passive

1. Passive
Passive yapı özellikle cümledeki eylemi yapan kişi önemli değilse ya da belirli değilse tercih edilir.
Cümlenin içerisinde kullanılan fiil geçişli “nesne alabilen ” bir fiil olmalıdır aksi halde Passive olmaz.
Örneğin;
Ali her sabah okula gider.
Bu cümle Passive “Edilgen” yapıya dönüştürülemez çünkü “gitmek” fiili geçişsiz bir fiildir.
Aktif cümlenin içerisindeki eylemi yapan kimse cümlenin öznesi durumundadır.
Aktif bir cümleyi Passive dönüştürürken;
a. Aktif cümlenin nesnesi Passive cümlede özne konumuna getirilir.
b. Cümlenin fiili başına Be fiili getirilerek V3 olarak çekimlenir.
Aktif: Kağan şu kitabı yazdı.
Kağan wrote that book.
Özne
Nesne
Yüklem
Subject
Verb
Object
Passive: That book was written by Kağan.
Subject
Be + past participle (V3)
TENSE
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present perfect
ACTIVE
Kağan writes this book.
This book is written by Kağan.
Kağan is writing this book.
This book is being written by Kağan.
Kağan has written this book.
This book has been written by Kağan.
Present Perfect Continuous Kağan has been writing this book.
Past Simple
PASSIVE
Passive yapıya dönüştürülmez.
Kağan wrote that book.
That book was written by Kağan.
Past Continuous
Kağan was writing that book.
That book was being written by Kağan.
Past perfect
Kağan had written that book.
That book had been written by Kağan.
Past perfect Continuous
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future perfect
Future perfect Continuous
Kağan had been writing that book.
Kağan will write this book.
Kağan will be writing this book.
Kağan will have written this book.
Kağan’ll have been writing this book.
Passive yapıya dönüştürülmez.
This book will be written by Kağan.
Passive yapıya dönüştürülmez.
This book will have been written by Kağan.
Passive yapıya dönüştürülmez.
Can
May
Kağan
May
Could
Modals
Can
Could
Might
write this book.
This book
Might
Should
Should
Must
Must
Have to
be written by Kağan.
Have to
Can’t have
May have
Kağan
May have
Could have
Perfect Modals
Can’t have
Could have
Might have
written this book.
This book Might have been written by Kağan
Should have
Should have
Must have
Must have

2. Present Simple
Am/is/are V3
The term Fahrenheit is never used in weather forecasts.
Artificial Intelligence is used to describe humans’ ability to reason, discover
meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience.
Fitness is determined more by the intensity of exercise than the duration.
Seismic waves are recorded on instruments called seismographs.
Mothers are expected to devote themselves to their children.
Forecast: tahmin
Artificial: yapay
Describe: tanımlamak
Discover: keşfetmek
Experience: deneyim
Determine: belirlemek
Intensity: yoğunluk
Duration: dayanıklılık
Wave: dalga
Present Continuous
Record: kaydetmek
Devote: adamak
Am/is/are being V3
Effort: çaba
A great deal of scientific effort is being made to find solutions to complex problems.
Solution: çözüm
Mars is being fully explored because, as a planet, it is so close to the Earth.
Drought: kuraklık
Drought-resistant species of trees are being developed by large lumber companies. Resistant: dirençli
Destroy: zarar vermek
Rain forests are being destroyed and burned at a rate unprecedented in history.
Unprecedented:
Gene therapies are being tested on patients in clinical trials.
Trial: deney
More than 60,000 square kilometers of productive land is being lost every year.
Productive: üretken
Present perfect
Have/has been V3
More than 8,000 books and articles have been devoted to Ottoman Empire.
Topics such as foreign affairs, terrorism, security have been studied extensively.
The aims of the NATO intervention in this country have been clearly defined.
The benefits of omega-3 fatty acids have been confirmed by the results of various studies.
A mammoth’s tissues and skeleton have been studied at a zoological museum in Russia.
English as a SL has been taught in Africa for nearly four hundred years.
The US government’s currency policy has been sharply criticized.
Past simple
Was/were V3
Iceland was taken over by Norway in 1262 and regained its independence in 1944.
Kierkegaard was widely appreciated and fully understood by his contemporaries.
Robot-like devices were actually created thousands of years ago, but were not
popular until one appeared in a play in 1921.
Today, two professors were involved in a fierce debate about the Marshall Plan.
During the middle ages, paper was brought to Europe by the Arabs.
In Shakespeare‟s time, the theatre was a popular form of entertainment and
remained so until it was banned in 1649.
Past continuous
Was/were being V3
By the mid-1950s portable radios were being sold in the United States and Europe.
The Minister brought a map to show us where the new bridge was being built.
Nidâ Tüfekçi died in hospital where he was being treated for a heart condition.
In the early part of the 20th century the quantum theory was being developed.
Some of the participants did not know their attitudes were being measured.
Kierkegaard opposed the doctrines and ideas which were being advanced by some
of his contemporaries like Feuerbach and Marx.
Affair: konu mesele
Extensively: geniş çaplı
Aim: hedef
Intervention:
Clearly: açıkça
Benefit: kar, yarar
Confirm: onaylamak
Various: çeşitli
Tissue: doku
Currency: para birimi
Criticize: eleştirmek
Take over: yönetimi almak
Independence: bağımsızlık
Widely: geniş ölçüde
Contemporaries: çağdaş
Device: alet
Appear: ortaya çıkma
Involve in: katılmak
Fierce: şiddetli
Debate: tartışma
Remain: kalmak
Ban: yasaklamak
Portable: taşınabilir
Build: inşa etmek
Treat: tedavi etmek
Participant: katılımcı
Attitude: tavır, tutum
Measure: ölçmek
Oppose: karşı çıkmak

3. Past perfect
Had been V3
Until the early 1960s, the houses had been built largely from remnants of the ancient city.
After the 1997 financial crisis, Southeast Asia had been overtaken by China and India.
Iceland, annexed by Norway in 1262, had been an independent republic since 930.
Until 13th century, European maritime commerce had been divided between a
Mediterranean and a North Atlantic world.
Before Copernicus it had been believed that the centre of the universe was the Earth.
All the tickets had been sold at least a week before the concert took place.
Future Simple
Will be V3
Living beings will be found on one of Jupiter’s satellites.
One day Earth-like life will be discovered outside our own planet.
Citizens will be registered in Turkey as a voter after 18 years of age.
He has given in his resignation, but he isn’t sure that it will be accepted.
After secondary school, students will be educated and trained for a special job.
Everybody will be very satisfied with the training offered.
Future perfect
Will have been V3
By the age of 20 an average person will have been exposed to at least 20,000 hours
of television.
The construction of the world’s tallest residential building, the Chicago Spire will
have been completed by late 2015.
The production will have been increased by the end of this month.
By 9 o’clock, the results of the exam will have been announced by the teacher.
By the end of this century, 60 percent of the fresh water on Earth will have been
run out of due to waste of it.
Present Perfect Continuous
Future Continuous
Future perfect Continuous
Past perfect Continuous
Bu tense’lerin Passive çekimleri kullanılmaz.
Largely: büyük ölçüde
Remnant: kalıntı
Crisis: kriz
Overtake: geçmek
Annex:topraklarına katmak
Maritime: deniz
Commerce: ticaret
Divide: bölmek
Believe: inanmak
Universe: kainat
Take place: olmak
Satellite: uydu
Planet: gezegen
Citizen: vatandaş
Register: kaydolmak
Voter: seçmen
Resignation: istifa
Accept: Kabul etmek
Train: eğitmek
Satisfy with: tatmin olmak
Offer: önermek
Average: ortalama
Expose to: maruz kalmak
Residential: konut
Announce: bildirmek
Run out of: bitmek

4. Passive of Modals
Can be V3
Hunting tools can be interpreted as symbols of male power.
The shrub “jatropha” can be grown on land too poor for trees to grow on.
Beauty can be defined universally, but in fact it is purely subjective.
Biodiversity can only be sustained through the preservation of forests as well as wetlands.
Solar energy can be used for the generation of electricity and also for the heating of
water as well as buildings.
Must be V3
New and better methods of preventing thermal pollution must be found.
For something to be considered cultural, it must be learned as well as shared.
The oxygen-generator canisters must be replaced periodically to ensure that they
will operate properly.
Every effort must be made for ultimate reliability to new aircrafts.
Have to be V3
New power sources have to be developed to replace conventional fuels.
Global warming has to be solved through energy conservation.
There is still a lot that has to be learned about the moon.
Children have to be reminded that their parents also have rights.
Several problems have to be overcome to make any nuclear reactor function.
Vaccines have to be reformulated every year to keep on working.
Hunting: avlanma
Interpret: yorumlamak
Purely: tamamen
Subjective: öznel
Biodiversity: biyolojik çeçit
Sustain: sürdürmek
Wetland: sulak arazi
Generation: üretme
Prevent: önlemek
Pollution: kirlilik
Share: paylaşmak
Canister: kutu
Periodically: periyodik olarak
Ensure: temin etmek
Operate: çalıştırmak
Properly: düzgün bir şekilde
Effort: çaba
Ultimate:mutlak
Reliability: güvenilirlik
Source: kaynak
Conventional: geleneksel
Conservation: tasarruf etme
Remind: hatırlamak
Right: hak
Overcome: üstesinden gelmek
Function: çalışmak
Vaccine: aşı
Keep on: sürdürmek
Could be V3
The First World War could be called the War of the Ottoman Succession.
The damaging effects of television on children could be lessened.
Matter and energy could be changed into each other.
Nano-robots could be programmed to turn everything into more nano-robots.
International problems could be solved through negotiations.
The journey time from Earth to Mars could be reduced from six months to less
than six weeks.
Succession: veraset
Damaging: zarar verici
Lessen: azaltmak
Matter: madde
Change into: dönüştürmek
Solve: çözmek
Negotiation: görüşme
Reduce: azatlmak
May be V3
Brain chips may be developed in the future to strengthen memory.
Your research may be rejected due to your lack of advanced research experience.
Foods that were previously seasonal may be found now throughout the year.
Various methods may be used when analysing a work of art.
Misleading statements and lies may be used to create desired effect in the public.
Strengthen: güçlendirmek
Reject: reddetmek
Lack of: yoksunluk
Previously: önceden
Mislead: yanlış bilgilendirmek
Desired: arzu edilen
Public: kamu
Might be V3
The discovery of electron might be said to mark the beginning of modern physics.
Rural life might be made more attractive by making investments there.
Saudi Middle East peace plan of 2002 might be revived by persuading the Arab
League to make the plan more attractive to Israel.
The new discovery might be employed in other tube-like structures in the body.
Mark: belirlemek
Attractive: cazip
Investment: yatırım
Peace: barış
Revive: gözden geçirmek
Persuade: ikna etmek
Employ: kullanmak
Structure: yapı

5. Should be V3
Management should be made to recognize the role of the staff is of first in success.
The causes of French Revolution should be understood in terms of class interests.
A complex and difficult situation should be faced;there’s no use trying to run away
Nuclear materials should be used only in useful and benign applications.
Children should be taught how to protect wild life.
Knowledge has always been valued, and more knowledge should be shared.
An effective work group should be designed well from the start, bringing together
people who can contribute to the right mix of knowledge, skills, tools and other
resources necessary to succeed.
Ought to be V3
This is not your first accident. In act you ought to be banned from driving!
Some scientists have suggested that Pluto’s exploration ought to be started soon.
Advertising on TV ought to be banned!
A spare tyre ought to be carried in every car.
Primitive cave pictures ought to be preserved even if they have little artistic value.
Need to be V3
Different uses of the available supply of labour need to be considered.
Your paper needs to be extensively revised.
Nuclear waste is a big problem and it needs to be discussed extensively.
Living conditions in the countryside need to be made better and more agreeable.
Be to be V3
The United States and the Soviet Union reached an agreement on the question of
how Germany was to be divided.
Nothing is to be gained by fighting against the rages of the mighty stream.
The oil industry is to be blamed for political manipulations in the world.
Brown bread is to be found only in the villages.
Most western countries lack the variety that is to be found in the languages and
cultures of India.
Used to be V3
Boys used to be sent away as apprentices to a craftsman to learn his trade.
opera used to be characterized by unnatural, alienating conventions.
The Gulf kingdoms used to be regarded as politically crude.
It’s hard to believe that cigarette smoking used to be encouraged by governments.
Likely to be V3
Some people act in a helpful manner only when their good deeds are likely to be
noticed.
Those who took angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were up to 50% less likely to
be diagnosed with dementia.
Management: yönetim
Recognize: fark etmek
Staff: personel
Cause: sebep
Situation: durum
Run away: kaçmak
Benign: tehlikesiz
Application: uygulama
Knowledge: bilgi
Bring together: toplamak
Contribute: katkı sağlamak
Necessary: gerekli
Succeed: başarmak
Accident: kaza
Ban: yasaklamak
Suggest: önermek
Spare: yedek
Carry: taşımak
Primitive: ilkel
Value: değer
Different: farklı
Available: mevcut
Extensively: geniş ölçüde
Waste: atık
Condition: şart
Agreeable: Kabul edilebilir
Agreement: antlaşma
Divide: parçalamak
Gain: elde etmek
Rage: öfke
Mighty: efsanevi
Blame for: suçlamak
Send away: göndermek
Apprentice: çıraklık
Trade: ticaret
Crude: ilkel
Encourage: cesaretlendirmek
Government: hükumet
Manner: tavır
Deed: amel
Notice: farketmek
Diagnose: teşhis etmek
Dementia: yaşlılık, bunama

6. Must have been V3
The whales and dolphins must have been killed by military sonars.
Galaxies must have been created by great explosions in space.
Primitive technology must have been used by Galileo at his observations.
Could have been V3
The whole project could have been completed in just under three years.
Most of this damage could have been avoided if you had noticed problem earlier.
The failure of the toothpaste campaign in Southeast Asia could have been avoided.
Without his urge no progress could have been made.
May have been V3
Homer’s epics may have been preserved orally for several centuries.
19th century military helmets may have been better designed than they now appear.
Gender divisions may have been less clearly defined among the peasantry than
they were among the elites.
Rock, which contains exactly the same type of fossil, may have been formed at
approximately the same time.
The famous Adam Smith may have been influenced by Hume.
Might have been V3
Their offer might have been turned down indefinitely.
The theory of continental drift might have been accepted decades earlier.
Should have been V3
Geçmişte bir şey yapılmalıydı ama yapılmadı
A few more people should have been invited to our party last night.
Lovell Telescope should have been given a less complicated design.
Nuclear weapons should have been prohibited before that disastrous war.
The grass in the garden should have been cut a week ago.
Imbalances should have been corrected a long time ago
Need have been V3
Geçmişte herhangi bir şeyin yapılması gerekliydi ama yapılmadı.
His clothes need have been washed but he had no family.
My exam paper need have been revised by the professor.
People need have been informed by the authorities.
Military: askeri
Sonar: radar
Great: büyük
Explosion: patlama
Observation: gözlem
Complete: tamamlamak
Damage: hasar
Avoid: sakınmak
Failure: başarısızlık
Urge: zorlamak
Progress: ilerleme
Orally: sözlü olarak
Helmet: başlık
Appear: görünmek
Gender: cinsiyet
Peasantry: köylü sınıf
Contain: içermek
Form: şekillendirmek
Approximately: ortalama
Influence: etkilemek
Turn down: reddetmek
Indefinitely: süresiz olarak
Continental: kıtasal
Drift: kayma
Accept: Kabul etmek
Invite: davet etmek
Complicate: karmaşık
Prohibit: yasaklamak
Disastrous: felaket
Imbalance: dengesizlik
Correct: düzeltmek
Revise: gözden geçirmek
Inform: bilgilendirmek

7. Other passive structures
GET V3
Passive cümle yaparken “Be” yardımcı fiilinin yerine GET+V3 yapısı da
kullanılabilir. İkisinin arasında çok küçük bir fark vardır;
Be + V3 planlanmış, kasıtlı eylemlerden bahsederken kullanılır;
Od was written by İskender Pala.
Cem Bonomo was selected to represent Turkey at Eurovision.
Get + V3 planlanmamış, kasıtsız ve anlık olaylarda kullanılır;
Kağan got injured while playing football.
Students got shocked when they heard the extra fee.
NEED + Ving
Need Ving passive anlam taşır.
My computer needs formatting.
This car needs washing.
Our flat needed redecorating.
CAUSATIVES “Ettirgen”
Causative kalıpları herhangi bir insandan bizim için ya da sırf kendi faydaları için
bir şey yapmalarını istediğimizde kullanılır.
Have + (somebody) person + Verb0
Herhangi bir insana bir şey yapması için sorumluluk vermek istendiğinde;
Our boss has the secretary prepare the product list.
The old mentor had the protégé decide by himself.
Get + (somebody) person + to + Verb0
Herhangi bir insanı bir şey yapması konusunda ikna etmek anlamında;
I get my nephew to tidy his room daily.
Advertisements get people to buy products.
Get / Have Something Verb3
Get ve have kendilerinden sonra bir isim alarak passive yapı gibi kullanılabilir.
I get my house decorated.
Ali got his car repaired.
They are getting their farm planted.
Let + (somebody) person + verb
Herhangi bir insanı bir şey yapması için izin vermek anlamında;
The mechanic let me watch him while he was repairing my car.
The new coach let Kuyt play the next match.
Make + (somebody) person + verb
Herhangi bir insanı bir şey yapması konusunda zorlamak anlamında;
My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.
Did somebody
make you wear
that ugly hat?