ control. The ability of managers to affect outcomes isThe ability of managers to affect outcomes is influenced and constrained by external factors.influenced and constrained by external factors. The economy, customers, governmental policies,The economy, customers, governmental policies, competitors, industry conditions,competitors, industry conditions, technology, and the actions oftechnology, and the actions of previous managersprevious managers Managers symbolize control andManagers symbolize control and influence through their action.influence through their action.
7.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–7 Exhibit 3–1Exhibit 3–1 Parameters of Managerial DiscretionParameters of Managerial Discretion
8.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–8 The Organization’s CultureThe Organization’s Culture • Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture A system of shared meanings and common beliefsA system of shared meanings and common beliefs held by organizational members that determines, in aheld by organizational members that determines, in a large degree, how they act towards each other.large degree, how they act towards each other. ““The way we do things around here.”The way we do things around here.” Values, symbols, rituals, myths, and practicesValues, symbols, rituals, myths, and practices Implications:Implications: Culture is a perception.Culture is a perception. Culture is shared.Culture is shared. Culture is descriptive.Culture is descriptive.
9.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–9 Exhibit 3–2Exhibit 3–2 Dimensions of Organizational CultureDimensions of Organizational Culture
10.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–10 Exhibit 3–3Exhibit 3–3 Contrasting Organizational CulturesContrasting Organizational Cultures DimensionDimension Organization AOrganization A Organization BOrganization B Attention to DetailAttention to Detail HighHigh LowLow Outcome OrientationOutcome Orientation LowLow HighHigh People OrientationPeople Orientation LowLow HighHigh Team OrientationTeam Orientation LowLow HighHigh AggressivenessAggressiveness LowLow HighHigh StabilityStability HighHigh LowLow Innovation and Risk TakingInnovation and Risk Taking LowLow HighHigh
11.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–11 Strong versus Weak CulturesStrong versus Weak Cultures • Strong CulturesStrong Cultures Are cultures in which key values are deeply held andAre cultures in which key values are deeply held and widely held.widely held. Have a strong influence on organizational members.Have a strong influence on organizational members. • Factors Influencing the Strength of CultureFactors Influencing the Strength of Culture Size of the organizationSize of the organization Age of the organizationAge of the organization Rate of employee turnoverRate of employee turnover Strength of the original cultureStrength of the original culture Clarity of cultural values and beliefsClarity of cultural values and beliefs
12.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–12 Benefits of a Strong CultureBenefits of a Strong Culture • Creates a stronger employee commitment to theCreates a stronger employee commitment to the organization.organization. • Aids in the recruitment and socialization of newAids in the recruitment and socialization of new employees.employees. • Fosters higher organizationalFosters higher organizational performance by instilling andperformance by instilling and promoting employee initiative.promoting employee initiative.
13.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–13 Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture • Sources of Organizational CultureSources of Organizational Culture The organization’s founderThe organization’s founder Vision and missionVision and mission Past practices of the organizationPast practices of the organization The way things have been doneThe way things have been done The behavior of top managementThe behavior of top management • Continuation of the Organizational CultureContinuation of the Organizational Culture Recruitment of like-minded employees who “fit”Recruitment of like-minded employees who “fit” SocializationSocialization of new employees to help them adaptof new employees to help them adapt to the cultureto the culture
14.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–14 Exhibit 3–4Exhibit 3–4 Strong versus Weak Organizational CulturesStrong versus Weak Organizational Cultures
15.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–15 How Employees Learn CultureHow Employees Learn Culture • StoriesStories Narratives of significant events or actions of people that conveyNarratives of significant events or actions of people that convey the spirit of the organizationthe spirit of the organization • RitualsRituals Repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce theRepetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the values of the organizationvalues of the organization • Material SymbolsMaterial Symbols Physical assets distinguishing the organizationPhysical assets distinguishing the organization • LanguageLanguage Acronyms and jargon of terms, phrases, and word meaningsAcronyms and jargon of terms, phrases, and word meanings specific to an organizationspecific to an organization
16.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–16 How Culture Affects ManagersHow Culture Affects Managers • Cultural Constraints on ManagersCultural Constraints on Managers Whatever managerial actions the organizationWhatever managerial actions the organization recognizes as proper or improper on its behalfrecognizes as proper or improper on its behalf Whatever organizational activities the organizationWhatever organizational activities the organization values and encouragesvalues and encourages The overall strength or weakness of theThe overall strength or weakness of the organizational cultureorganizational culture Simple rule for getting ahead in an organization:Simple rule for getting ahead in an organization: Find out what the organization rewards and do those things.Find out what the organization rewards and do those things.
17.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–17 Exhibit 3–5Exhibit 3–5 How an Organization’s Culture Is EstablishedHow an Organization’s Culture Is Established and Maintainedand Maintained
18.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–18 Exhibit 3–6Exhibit 3–6 Managerial Decisions Affected by CultureManagerial Decisions Affected by Culture • Planning • The degree of risk that plans should contain • Whether plans should be developed by individuals or teams • The degree of environmental scanning in which management will engage • Organizing • How much autonomy should be designed into employees’ jobs • Whether tasks should be done by individuals or in teams • The degree to which department managers interact with each other
19.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–19 Exhibit 3–6Exhibit 3–6 Managerial Decisions Affected by Culture (cont’d)Managerial Decisions Affected by Culture (cont’d) • Leading • The degree to which managers are concerned with increasing employee job satisfaction • What leadership styles are appropriate • Whether all disagreements—even constructive ones—should be eliminated • Controlling • Whether to impose external controls or to allow employees to control their own actions • What criteria should be emphasized in employee performance evaluations • What repercussions will occur from exceeding one’s budget
20.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–20 Organization Culture IssuesOrganization Culture Issues • Creating an EthicalCreating an Ethical CultureCulture High in risk toleranceHigh in risk tolerance Low to moderateLow to moderate aggressivenessaggressiveness Focus on means asFocus on means as well as outcomeswell as outcomes • Creating an InnovativeCreating an Innovative CultureCulture Challenge andChallenge and involvementinvolvement FreedomFreedom Trust and opennessTrust and openness Idea timeIdea time Playfulness/humorPlayfulness/humor Conflict resolutionConflict resolution DebatesDebates Risk-takingRisk-taking
21.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–21 Exhibit 3–7Exhibit 3–7 Suggestions for Managers: Creating a More Ethical CultureSuggestions for Managers: Creating a More Ethical Culture • Be a visible role model. • Communicate ethical expectations. • Provide ethics training. • Visibly reward ethical acts and punish unethical ones. • Provide protective mechanisms so employees can discuss ethical dilemmas and report unethical behavior without fear.
22.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–22 Organization Culture Issues (cont’d)Organization Culture Issues (cont’d) • Creating a Customer-Responsive CultureCreating a Customer-Responsive Culture Hiring the right type of employees (ones with a strongHiring the right type of employees (ones with a strong interest in serving customers)interest in serving customers) Having few rigid rules, procedures, and regulationsHaving few rigid rules, procedures, and regulations Using widespread empowerment of employeesUsing widespread empowerment of employees Having good listening skills in relating to customers’Having good listening skills in relating to customers’ messagesmessages Providing role clarity to employees to reduceProviding role clarity to employees to reduce ambiguity and conflict and increase job satisfactionambiguity and conflict and increase job satisfaction Having conscientious, caring employees willing toHaving conscientious, caring employees willing to take initiativetake initiative
23.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–23 Exhibit 3–8Exhibit 3–8 Suggestions for Managers: Creating a More Customer-Suggestions for Managers: Creating a More Customer- Responsive CultureResponsive Culture • Hire service-contact people with the personality and attitudes consistent with customer service—friendliness, enthusiasm, attentiveness, patience, concern about others, and listening skills. • Train customer service people continuously by focusing on improving product knowledge, active listening, showing patience, and displaying emotions. • Socialize new service-contact people to the organization’s goals and values. • Design customer-service jobs so that employees have as much control as necessary to satisfy customers. • Empower service-contact employees with the discretion to make day-to-day decisions on job-related activities. • As the leader, convey a customer-focused vision and demonstrate through decisions and actions the commitment to customers.
24.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–24 Spirituality and Organizational CultureSpirituality and Organizational Culture •Workplace SpiritualityWorkplace Spirituality The recognition that people have an inner life thatThe recognition that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work thatnourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community.takes place in the context of community. •Characteristics of a Spiritual OrganizationCharacteristics of a Spiritual Organization Strong sense of purposeStrong sense of purpose Focus on individual developmentFocus on individual development Trust and opennessTrust and openness Employee empowermentEmployee empowerment Toleration of employees’ expressionToleration of employees’ expression
25.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–25 Benefits of SpiritualityBenefits of Spirituality • Improved employee productivityImproved employee productivity • Reduction of employee turnoverReduction of employee turnover • Stronger organizational performanceStronger organizational performance • Increased creativityIncreased creativity • Increased employee satisfactionIncreased employee satisfaction • Increased team performanceIncreased team performance • Increased organizational performanceIncreased organizational performance
26.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–26 Defining the External EnvironmentDefining the External Environment • External EnvironmentExternal Environment Those factors and forces outside the organization thatThose factors and forces outside the organization that affect the organization’s performance.affect the organization’s performance. • Components of the External EnvironmentComponents of the External Environment Specific environment:Specific environment: external forces that have aexternal forces that have a direct and immediate impact on the organization.direct and immediate impact on the organization. General environment:General environment: broad economic, socio-broad economic, socio- cultural, political/legal, demographic, technological,cultural, political/legal, demographic, technological, and global conditions thatand global conditions that maymay affect the organization.affect the organization.
27.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–27 Exhibit 3–9Exhibit 3–9 The External EnvironmentThe External Environment
28.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–28 Exhibit 3–10Exhibit 3–10 Selected U.S. Legislation Affecting BusinessSelected U.S. Legislation Affecting Business • Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 • Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 • Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 • Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 • Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 • Civil Rights Act of 1991 • Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 • Child Safety Protection Act of 1994 • U.S. Economic Espionage Act of 1996 • Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act of 2000 • Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 • Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003
29.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–29 How the Environment Affects ManagersHow the Environment Affects Managers • Environmental UncertaintyEnvironmental Uncertainty The extent to which managers have knowledge ofThe extent to which managers have knowledge of and are able to predict change their organization’sand are able to predict change their organization’s external environment is affected by:external environment is affected by: Complexity of the environment:Complexity of the environment: the number of componentsthe number of components in an organization’s external environment.in an organization’s external environment. Degree of change in environmental components:Degree of change in environmental components: howhow dynamic or stable the external environment is.dynamic or stable the external environment is.
30.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–30 Exhibit 3–11Exhibit 3–11 Environmental Uncertainty MatrixEnvironmental Uncertainty Matrix
31.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–31 Stakeholder RelationshipsStakeholder Relationships • StakeholdersStakeholders Any constituencies in the organization’s environmentAny constituencies in the organization’s environment that are affected by the organization’s decisions andthat are affected by the organization’s decisions and actionsactions • Why Manage Stakeholder Relationships?Why Manage Stakeholder Relationships? It can lead to improved organizational performance.It can lead to improved organizational performance. It’s the “right” thing to do given the interdependenceIt’s the “right” thing to do given the interdependence of the organization and its external stakeholders.of the organization and its external stakeholders.
32.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–32 Managing Stakeholder RelationshipsManaging Stakeholder Relationships 1.1. Identify the organization’s externalIdentify the organization’s external stakeholders.stakeholders. 2.2. Determine the particular interests andDetermine the particular interests and concerns of the external stakeholders.concerns of the external stakeholders. 3.3. Decide how critical each external stakeholderDecide how critical each external stakeholder is to the organization.is to the organization. 4.4. Determine how to manage each individualDetermine how to manage each individual external stakeholder relationship.external stakeholder relationship.
33.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–33 Exhibit 3–12Exhibit 3–12 Organizational StakeholdersOrganizational Stakeholders
34.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3–34 Terms to KnowTerms to Know • omnipotent view ofomnipotent view of managementmanagement • symbolic view ofsymbolic view of managementmanagement • organizational cultureorganizational culture • strong culturesstrong cultures • socializationsocialization • workplace spiritualityworkplace spirituality • external environmentexternal environment • specific environmentspecific environment • general environmentgeneral environment • environmental uncertaintyenvironmental uncertainty • environmental complexityenvironmental complexity • stakeholdersstakeholders
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