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fhsvyfaom

 vjqsfrHk;
pnf;pdqfOp
m   onftm;

 o'gs&m;
       tm|m0uacscRw
om

vjqsfrHk;
 cuqf;om
 onftm;
vvHk;pHka
    om
v&omsdkUsG
 if s&m;
  v&omonf
vomvGefrHk
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?
     oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd?
      oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd?
    wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/

    'getm;vHk;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif/
t&omtm;vHk;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif/
        arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vHk;udk
    w&m;üarGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif/
   'ku©tm;vHk;udk wPSmukefcef;jcif;u
               atmifEdkif/
ed'gef;
r&masmf
vifetmd0H
oa[mMtm;rHk;
 qasmfqlaom
,ckacsf tG,f
      (aysmufuG,foGm;jcif;
     udkqdkvdk&if;r[kwfbJ?
  (4)tppfudk twkawGu
           tG,f
        zHk;aejcif;? uG,faejcif;udk
          qdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/)
k&m;vppf
    apsDasmf?
 tG,f (1)
kyfyGm;asmfrDt
tdkkyfy
      dkyJ
vmMtsmjzpfs,f?
HkttG,fjc
otfasmfifm;j
 qsfpGmk&m;rD
      if;
pdsfqa&mtfEdki
     fl;/
k&m;vppf&Jhpd
sfaepdsfm;asGtd
       k
&GsfzsfMtsm
  tG,f (2)
s&m;vppftd
       tdk
atueyfaeMts,f
 ka[ms&m;t
        /
'DavmtfeJUsif;s
 tG,fjcif;
  dqfaeMtasmh
  s&m;vppftdk
a[ms&m;ttG,fo
     Gm;NyD/
"qpMtmrdksmv
oHCmvppftd
asGt tG,fm;s,f/
 tG,f (3)
vLs,frdk&ifvcka
kkef;BtD
csfkef;BtD;asGrD
        yJ
;ttG,fjci
pdsfdMtasmhs,f?
st,fUv&d,moHCmasm
    f;  frD
pdsfqdMtasmhl;
         /
 vJ'gaMtmifhpdsfp
 aemifhpeif;asGjz
    pfaeMtNyD/
&semoHk;yg
 kdtfpm;oGm;NyDrd
 tG,f (4)
  k&if sdkU'tm?
;tdk0dm
      'tmqasG
 k&m;cef;Jqm
*dkPf;ttG
*dkPf;yef;tdknd
  I;qcHEdkifl;?
  ,fjcif;
 k&m;yef;tasmh
ndI;cuifndI;yapay
     gU/ [Jh
esfyef;asGqndI;ap
      eJU sJh
   esfyef;rdksm
 *dkPf;yef;tdka
&,f[m;&,f[m;ESifh
  EGm;jymBuD;atmufoGm;r½Sd
• Ak'¨bmomawGu aygUaygUae?
  aygUaygUpm;? bmomw&m;udk
  tav;teufrxm;bl;? cH,lcsufurjyif;jybl;?
• ckawmh tjcm;bmomu odrf;oGif;wm
  cH&w,f/
  awmifwef;a'oawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm
                             vdIifr[mpnfq&ma
  wdkif;&if;ol trsdK;orD;awG
                             wmf
  acgif;NrD;NcHKukefMuNyD/
urÇmhAk'¨bmom0if&mcdkifESK
            ef;




      2005ckESpf ppfwrf;rsm;t&
 urÇmhAk'¨bmom0if&mcdkifESKef; rSm
 6%om½SdNyD; ,if;&mcdkifESKef;wGif
tdk-Ak'¨bmom0if
   ]]rodjcif;wnf;}} [laom ]]t0dZÆm}}
       olawmfpiftaygif;wdkU
aMumifh ]]wPSm}} wnf;[laom
wyfrufrIjzpfvmNyD; oHo&m&[wfudk
pwifvnfywfaponf/
     oHo&m&[wfrS ½kef;xGufEdkif&ef
usifhenf;oifjcif;? usifhjcif;ESifh
tusdK;w&m;&½Sdjcif;wnf;[laom
omoem oHk;yg; jynfhpHkrSom
vljzpf&usdK;eyfygrnf/
v   tcef; (2)----- 'getaMumif; - -
    --'geuxmrmwdum
v   tcef; (3)-----oDvtaMumif; - --
    -oDvuxm
v   tcef; (4)-----i&JjynftaMumif;
    - ---ed&,uxm
v   tcef; (5)-----ewfjynftaMumif;
    - ---o*¾uxm
v   tcef; (6)-----
    edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; - ---
    r*¾uxm
v   tcef; (7)-----
    omoemjyKjcif;taMumif;
tcef; (1)
tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;
rnfonfhtcsdefwGifAk'¨bmom0ifpwi
              fjzpfygovJ
• o&P*Hk (3) yg;udk,HkMunfudk;uG,f&m[lí
  (pdwfjzifh,HkMunfpGm) odrSwfqnf;uyfaomtcsdefwGif
  Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfNyD[kqdkEdkifygonf/
• ,if;udk ydkrdkcdkifrmaocsmap&ef
  ]] bk&m;udk,HkMunfudk;uG,f&m[líqnf;uyfyg}}
  ]] w&m;awmfudk,HkMunfudk;uG,f&m[líqnf;uyfyg}}
  ]] oHCmawmfudk,HkMunfudk;uG,f&m[líqnf;uyfyg}}
  [kt"dyÜg,f&aom a0g[m&rsm;udk ygVdvdkjzpfap
  rdrdwwfuRrf;aom rnfonfhbmompum;jzifh jzpfap
  ESKwfrS&Gwfqdk&rnf/
• ,if;udko&P*Hkaqmufwnfonf [kac:onf/
• ,if;odkUwpfBudrfaqmufwnfxm;NyD;ygu rdrdpdwfrS
  tjcm;wpfpHkwpfa,muf(odkU) wpfpHkwpf&mudk
o&P*HknpfEGrf;jcif;^ysufjcif;
• tjcm;wpfpHkwpfa,muf(odkU) wpfpHkwpf&mudk
  ,HkMunfudk;uG,f&m[lí
  bk&m;w&m;oHCmESifhwef;wlxm;
  owfrSwfqnf;uyfvQif o&P*Hk npfEGrf;onf/
  bk&m;w&m;oHCmudkr,HkMunfawmhbJ ,if;udkom
  ,HkMunfawmhvQif raocif o&P*Hkysufonf/
• ykxkZOf
  yk*¾dKvf?owå0gwpfOD;aovGefaomtcgo&P*Hkys
  ufonf/
  (o&P*Hkudkaemufb0odkU,laqmifroGm;Edkifyg)/
• (Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;onf wpfpHkwpfa,mufaoaomf
  usef½SdaecJhaom ½kyftavmif;udk okómefü
yd#u'foHk;yHk
(1) okwåef – ynwfrsm;jzifh
    wefqmqifía[mMum;tyfaom
    edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;w&m;rsm;
    (usifhenf;rsm;) pkpnf; xm;aom w&m;tpk
(2) 0denf; - &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf
    jrwfpGmbk&m;tmPmawmf
    jy|mef;wm;jrpfcJhaom odu©myk'f
    rsm;pkpnf;xm;onfh w&m;tpk
(3) tbd"r®m –
    y&rw¬w&m;rsm;taMumif;udkom
    oD;oefU a[mMum; cJhaom w&m;tpk
(1) y&d,wÅdomoem =
      edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;w&m;wdkUudk
                 omoem(3)yg;
      oiftHavhusufjcif; (usifhenf;oifjcif;)
(2) y#dywådomoem =
      edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;tm;xkwfusifhBuHj
      cif;
(3) y#da0'omoem =
      usifhBuHjcif;jynfhpHkrIaMumifh
      jzpfay:vmaom tusdK;w&m;
      (edAÁmefudk&½Sdjcif;)
y&d,wÅdonf (Theory) jzpfí y#dywådonf (Practical)
jzpfonf/ tbd"r®m onf Theory ESifh Practical udk
Analysis vkyfjyaom? Proof vkyfjyaom Methods 0g
Tools rsm;jzpfMuonf/ Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;onf
(1) 'ge   – o'¨gMunfjzLay;vSL&jcif;
     aeUpOfjyK&efukodkvfjyK&ef
(2) oDv –
             trsdK;tpm; (10)yg;
    oDvaqmufwnfíudk,fESKwfqdkif&m'kp½dkufrIudk
                  a½SmifMuOf&jcif;
(3) bm0em – orxur®|mef;?
    0dyóemur®|mef;tm;xkwfjcif;
(4) typm,e - &wemoHk;yg;? q&m?
    rdbpaomolrsm;udk ½dkao&jcif;
(5) a0,sm0pö – ukodkvfjzpfzG,f
    0wfBuD;0wfi,fwdkUudk o,fydk;
    aqmif&Guf&jcif;
(6) ywåd'ge     – rdrdjyK&ukovudk trQay;a0&jcif;
(7) ywåmEkarm'e – olwyg;jyKonfhaumif;rIudk
    om"kEkarm'em
     ac:qdk&jcif;
(8) "r®o0e – bk&m;pum;jrwfw&m;emMum;&jcif;
aeUpOfa½Smif&ef'kp½kduftrsd
       K;pm; (10)yg;
(1) cdk;rI? owfrI? umrrI? oHk;ck um,uH----(3)
(2) vSnfhpm;&efwdkuf? rdkufrdkufuef;uef;
    ESKwfMurf;avjcif;? odrfzsif;aompum;
    ajymqdkjim;? av;yg;0pDuH-----(4)
(3) olUOpömrSef rw&m;BuHí?
    azgufjyefaoaMuysufpD;apjim; t,lrSm;?
    oHk;yg;raemuH----- (3)
avmu"H(8)yg;
(1) vmabm = vmbf&jcif;
(2) ,aom =
    ta>ct&Haygjcif;
(3) yoHom=
(5) csD;rGrf;cH&jcif;
    tvmabm =
(4) vmbfr&jcif;
    okcH = csrf;omjcif;
(6) t,aom =
    ta>ct&Henf;jcif;
(7) edE´m =
    uJh&JUcH&jcif;
(1) &m*rD; (avmb) –
             F rD;(11)yg; G
    tvdk&r®ufBuD;jcif;
(2) a'gorD; - jypfrSm;ykwfcwfjcif;
(3) arm[rD; - trSefrodjcif;
(4) ZmwdrD; - y#doaE¨ae&jcif;
(5) Z&mrD; - tkd&jcif;
(6) AsmwdrD; - em&jcif;
(7) r&PrD; - ao&jcif;
(8) aomurD; - pdk;&drfylaqG;&jcif;
(9) y&da'0rD; - idka<u;½dIufiif&jcif;
(10)'ku©rD; - udk,fqif;&J&jcif;
(11)a'greórD; - pdwfqif;&J&jcif;
(12)Oyg,morD; -
    jyif;jypGmpdwfESvHk;ylavmif&jc
yg&rD q,fyg;
1/     'geyg&rD = pGefUBuJay;urf; vSL'gef;jcif;/
2/     oDvyg&rD= udk,fESifh ESKwfudk xdrf;odrf;jcif;/
3/     edu©ryg&rD= umr*kPfrS xGufajrmufjcif;/
4/     ynmyg&rD= xdk;xGif;ESdKif;csdefí odjcif;/
5/     0D&d,yg&rD= BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;/
6/     cEDÅyg&rD= onf;cHcGifhvGwfjcif;/
7/     opömyg&rD=
   rSefuefpGmajymqdkjcif;/rSefuefpGmjyKvkyfjcif;/
8/     t"d|meyg&rD= rnfrQtcuftcJawGawGUaeaomfvnf;
   NyD;ajrmufatmif
       jyKvkyfEdkifjcif;/
9/     arwåmyg&rD=
   ouf&Sdowå0gtm;vHk;aumif;usdK;udkvdkvm;jcif;?
       aumif;usdK;&atmifusifhjcif;/
aeUpOfbk&m;½Sdcdk;&jcif;ta
(1) ykxkZOfrsm;jzpfí awGa0rdkufrJcJhonfh tavsmu
                 Mumif;
    teEÅig;yg;
    tay:wGif udk,fjzifh?ESKwfjzifh? pdwfjzifh?
    jypfrSm;usL;vGefcJhrdonfrsm;
    udk ajyaysmufygapjcif; tusdK;iSm vnf;aumif;
(2) ykxkZOfrsm;jzpfí
    awGa0rdkufrJcJhonfhtavsmufo&P*Hk (3) yg;
    npfEGrf;? ysufpD;aMumif; jyKrlrSm;?
    ajymqdkrSm;? BuHpOfrSm;rsm;udk
    oefUpifaom
    o&P*Hkjzpfatmifjyefvnfaqmufwnf&ef twGuf
    vnf;aumif;
(3) ig;yg;oDv ysuf,Gif;rI½Sdaeygu
    jyefvnfaqmufwnf&efk twGuf vnf;aumif;
bk&m;*kPfawmfudk;yg;teuft"dyÜg,f
1/t&[H*kPfawmf =udavomtnpftaMu;wdkUrS
uif;a0;pifMunfawmfrlaom      jrwfpGmbk&m; ?

2/ or®morÁKa'¨g       =odp&mrSeforQwpfprusef
o,rÇLOmPfjzifh
      trSeftwdkif;odawmfrlaomjrwfpGmbk&m;

3/0dZÆmp&PorÜaEém=todw&m;?
tusifhw&m;wdkUESifhjynfhpHkawmfrlaom
      jrwfpGmbk&m; (0g) 0dZÆmoHk;yg;?
0dZÆm½Spfyg;? p&Pw&m;
      wpfq,fhig;yg;wdkUESifh
jynfhpHkawmfrlaomjrwfpGmbk&m;
bk&m;*kPfawmfudk;yg;
             teuf
5/avmu0d'l=owÅavmu? Moumoavmu? ocFg&avmu
[kqdktyfaom                   avmuoHk;cGifudk
tukeftpifodjrifawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;

6/tEkwåa&myk&do
'r®om&xd=r,Ofaus;Mujim;owå0grsm;udk ,Ofyg;avatmif
           aoG;aqmif qHk;rjcif;ü
wkzufuif;awmfrlaomjrwfpGmbk&m;

7/ow¬m a'0rEkómeH=vlewfjA[®mowå0gwdkU
q&mwpfql tppf            jzpfawmfrlaom
jrwfpGmbk&m;

8/ Aka'¨g= opömav;yg; trSefw&m;udk ydkif;jcm;xifxif
bkef;awmfajcmufyg;
(u) udk,fawmfjrwf pdwfawmfudk pdk;ydkif
Edkifeif;awmfrljcif;wnf;[laom £ó&d, bkef;awmf
(c) r*fzdkvfedAÁmef udk;wefaom
avmukwå&mw&m;wnf;[laom "r®bkef;awmf
(*) [kwfwdkif;rSwfpGm
oHk;jzmaomavmuwGifysHUESHUausmfapm&jcif;
wnf;[laom ,o bkef;awmf
(C) t*FgBuD;i,f wifhw,fjynfhNzdK; tcsdK;wus
oyÜg,fawmfrlvSjcif;       wnf;[laom od&D bkef;awmf
(i) tvdkawmf½Sdwdkif;
rqdkif;cPNyD;pD;awmfrl&jcif;wnf[laom umr
bkef;awmf
(p) t&[wår*fÓPf? oAÁnKwÓPfwdkifatmif&apEdkifaom
w&m;*kPfawmfajcmufyg;t"dyÜg,f
b*0wm "ar®m = ½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;
a[mrdefUMum;onfh r*fav;yg;?
      zdkvfav;yg;? edAÁmef y&d,wf tm;jzifh
q,fyg;aom              w&m;awmfjrwfonf...
oGmu©mawm = empOfcsrf;om usifhcsrf;omí
csrf;omjrwfrSef at;edAÁmef[k      oHk;wefaumif;jcif;
jynfhpHkvQif;atmif ½Sif;vif;a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom
      w&m;awmfjrwfygaywnf;/

oEd´|daum = olrsm;ajymMum;pum;ESifhrQr,Hk&bJ
useudk,fwdkif odjrifEdkifaom
     w&m;awmfjrwfygaywnf;/

tumvdaum = tcsdefrvifh rzifhraES; csufcsif;tusdK;ay;aom
w&m;*kPfawmfajcmufyg;t"dyÜg,f
b*0wm "ar®m = ½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;
a[mrdefUMum;onfh r*fav;yg;?
       zdkvfav;yg;? edAÁmef y&d,wf tm;jzifh
q,fyg;aom             w&m;awmfjrwfonf...
{[dyódaum = vmcJhprf;yg ½Iprf;yg
[k0rf;om&TifvdIufzdwfac:xdkufaom
       w&m;awmfjrwfygaywnf;/

Moyae,daum = qif;&JoG,foG,f aysmufuG,fapwwf
pGrf;&nfjrwfaMumifh udk,fxJpdwfrSm
aumif;pGmwnfatmif usifhaqmifodrf;xm;xdkufaom
      w&m;awmf jrwfygaywnf;/

ypöwHå a0'dwaAÁm 0dnL[d = opömodjrif
oHCmh*kPfawmfudk;yg;t"dyÜg,f
b*0wm om0uoHaCm= a&Tbkef;awmfocif
½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; wynfhomarmf
t&d,moHCmawmfonf...
okyÜ#dyaEém = udavomNidrf;aMumif;
aumif;pGmusifhBuHawmfrlygay/

OZkyÜ#dyaEém = omaX rm,m
uif;pifuGmíajzmifhpGmusifhBuHawmfrlygay/

Ó,yÜ#dyaEém= edAÁmeftusdK;arQmfudk;&nfoef
usifhBuHawmfrlygay/

omrdpdyÜ#dyaEém= r*¾if½Spf&yf tusifhjrwfaMumifh
oHCmh*kPfawmfudk;yg;t"dyÜg,f
,'d'H pwåm&d yk&do,k*ged t| yk&doyk*¾vm
{ob*0awm om0uoHaCm
=     tpHkav;yg; oD;jcm;xkwfaz: jrwfbk&m;
wynfhom;armf t&d,m          oHCmawmfonf -
tm[kaea,sm= ta0;rSaqmif,l ypönf;udkrlvnf; ay;vSLjcif;iSm
      xdkufawmfrlygay/

yg[kaea,sm = {nfhonfzdkU&m &nfumaqmifxm;
ypönf;rsm;yif pdwfxm;jzLpif ay;vSLjcif;iSm
xdkufawmfrlygay/

'ud©aPa,sm= wrvGefpcef;aumif;zdkUrSef;í
vSL'gef;jcif;iSm xdkufawmfrlygay/
oHCmh*kPfawmfudk;yg;t"dyÜg,f
,'d'H pwåm&d yk&do,k*ged t| yk&doyk*¾vm
{ob*0awm om0uoHaCm
=     tpHkav;yg; oD;jcm;xkwfaz: jrwfbk&m;
wynfhom;armf t&d,m        oHCmawmfonf -
tEkwå&H yknau©wåH avmuó - ewfvltrsm;
aumif;rIyGm;zdkU BuJxm;ysdK;cs wkr&onfh
aumif;vSv,fajr ,majryrm jzpfawmfrlygay/
oHCmh*kPfaus;Zl;
G
bHkoHk;yg; (31)bHk

owå0gwdkUusifvnf&mjzpfaom 31-bHk
(3) yg;


1/ umrbHk - tyg,fav;bHk+vlUbHk+ewf
ajcmufbHk
         4+1+6= 11 bHk
2/ ½lyjA[®mbHk –      16 bHk
3/ t½lyjA[®mbHk –     4 bHk
r*¾if½Spfyg;
r*¾if½Spfyg;

               ynmr*
               ¾if



               oDvr*¾
               if




               orm"d
               r*¾if
opömav;yg;
• 'ku©opöm - qif;&Jjcif;trSefw&m; -(
  qif;&Jjcif;tusdK;w&m;) (rD; eJUwlw,f)
• ork',opöm -
  qif;&JjzpfaMumif;trSefw&m; -(
  qif;&Jjcif;taMumif;w&m;)
  (avmifpmeJUwlw,f)
• r*¾opöm - qif;&JrS
  vGwfaMumif;xGuf&yfvrf;trSefw&m;-
  (qif;&JrSvGwfjcif;taMumif;w&m;)
owå0gwdkU
       y#doaE¨wnfjcif;yHkpH
             av;rsdK;
• Oyywf y#doaE¨ - okccHpm;Edkifaomt&G,f
  'ku©cHpm;Edkifaomt&G,f
  wpfae&mrSusvmouJhodkU bGm;ueJjzpfjcif;
• oHao'Z y#doaE¨ - toD;? tyGifh? a&nSd?
  tykyfnSd ponfwdkUudk pGJrSDí jzpfaom
  y#doaE¨
• t@Z y#doaE¨ - OcGHtwGif;üjzpfaom y#doaE¨
• ZvmAkZ y#doaE¨ - trd0rf;twGif; üjzpfaom
  y#doaE¨
udavom oHk;rsdK;
• tEko,udavom - cE¨mtpOfü arG;puwnf;u
  tNrJudef;0yf yg½Sdaom udavom rsdK;"gwfonf
  a&? ajr oifhwifhaom tajctaewGif tyifayguf&ef
  tNrJtoifh ½Sdaeonf/

• y&d,k|meudavom - tm½HkESifh
  qHkawGUojzifh avmb? a'gorsm;tjzpf
  pdwfxJüx<uvmaom udavom

• 0Dwduúrudavom - pdwfxJüx<u,HkwifrubJ
  avmbtavQmuf a'gotavsmuf ukd,frI? ESKwfrI
  vSKyf½Sm;vsuf azgufjym;usL;vGef apwwfaom
udavom
     oHk;rsdK;udktqifhtvdkufy,fowfjcif
•
                        ;
    0Dwduúrudavom onf oDvjzifhy,fowfEdkifonf/
    (oDvonf udk,frI? ESKwfrIudk
    razgufjyefatmifxdef;Edkifonf/)

• y&d,k|meudavom onf
  pdwfjzifhusL;vGefjcif;jzpfojzifh oDv y,fowfEdkifaom
  e,fy,fwGifr½Sdyg/ ,if;ukd orx? 0dyóem
  ur®|mef;rsm;jzifh y,fowf&rnf/

• tEko,udavom onf rsdK;"gwftoGifjzifh
  yg½SdNyD;om;jzpfaejyef ojzifh oDv? orm"d
  wdkUjzifh y,fowfEdkifjcif;r½Sdjyefyg/ ,if;rsdK;"gwf
  udavomonf 0dyóem ur®|mef;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh
udavom
oHk;rsdK;udktqifhtvdkufy,fowfjcif
               ;
          0Dwduúrudavom oDvjzifhy,fowfEdkif
                                      onf/

           y&d,k|meudavom
                            orm"djzifh y,fowf&rnf/
          tEko,
         (rsdK;)
         udavom    ynmjzifhom y,fowfEdkifonf/
(1)qufqHa&;r*Fvm (3)yg;
 • vlrdkufESifh raygif;oifhESif
 • vlvdr®mESifh aygif;oif;yg?
 • ylaZmfxdkufoludk ylaZmfyg
   (2) aexdkifa&;r*Fvm (3)
    yg;

•   oifhawmf&mt&yfa'owGif
    aexdkifyg?
•   a½S;ujyKzl;aomukodkvfau
    mif;rI½Sdygap?
   (3) ynma&;r*Fvm (4) yg;

•   tMum;tjrifrsm;ygap?
•   ESKwfrI vufrI ynmrsm;
    wwfatmifoifyg?
•   udk,fusifhw&m;udkem;vnfatmif
    BudK;pm;í apmifhxdef;yg?
•   tajymtqdkvdr®muRrf;usifygap/
   (4)
    jyKpkapmifha½Smufa&;r*F
    vm (3) yg;

•   rdbudk
    ½dkaopGmvkyfauR;jyKpkyg
    ?
   (5)vdkufemusifhoHk;a&;r*Fv
    m (4) yg;

•   vSL'gef;ay;urf;yg?
•   w&m;udk usifhBuHtm;xkwfyg?
•   aqGrsdK;wdkUudk
    txdkuftavsmufaxmufyHhyg?
   (6)a½SmifMuOfa&;r*Fvm (4)
    yg;

•   raumif;rIudk
    BudKwifía0;pGma½SmifMuOfy
    g?
•   raumif;rIESifh
   (7)pdwfaepdwfxm;a&;r*Fvm
    (5) yg;

•   touf*kPf0gBuD;ol?½dkaoxdkuf
    oludk ½dkaoyg?
•   rdrdudk,fudk EdSrfhcsyg?
•   &orQESifh
    a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfyg?
   (8)onf;cHa&;r*Fvm (4)
    yg;

•   t&m&mwGifonf;cHyg?
•   oGefoifqHk;rjcif;udkem,lv
    G,fygap?
•   &[ef;?
   (9)NcdK;NcHacRwma&;r
    *Fvm (4) yg;

•   NcdK;NcHacRwmyg?
•   jrifhjrwfaom
    tusifhudkusifhyg?
•   opömav;yg;
   (10)pdwf"gwfBuHUcdkifa&;
    r*Fvm (4) yg;

•   avmu"Hw&m; wpfyg;yg;ESifh
    xdawGUcHpm;&aom tcg
    rwkefvIyfygESifh?
•   pdk;&drfaomursm;udkrjzpfyg
    apESifh?
•   avmbBuD;rIIr½SdygapESifh
rsdK;udkvdkufemusifhoHk;&jcif;tus
               dK;


r*Fvmw&m;  (38)
rsdK;udkvdkufemusifhoHk;vQif
tvHk;pHkaom t&yfwdkUü
&eftaygif;wdkUonf
rdrdtay:pdk;pif;rQusa&mufEdkifjcif;r
½SdbJ? tvHk;pHkaomt&yfwkdUrS
aumif;usdK;csrf;omrsm;onf
rdrdxHodkUa&muf½SdMu&onf/
tmVm0ubDvl;ar;cGef; 13 csuf
1/ þurÇmavmuwGif a,mufsm; jrwfaomOpömonfum; tb,fenf;/
2/ aumif;aomtavhtusifhwdkUwGif tb,faumif;aom tavhtusifhonf
   csrf;omudkaqmifoenf;/
3/ t&omwdkUwGiftb,ft&omonf tvGefUtvGef csdKNrdefaomt&om
   jzpfoenf;/
4/ toufarG;rIwdkUwGif tb,fodkUaom toufarG;rIudk jrwfaom
   toufarG;rI[k qdkoenf;/
5/ tb,ftaxmufulypönf;jzifh oHo&m0JMoC udkul;ajrmufEdkifoenf;/
6/ tb,fodkUaom vkyfaqmifrIjzifh oHo&myifv,fudk ul;ajrmufEdkifoenf;/
7/ tb,fjzifh avmuDqif;&Jjcif;udk vGefajrmufEdkifoenf;/
8/ tb,fjzifh txuf0ef;usif pifMu,fapEdkifoenf;/
9/ tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh ynm&Edkifoenf;/
10/ tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh Opöm&Edkifoenf;/
11/ tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh
   ausmfapmxif½Sm;jcif;odkUa&mufEdkifoenf;/
tajz
1/ þurÇmavmuwGif a,mufsm;
jrwfaomOpömonfum; ,HkMunfrI o'¨gw&m; jzpf/
2/ aumif;aomtavhtusifhwdkUwGif
ukodkvfur®yxw&m;onf csrf;omudkaqmifEdkifonf/
3/ t&omwdkUwGifrSefuefpGmajymqdkjcif;
opömw&m;onf tvGefUtvGef csdKNrdefaom
t&omjzpfonf/
4/ toufarG;rIwdkUwGif ynmjzifh toufarG;rIudk
jrwfaom toufarG;rI [k qdkonf/
5/,HkMunfrI o'¨gw&m;jzifh oHo&m0JMoC
udkul;ajrmufEdkifonf/
6/ rarUravsmhrI tyÜrm'w&m;jzifh oHo&myifv,fudk
8/ ynm jzifh txuf0ef;usif pifMu,fapEdkifonf/
9/ &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfwdkU
edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;w&m;udk ,HkMunfvsuf
rarUravsmhqifjcifol ynm½Sdonf
aumif;pGmemMum;aomaMumifh ynm&,lEdkifonf/
10/ oifhavsmfaomtvkyftudkifudkvkyfvsuf
wm0efudkausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifolonf x<uvHkUv
aMumifh Opömypönf;udk&Edkif/
11/ rSefuefpGmajymqdkjcif; aMumifh
ausmfapmxif½Sm;jcif;odkU a&mufEdkifonf/
12/ ay;urf;jcif; jzifh taqGcifyGef;udk zGJUEdkif/
13/ ,HkMunfrI½Sdaom tdrf
tpD;tyGm;udk½Smwwfaomoltm; rSefuefjcif;
w&m;OD;"r®pMuFm
• tvkyftauR;jyKcJhaom yOö0*¾Dig;OD;tm;
  bk&m;jzpfcJhaMumif;0efcHí usifhenf;w&m;udk
  yxrqHk;a[mjycJhjcif;jzpfonf/
• ,if;w&m;wGif
  tpGef;a&muftusifhw&m;ESpfyg;taMumif;?
  tv,ftvwfvrf;pOftusifhw&m;taMumif;?
  r*¾if½SpfweftusifhrSef taMumif;
  ?qif;&Jjcif;tusdK;w&m;('ku©opöm)?
  qif;&Jjzpfjcif;taMumif; (ork',opöm)?
  qif;&JrSvGwfjcif;taMumif; (r*¾opöm)?
  qif;&JvGwfjcif;tusdK;
  (eda&m"opöm)wdkUudka[mawmfrlcJhonf/
tewåvu©Pmokwf
• tvkyftauR;jyKcJhaom yOö0*¾Dig;OD;tm;
  tmoa0gukefcrf;onftxd qufvuf tm;xkwfEdkif&ef
  vrf;nTefjyay;cJhaom usifhenf;w&m;jzpfonf/
• cE¨mig;yg;tay:üpGJaeaom twåw&m;udk cGmapí
  tewåw&m;udk a[mjycJhjcif;jzpfonf/
• xdkcE¨mig;yg;udk 0dyóemOmPftvif;jzpfay:onftxd
  þodkU½I&rnfudk t"dua[mjycJhaom okwåefjzpfonf/
• ,if;odkUcE¨mig;yg;udk om,mwyfrufpdwfudk
  ausmfEdkifvQif tESpfom&rawGUbJ
  ysif;rkef;avNyD; wPSmuif;jywfavonf/
• xdktcguRwfayNyD?vGwfayNyD[laom
  todw&m;jzpfay:vmayonf [k
y|mef;a'oem (24ypönf;)
• wpfckESifh wpfck qufpyfvQufaus;Zl;jyKwwfaom
  y&rwfw&m;wdkU taMumif;
  aMumif;usdK;qufpyfjyaom cufcJeufeJonfh
  w&m;awmf jzpfonf/
• tbd"r®ma'oemawmf ed*Hk;
  (0g)Zwfaygif;cef;(0g)tcufcJteufeJqHk;
  tydkif;vnf;jzpfonf/
• jrwfpGmbk&m;½SiftwGuf
  usefw&m;awmfrsm;rSm oAÁnKwOmPfawmf
  jzifh usufpm;xdkufavmufatmif
  cufcJeufeJjcif;r½Sd/ þy|mef; a'oemawmfonf
y#dpöorkyÜg'ftESpfom&
• opömav;yg;udkrodjcif;
  (t0dZÆm)taMumif;aMumifh tm;xkwfjyKjyifjcif;
  [laom ( ocFg& ) tusdK;w&m;wdkUonf jzpfukef/
• tm;xkwfjyKjyifjcif;[laom taMumif;aMumifh
  avmuD0dyguf (0dnmOf) [laom tusdK;w&m;
  b0opf onf jzpf/
• 0dnmOf[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh
  emrfw&m;? ½kyfw&m; [laom
  tusdK;w&m;onfjzpf/
• emrf½kyf[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh rsufpd?
  em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,fcEÅm? pdwf
  wnf&m[laom tusdK; tZÑwå twGif;½kyf 6yg;
y#dpöorkyÜg'ftESpfom&
• xdkawGUxdjcif;[laomtaMumif;w&m;aMumifh
  a0'em [laomcHpm;jcif; tusdK; 6yg;jzpf/
• cHpm;jcif;[laom taMumif;aMumifh
  wyfrufqmavmifrI wPSm 3 yg;
  tusdK;w&m;onfpGJuyfíjzpf/
• wyfrufqmavmifrI taMumif;aMumifh
  &vdk?uif;vdkaomjyif;pGmpGJvrf;rI
  Oyg'gefjzpfívm/
• pGJvrf;jcif;[laomtaMumif;w&m;aMumifhtm;xkwfj
  yKjyifjcif;tusdK;jzpfonfh jzpfaMumif;uH
  ur®b0jzpfvm/
• jzpfaMumif;uHaMumifh b0topfjzpfrI
  Zmwdjzpfvmonf/
"r®cEåmaygif;
   ½Spfaomif;av;axmif
• okwåefyd#u-"r®cEåmaygif;-21000
• 0denf;yd#u-"r®cEåmaygif;-21000
• tbd"r®myd#u-"r®cEåmaygif;-42000
0denf;yd#u
• oHCmawmfrsm;apmifhxdef;&ef bk&m;½Sif
  tmPmawmfoHk; jyXmef; xm;aom
  odu©myk'frsm;jzpfonf/
• 0denf;yd#uwGif odu©myk'faygif;
  uka#udk;axmif wpf&mh½Spfq,fh ig;oef;
  oHk;aomif;ajcmufaxmif yg½Sdonf/
aAm"dyud©,w&m; (37) yg;
• owdy|mef
  (4) yg;
                  aAm"dÓPf toif;tyif;
• orÜyÜ'gef       jzpfaomaMumifh
  (4) yg;         aAm"dyud©,w&m;
• £'d¨yg'f (4)    [kac:onf/
  yg;
• £a`E´ (5) yg;
• Adkvf (5) yg;
• aAmZÑif (7)
owdy|mef (4) yg;

• um,mEkyóemowdy|mef – rdrdcE¨mudk
  ÍmPfpdkufí ½kyfw&m; azgufjyef^ajymif;vJrIudk
  jrifatmif ½IrSwfjcif;/
• a0'emEkyóemowdy|mef – emusifcHcufaom
  'ku©a0'em? auseyfESpfoufzG,f okca0'em?
  rxifr&Sm; Oayu©ma0'em rsm;udk
  ay:vGifatmif½IrSwfjcif;/
• pdwÅmEkyóemowdy|mef – awG;awm?BuHpnf?
  cHpm;?ylyef? qHk;jzwf? rSwfom;
  pdwfvkyfaqmifrIrsm; tm;vkHk;udk apmifhMunfh
  ½IrSwfjcif;/
• "r®mEkyóemowdy|mef – ukodkvfjzpfzG,f
tydkif;1 - tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;
             NyD;/
•tydkif;2 – 'ge taMumif;
•tydkif;3 – oDv taMumif;
•tydkif;4 – i&J taMumif;
•tydkif;5 – ewfjynf taMumif;
•tydkif;6 – oHo&mrSxGufvrf;
 taMumif;
rsm;udkqufvufjunfh&SKEdkifyg
         Email---tarrtea@gmail.com
                    onf?
             Face Book

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ညီမေလးရယ္စိုးရိမ္မိတယ္ (တကၠသိုလ္ ဘုန္းႏိုင္)
ညီမေလးရယ္စိုးရိမ္မိတယ္ (တကၠသိုလ္ ဘုန္းႏိုင္)ညီမေလးရယ္စိုးရိမ္မိတယ္ (တကၠသိုလ္ ဘုန္းႏိုင္)
ညီမေလးရယ္စိုးရိမ္မိတယ္ (တကၠသိုလ္ ဘုန္းႏိုင္)
 
MBCY-YF Newsletter (Vol 1, Issue 7)
MBCY-YF Newsletter (Vol 1, Issue 7)MBCY-YF Newsletter (Vol 1, Issue 7)
MBCY-YF Newsletter (Vol 1, Issue 7)
 

Guides for buddhisms part 1 basics facts

  • 1. fhsvyfaom vjqsfrHk; pnf;pdqfOp m onftm; o'gs&m; tm|m0uacscRw
  • 3. vvHk;pHka om v&omsdkUsG if s&m; v&omonf vomvGefrHk
  • 4. oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd? oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd? oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd? wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/ 'getm;vHk;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif/ t&omtm;vHk;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif/ arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vHk;udk w&m;üarGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif/ 'ku©tm;vHk;udk wPSmukefcef;jcif;u atmifEdkif/
  • 6. r&masmf vifetmd0H oa[mMtm;rHk; qasmfqlaom ,ckacsf tG,f (aysmufuG,foGm;jcif; udkqdkvdk&if;r[kwfbJ? (4)tppfudk twkawGu tG,f zHk;aejcif;? uG,faejcif;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/)
  • 7. k&m;vppf apsDasmf? tG,f (1) kyfyGm;asmfrDt tdkkyfy dkyJ vmMtsmjzpfs,f? HkttG,fjc otfasmfifm;j qsfpGmk&m;rD if; pdsfqa&mtfEdki fl;/ k&m;vppf&Jhpd sfaepdsfm;asGtd k
  • 8. &GsfzsfMtsm tG,f (2) s&m;vppftd tdk atueyfaeMts,f ka[ms&m;t / 'DavmtfeJUsif;s tG,fjcif; dqfaeMtasmh s&m;vppftdk a[ms&m;ttG,fo Gm;NyD/ "qpMtmrdksmv
  • 9. oHCmvppftd asGt tG,fm;s,f/ tG,f (3) vLs,frdk&ifvcka kkef;BtD csfkef;BtD;asGrD yJ ;ttG,fjci pdsfdMtasmhs,f? st,fUv&d,moHCmasm f; frD pdsfqdMtasmhl; / vJ'gaMtmifhpdsfp aemifhpeif;asGjz pfaeMtNyD/
  • 10. &semoHk;yg kdtfpm;oGm;NyDrd tG,f (4) k&if sdkU'tm? ;tdk0dm 'tmqasG k&m;cef;Jqm *dkPf;ttG *dkPf;yef;tdknd I;qcHEdkifl;? ,fjcif; k&m;yef;tasmh ndI;cuifndI;yapay gU/ [Jh esfyef;asGqndI;ap eJU sJh esfyef;rdksm *dkPf;yef;tdka
  • 11. &,f[m;&,f[m;ESifh EGm;jymBuD;atmufoGm;r½Sd • Ak'¨bmomawGu aygUaygUae? aygUaygUpm;? bmomw&m;udk tav;teufrxm;bl;? cH,lcsufurjyif;jybl;? • ckawmh tjcm;bmomu odrf;oGif;wm cH&w,f/ awmifwef;a'oawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm vdIifr[mpnfq&ma wdkif;&if;ol trsdK;orD;awG wmf acgif;NrD;NcHKukefMuNyD/
  • 12. urÇmhAk'¨bmom0if&mcdkifESK ef; 2005ckESpf ppfwrf;rsm;t& urÇmhAk'¨bmom0if&mcdkifESKef; rSm 6%om½SdNyD; ,if;&mcdkifESKef;wGif
  • 13. tdk-Ak'¨bmom0if ]]rodjcif;wnf;}} [laom ]]t0dZÆm}} olawmfpiftaygif;wdkU aMumifh ]]wPSm}} wnf;[laom wyfrufrIjzpfvmNyD; oHo&m&[wfudk pwifvnfywfaponf/ oHo&m&[wfrS ½kef;xGufEdkif&ef usifhenf;oifjcif;? usifhjcif;ESifh tusdK;w&m;&½Sdjcif;wnf;[laom omoem oHk;yg; jynfhpHkrSom vljzpf&usdK;eyfygrnf/
  • 14. v tcef; (2)----- 'getaMumif; - - --'geuxmrmwdum v tcef; (3)-----oDvtaMumif; - -- -oDvuxm v tcef; (4)-----i&JjynftaMumif; - ---ed&,uxm v tcef; (5)-----ewfjynftaMumif; - ---o*¾uxm v tcef; (6)----- edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; - --- r*¾uxm v tcef; (7)----- omoemjyKjcif;taMumif;
  • 17. rnfonfhtcsdefwGifAk'¨bmom0ifpwi fjzpfygovJ • o&P*Hk (3) yg;udk,HkMunfudk;uG,f&m[lí (pdwfjzifh,HkMunfpGm) odrSwfqnf;uyfaomtcsdefwGif Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfNyD[kqdkEdkifygonf/ • ,if;udk ydkrdkcdkifrmaocsmap&ef ]] bk&m;udk,HkMunfudk;uG,f&m[líqnf;uyfyg}} ]] w&m;awmfudk,HkMunfudk;uG,f&m[líqnf;uyfyg}} ]] oHCmawmfudk,HkMunfudk;uG,f&m[líqnf;uyfyg}} [kt"dyÜg,f&aom a0g[m&rsm;udk ygVdvdkjzpfap rdrdwwfuRrf;aom rnfonfhbmompum;jzifh jzpfap ESKwfrS&Gwfqdk&rnf/ • ,if;udko&P*Hkaqmufwnfonf [kac:onf/ • ,if;odkUwpfBudrfaqmufwnfxm;NyD;ygu rdrdpdwfrS tjcm;wpfpHkwpfa,muf(odkU) wpfpHkwpf&mudk
  • 18. o&P*HknpfEGrf;jcif;^ysufjcif; • tjcm;wpfpHkwpfa,muf(odkU) wpfpHkwpf&mudk ,HkMunfudk;uG,f&m[lí bk&m;w&m;oHCmESifhwef;wlxm; owfrSwfqnf;uyfvQif o&P*Hk npfEGrf;onf/ bk&m;w&m;oHCmudkr,HkMunfawmhbJ ,if;udkom ,HkMunfawmhvQif raocif o&P*Hkysufonf/ • ykxkZOf yk*¾dKvf?owå0gwpfOD;aovGefaomtcgo&P*Hkys ufonf/ (o&P*Hkudkaemufb0odkU,laqmifroGm;Edkifyg)/ • (Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;onf wpfpHkwpfa,mufaoaomf usef½SdaecJhaom ½kyftavmif;udk okómefü
  • 19. yd#u'foHk;yHk (1) okwåef – ynwfrsm;jzifh wefqmqifía[mMum;tyfaom edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;w&m;rsm; (usifhenf;rsm;) pkpnf; xm;aom w&m;tpk (2) 0denf; - &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;tmPmawmf jy|mef;wm;jrpfcJhaom odu©myk'f rsm;pkpnf;xm;onfh w&m;tpk (3) tbd"r®m – y&rw¬w&m;rsm;taMumif;udkom oD;oefU a[mMum; cJhaom w&m;tpk
  • 20. (1) y&d,wÅdomoem = edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;w&m;wdkUudk omoem(3)yg; oiftHavhusufjcif; (usifhenf;oifjcif;) (2) y#dywådomoem = edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;tm;xkwfusifhBuHj cif; (3) y#da0'omoem = usifhBuHjcif;jynfhpHkrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom tusdK;w&m; (edAÁmefudk&½Sdjcif;) y&d,wÅdonf (Theory) jzpfí y#dywådonf (Practical) jzpfonf/ tbd"r®m onf Theory ESifh Practical udk Analysis vkyfjyaom? Proof vkyfjyaom Methods 0g Tools rsm;jzpfMuonf/ Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;onf
  • 21. (1) 'ge – o'¨gMunfjzLay;vSL&jcif; aeUpOfjyK&efukodkvfjyK&ef (2) oDv – trsdK;tpm; (10)yg; oDvaqmufwnfíudk,fESKwfqdkif&m'kp½dkufrIudk a½SmifMuOf&jcif; (3) bm0em – orxur®|mef;? 0dyóemur®|mef;tm;xkwfjcif; (4) typm,e - &wemoHk;yg;? q&m? rdbpaomolrsm;udk ½dkao&jcif; (5) a0,sm0pö – ukodkvfjzpfzG,f 0wfBuD;0wfi,fwdkUudk o,fydk; aqmif&Guf&jcif; (6) ywåd'ge – rdrdjyK&ukovudk trQay;a0&jcif; (7) ywåmEkarm'e – olwyg;jyKonfhaumif;rIudk om"kEkarm'em ac:qdk&jcif; (8) "r®o0e – bk&m;pum;jrwfw&m;emMum;&jcif;
  • 22. aeUpOfa½Smif&ef'kp½kduftrsd K;pm; (10)yg; (1) cdk;rI? owfrI? umrrI? oHk;ck um,uH----(3) (2) vSnfhpm;&efwdkuf? rdkufrdkufuef;uef; ESKwfMurf;avjcif;? odrfzsif;aompum; ajymqdkjim;? av;yg;0pDuH-----(4) (3) olUOpömrSef rw&m;BuHí? azgufjyefaoaMuysufpD;apjim; t,lrSm;? oHk;yg;raemuH----- (3)
  • 23. avmu"H(8)yg; (1) vmabm = vmbf&jcif; (2) ,aom = ta>ct&Haygjcif; (3) yoHom= (5) csD;rGrf;cH&jcif; tvmabm = (4) vmbfr&jcif; okcH = csrf;omjcif; (6) t,aom = ta>ct&Henf;jcif; (7) edE´m = uJh&JUcH&jcif;
  • 24. (1) &m*rD; (avmb) – F rD;(11)yg; G tvdk&r®ufBuD;jcif; (2) a'gorD; - jypfrSm;ykwfcwfjcif; (3) arm[rD; - trSefrodjcif; (4) ZmwdrD; - y#doaE¨ae&jcif; (5) Z&mrD; - tkd&jcif; (6) AsmwdrD; - em&jcif; (7) r&PrD; - ao&jcif; (8) aomurD; - pdk;&drfylaqG;&jcif; (9) y&da'0rD; - idka<u;½dIufiif&jcif; (10)'ku©rD; - udk,fqif;&J&jcif; (11)a'greórD; - pdwfqif;&J&jcif; (12)Oyg,morD; - jyif;jypGmpdwfESvHk;ylavmif&jc
  • 25. yg&rD q,fyg; 1/ 'geyg&rD = pGefUBuJay;urf; vSL'gef;jcif;/ 2/ oDvyg&rD= udk,fESifh ESKwfudk xdrf;odrf;jcif;/ 3/ edu©ryg&rD= umr*kPfrS xGufajrmufjcif;/ 4/ ynmyg&rD= xdk;xGif;ESdKif;csdefí odjcif;/ 5/ 0D&d,yg&rD= BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;/ 6/ cEDÅyg&rD= onf;cHcGifhvGwfjcif;/ 7/ opömyg&rD= rSefuefpGmajymqdkjcif;/rSefuefpGmjyKvkyfjcif;/ 8/ t"d|meyg&rD= rnfrQtcuftcJawGawGUaeaomfvnf; NyD;ajrmufatmif jyKvkyfEdkifjcif;/ 9/ arwåmyg&rD= ouf&Sdowå0gtm;vHk;aumif;usdK;udkvdkvm;jcif;? aumif;usdK;&atmifusifhjcif;/
  • 26. aeUpOfbk&m;½Sdcdk;&jcif;ta (1) ykxkZOfrsm;jzpfí awGa0rdkufrJcJhonfh tavsmu Mumif; teEÅig;yg; tay:wGif udk,fjzifh?ESKwfjzifh? pdwfjzifh? jypfrSm;usL;vGefcJhrdonfrsm; udk ajyaysmufygapjcif; tusdK;iSm vnf;aumif; (2) ykxkZOfrsm;jzpfí awGa0rdkufrJcJhonfhtavsmufo&P*Hk (3) yg; npfEGrf;? ysufpD;aMumif; jyKrlrSm;? ajymqdkrSm;? BuHpOfrSm;rsm;udk oefUpifaom o&P*Hkjzpfatmifjyefvnfaqmufwnf&ef twGuf vnf;aumif; (3) ig;yg;oDv ysuf,Gif;rI½Sdaeygu jyefvnfaqmufwnf&efk twGuf vnf;aumif;
  • 27. bk&m;*kPfawmfudk;yg;teuft"dyÜg,f 1/t&[H*kPfawmf =udavomtnpftaMu;wdkUrS uif;a0;pifMunfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m; ? 2/ or®morÁKa'¨g =odp&mrSeforQwpfprusef o,rÇLOmPfjzifh trSeftwdkif;odawmfrlaomjrwfpGmbk&m; 3/0dZÆmp&PorÜaEém=todw&m;? tusifhw&m;wdkUESifhjynfhpHkawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m; (0g) 0dZÆmoHk;yg;? 0dZÆm½Spfyg;? p&Pw&m; wpfq,fhig;yg;wdkUESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaomjrwfpGmbk&m;
  • 28. bk&m;*kPfawmfudk;yg; teuf 5/avmu0d'l=owÅavmu? Moumoavmu? ocFg&avmu [kqdktyfaom avmuoHk;cGifudk tukeftpifodjrifawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m; 6/tEkwåa&myk&do 'r®om&xd=r,Ofaus;Mujim;owå0grsm;udk ,Ofyg;avatmif aoG;aqmif qHk;rjcif;ü wkzufuif;awmfrlaomjrwfpGmbk&m; 7/ow¬m a'0rEkómeH=vlewfjA[®mowå0gwdkU q&mwpfql tppf jzpfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m; 8/ Aka'¨g= opömav;yg; trSefw&m;udk ydkif;jcm;xifxif
  • 29. bkef;awmfajcmufyg; (u) udk,fawmfjrwf pdwfawmfudk pdk;ydkif Edkifeif;awmfrljcif;wnf;[laom £ó&d, bkef;awmf (c) r*fzdkvfedAÁmef udk;wefaom avmukwå&mw&m;wnf;[laom "r®bkef;awmf (*) [kwfwdkif;rSwfpGm oHk;jzmaomavmuwGifysHUESHUausmfapm&jcif; wnf;[laom ,o bkef;awmf (C) t*FgBuD;i,f wifhw,fjynfhNzdK; tcsdK;wus oyÜg,fawmfrlvSjcif; wnf;[laom od&D bkef;awmf (i) tvdkawmf½Sdwdkif; rqdkif;cPNyD;pD;awmfrl&jcif;wnf[laom umr bkef;awmf (p) t&[wår*fÓPf? oAÁnKwÓPfwdkifatmif&apEdkifaom
  • 30. w&m;*kPfawmfajcmufyg;t"dyÜg,f b*0wm "ar®m = ½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; a[mrdefUMum;onfh r*fav;yg;? zdkvfav;yg;? edAÁmef y&d,wf tm;jzifh q,fyg;aom w&m;awmfjrwfonf... oGmu©mawm = empOfcsrf;om usifhcsrf;omí csrf;omjrwfrSef at;edAÁmef[k oHk;wefaumif;jcif; jynfhpHkvQif;atmif ½Sif;vif;a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom w&m;awmfjrwfygaywnf;/ oEd´|daum = olrsm;ajymMum;pum;ESifhrQr,Hk&bJ useudk,fwdkif odjrifEdkifaom w&m;awmfjrwfygaywnf;/ tumvdaum = tcsdefrvifh rzifhraES; csufcsif;tusdK;ay;aom
  • 31. w&m;*kPfawmfajcmufyg;t"dyÜg,f b*0wm "ar®m = ½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; a[mrdefUMum;onfh r*fav;yg;? zdkvfav;yg;? edAÁmef y&d,wf tm;jzifh q,fyg;aom w&m;awmfjrwfonf... {[dyódaum = vmcJhprf;yg ½Iprf;yg [k0rf;om&TifvdIufzdwfac:xdkufaom w&m;awmfjrwfygaywnf;/ Moyae,daum = qif;&JoG,foG,f aysmufuG,fapwwf pGrf;&nfjrwfaMumifh udk,fxJpdwfrSm aumif;pGmwnfatmif usifhaqmifodrf;xm;xdkufaom w&m;awmf jrwfygaywnf;/ ypöwHå a0'dwaAÁm 0dnL[d = opömodjrif
  • 32. oHCmh*kPfawmfudk;yg;t"dyÜg,f b*0wm om0uoHaCm= a&Tbkef;awmfocif ½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; wynfhomarmf t&d,moHCmawmfonf... okyÜ#dyaEém = udavomNidrf;aMumif; aumif;pGmusifhBuHawmfrlygay/ OZkyÜ#dyaEém = omaX rm,m uif;pifuGmíajzmifhpGmusifhBuHawmfrlygay/ Ó,yÜ#dyaEém= edAÁmeftusdK;arQmfudk;&nfoef usifhBuHawmfrlygay/ omrdpdyÜ#dyaEém= r*¾if½Spf&yf tusifhjrwfaMumifh
  • 33. oHCmh*kPfawmfudk;yg;t"dyÜg,f ,'d'H pwåm&d yk&do,k*ged t| yk&doyk*¾vm {ob*0awm om0uoHaCm = tpHkav;yg; oD;jcm;xkwfaz: jrwfbk&m; wynfhom;armf t&d,m oHCmawmfonf - tm[kaea,sm= ta0;rSaqmif,l ypönf;udkrlvnf; ay;vSLjcif;iSm xdkufawmfrlygay/ yg[kaea,sm = {nfhonfzdkU&m &nfumaqmifxm; ypönf;rsm;yif pdwfxm;jzLpif ay;vSLjcif;iSm xdkufawmfrlygay/ 'ud©aPa,sm= wrvGefpcef;aumif;zdkUrSef;í vSL'gef;jcif;iSm xdkufawmfrlygay/
  • 34. oHCmh*kPfawmfudk;yg;t"dyÜg,f ,'d'H pwåm&d yk&do,k*ged t| yk&doyk*¾vm {ob*0awm om0uoHaCm = tpHkav;yg; oD;jcm;xkwfaz: jrwfbk&m; wynfhom;armf t&d,m oHCmawmfonf - tEkwå&H yknau©wåH avmuó - ewfvltrsm; aumif;rIyGm;zdkU BuJxm;ysdK;cs wkr&onfh aumif;vSv,fajr ,majryrm jzpfawmfrlygay/
  • 36. bHkoHk;yg; (31)bHk owå0gwdkUusifvnf&mjzpfaom 31-bHk (3) yg; 1/ umrbHk - tyg,fav;bHk+vlUbHk+ewf ajcmufbHk 4+1+6= 11 bHk 2/ ½lyjA[®mbHk – 16 bHk 3/ t½lyjA[®mbHk – 4 bHk
  • 38. r*¾if½Spfyg; ynmr* ¾if oDvr*¾ if orm"d r*¾if
  • 39. opömav;yg; • 'ku©opöm - qif;&Jjcif;trSefw&m; -( qif;&Jjcif;tusdK;w&m;) (rD; eJUwlw,f) • ork',opöm - qif;&JjzpfaMumif;trSefw&m; -( qif;&Jjcif;taMumif;w&m;) (avmifpmeJUwlw,f) • r*¾opöm - qif;&JrS vGwfaMumif;xGuf&yfvrf;trSefw&m;- (qif;&JrSvGwfjcif;taMumif;w&m;)
  • 40. owå0gwdkU y#doaE¨wnfjcif;yHkpH av;rsdK; • Oyywf y#doaE¨ - okccHpm;Edkifaomt&G,f 'ku©cHpm;Edkifaomt&G,f wpfae&mrSusvmouJhodkU bGm;ueJjzpfjcif; • oHao'Z y#doaE¨ - toD;? tyGifh? a&nSd? tykyfnSd ponfwdkUudk pGJrSDí jzpfaom y#doaE¨ • t@Z y#doaE¨ - OcGHtwGif;üjzpfaom y#doaE¨ • ZvmAkZ y#doaE¨ - trd0rf;twGif; üjzpfaom y#doaE¨
  • 41. udavom oHk;rsdK; • tEko,udavom - cE¨mtpOfü arG;puwnf;u tNrJudef;0yf yg½Sdaom udavom rsdK;"gwfonf a&? ajr oifhwifhaom tajctaewGif tyifayguf&ef tNrJtoifh ½Sdaeonf/ • y&d,k|meudavom - tm½HkESifh qHkawGUojzifh avmb? a'gorsm;tjzpf pdwfxJüx<uvmaom udavom • 0Dwduúrudavom - pdwfxJüx<u,HkwifrubJ avmbtavQmuf a'gotavsmuf ukd,frI? ESKwfrI vSKyf½Sm;vsuf azgufjym;usL;vGef apwwfaom
  • 42. udavom oHk;rsdK;udktqifhtvdkufy,fowfjcif • ; 0Dwduúrudavom onf oDvjzifhy,fowfEdkifonf/ (oDvonf udk,frI? ESKwfrIudk razgufjyefatmifxdef;Edkifonf/) • y&d,k|meudavom onf pdwfjzifhusL;vGefjcif;jzpfojzifh oDv y,fowfEdkifaom e,fy,fwGifr½Sdyg/ ,if;ukd orx? 0dyóem ur®|mef;rsm;jzifh y,fowf&rnf/ • tEko,udavom onf rsdK;"gwftoGifjzifh yg½SdNyD;om;jzpfaejyef ojzifh oDv? orm"d wdkUjzifh y,fowfEdkifjcif;r½Sdjyefyg/ ,if;rsdK;"gwf udavomonf 0dyóem ur®|mef;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh
  • 43. udavom oHk;rsdK;udktqifhtvdkufy,fowfjcif ; 0Dwduúrudavom oDvjzifhy,fowfEdkif onf/ y&d,k|meudavom orm"djzifh y,fowf&rnf/ tEko, (rsdK;) udavom ynmjzifhom y,fowfEdkifonf/
  • 44.
  • 45. (1)qufqHa&;r*Fvm (3)yg; • vlrdkufESifh raygif;oifhESif • vlvdr®mESifh aygif;oif;yg? • ylaZmfxdkufoludk ylaZmfyg
  • 46. (2) aexdkifa&;r*Fvm (3) yg; • oifhawmf&mt&yfa'owGif aexdkifyg? • a½S;ujyKzl;aomukodkvfau mif;rI½Sdygap?
  • 47. (3) ynma&;r*Fvm (4) yg; • tMum;tjrifrsm;ygap? • ESKwfrI vufrI ynmrsm; wwfatmifoifyg? • udk,fusifhw&m;udkem;vnfatmif BudK;pm;í apmifhxdef;yg? • tajymtqdkvdr®muRrf;usifygap/
  • 48. (4) jyKpkapmifha½Smufa&;r*F vm (3) yg; • rdbudk ½dkaopGmvkyfauR;jyKpkyg ?
  • 49. (5)vdkufemusifhoHk;a&;r*Fv m (4) yg; • vSL'gef;ay;urf;yg? • w&m;udk usifhBuHtm;xkwfyg? • aqGrsdK;wdkUudk txdkuftavsmufaxmufyHhyg?
  • 50. (6)a½SmifMuOfa&;r*Fvm (4) yg; • raumif;rIudk BudKwifía0;pGma½SmifMuOfy g? • raumif;rIESifh
  • 51. (7)pdwfaepdwfxm;a&;r*Fvm (5) yg; • touf*kPf0gBuD;ol?½dkaoxdkuf oludk ½dkaoyg? • rdrdudk,fudk EdSrfhcsyg? • &orQESifh a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfyg?
  • 52. (8)onf;cHa&;r*Fvm (4) yg; • t&m&mwGifonf;cHyg? • oGefoifqHk;rjcif;udkem,lv G,fygap? • &[ef;?
  • 53. (9)NcdK;NcHacRwma&;r *Fvm (4) yg; • NcdK;NcHacRwmyg? • jrifhjrwfaom tusifhudkusifhyg? • opömav;yg;
  • 54. (10)pdwf"gwfBuHUcdkifa&; r*Fvm (4) yg; • avmu"Hw&m; wpfyg;yg;ESifh xdawGUcHpm;&aom tcg rwkefvIyfygESifh? • pdk;&drfaomursm;udkrjzpfyg apESifh? • avmbBuD;rIIr½SdygapESifh
  • 55. rsdK;udkvdkufemusifhoHk;&jcif;tus dK; r*Fvmw&m; (38) rsdK;udkvdkufemusifhoHk;vQif tvHk;pHkaom t&yfwdkUü &eftaygif;wdkUonf rdrdtay:pdk;pif;rQusa&mufEdkifjcif;r ½SdbJ? tvHk;pHkaomt&yfwkdUrS aumif;usdK;csrf;omrsm;onf rdrdxHodkUa&muf½SdMu&onf/
  • 56. tmVm0ubDvl;ar;cGef; 13 csuf 1/ þurÇmavmuwGif a,mufsm; jrwfaomOpömonfum; tb,fenf;/ 2/ aumif;aomtavhtusifhwdkUwGif tb,faumif;aom tavhtusifhonf csrf;omudkaqmifoenf;/ 3/ t&omwdkUwGiftb,ft&omonf tvGefUtvGef csdKNrdefaomt&om jzpfoenf;/ 4/ toufarG;rIwdkUwGif tb,fodkUaom toufarG;rIudk jrwfaom toufarG;rI[k qdkoenf;/ 5/ tb,ftaxmufulypönf;jzifh oHo&m0JMoC udkul;ajrmufEdkifoenf;/ 6/ tb,fodkUaom vkyfaqmifrIjzifh oHo&myifv,fudk ul;ajrmufEdkifoenf;/ 7/ tb,fjzifh avmuDqif;&Jjcif;udk vGefajrmufEdkifoenf;/ 8/ tb,fjzifh txuf0ef;usif pifMu,fapEdkifoenf;/ 9/ tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh ynm&Edkifoenf;/ 10/ tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh Opöm&Edkifoenf;/ 11/ tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh ausmfapmxif½Sm;jcif;odkUa&mufEdkifoenf;/
  • 57. tajz 1/ þurÇmavmuwGif a,mufsm; jrwfaomOpömonfum; ,HkMunfrI o'¨gw&m; jzpf/ 2/ aumif;aomtavhtusifhwdkUwGif ukodkvfur®yxw&m;onf csrf;omudkaqmifEdkifonf/ 3/ t&omwdkUwGifrSefuefpGmajymqdkjcif; opömw&m;onf tvGefUtvGef csdKNrdefaom t&omjzpfonf/ 4/ toufarG;rIwdkUwGif ynmjzifh toufarG;rIudk jrwfaom toufarG;rI [k qdkonf/ 5/,HkMunfrI o'¨gw&m;jzifh oHo&m0JMoC udkul;ajrmufEdkifonf/ 6/ rarUravsmhrI tyÜrm'w&m;jzifh oHo&myifv,fudk
  • 58. 8/ ynm jzifh txuf0ef;usif pifMu,fapEdkifonf/ 9/ &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfwdkU edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;w&m;udk ,HkMunfvsuf rarUravsmhqifjcifol ynm½Sdonf aumif;pGmemMum;aomaMumifh ynm&,lEdkifonf/ 10/ oifhavsmfaomtvkyftudkifudkvkyfvsuf wm0efudkausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifolonf x<uvHkUv aMumifh Opömypönf;udk&Edkif/ 11/ rSefuefpGmajymqdkjcif; aMumifh ausmfapmxif½Sm;jcif;odkU a&mufEdkifonf/ 12/ ay;urf;jcif; jzifh taqGcifyGef;udk zGJUEdkif/ 13/ ,HkMunfrI½Sdaom tdrf tpD;tyGm;udk½Smwwfaomoltm; rSefuefjcif;
  • 59. w&m;OD;"r®pMuFm • tvkyftauR;jyKcJhaom yOö0*¾Dig;OD;tm; bk&m;jzpfcJhaMumif;0efcHí usifhenf;w&m;udk yxrqHk;a[mjycJhjcif;jzpfonf/ • ,if;w&m;wGif tpGef;a&muftusifhw&m;ESpfyg;taMumif;? tv,ftvwfvrf;pOftusifhw&m;taMumif;? r*¾if½SpfweftusifhrSef taMumif; ?qif;&Jjcif;tusdK;w&m;('ku©opöm)? qif;&Jjzpfjcif;taMumif; (ork',opöm)? qif;&JrSvGwfjcif;taMumif; (r*¾opöm)? qif;&JvGwfjcif;tusdK; (eda&m"opöm)wdkUudka[mawmfrlcJhonf/
  • 60. tewåvu©Pmokwf • tvkyftauR;jyKcJhaom yOö0*¾Dig;OD;tm; tmoa0gukefcrf;onftxd qufvuf tm;xkwfEdkif&ef vrf;nTefjyay;cJhaom usifhenf;w&m;jzpfonf/ • cE¨mig;yg;tay:üpGJaeaom twåw&m;udk cGmapí tewåw&m;udk a[mjycJhjcif;jzpfonf/ • xdkcE¨mig;yg;udk 0dyóemOmPftvif;jzpfay:onftxd þodkU½I&rnfudk t"dua[mjycJhaom okwåefjzpfonf/ • ,if;odkUcE¨mig;yg;udk om,mwyfrufpdwfudk ausmfEdkifvQif tESpfom&rawGUbJ ysif;rkef;avNyD; wPSmuif;jywfavonf/ • xdktcguRwfayNyD?vGwfayNyD[laom todw&m;jzpfay:vmayonf [k
  • 61. y|mef;a'oem (24ypönf;) • wpfckESifh wpfck qufpyfvQufaus;Zl;jyKwwfaom y&rwfw&m;wdkU taMumif; aMumif;usdK;qufpyfjyaom cufcJeufeJonfh w&m;awmf jzpfonf/ • tbd"r®ma'oemawmf ed*Hk; (0g)Zwfaygif;cef;(0g)tcufcJteufeJqHk; tydkif;vnf;jzpfonf/ • jrwfpGmbk&m;½SiftwGuf usefw&m;awmfrsm;rSm oAÁnKwOmPfawmf jzifh usufpm;xdkufavmufatmif cufcJeufeJjcif;r½Sd/ þy|mef; a'oemawmfonf
  • 62. y#dpöorkyÜg'ftESpfom& • opömav;yg;udkrodjcif; (t0dZÆm)taMumif;aMumifh tm;xkwfjyKjyifjcif; [laom ( ocFg& ) tusdK;w&m;wdkUonf jzpfukef/ • tm;xkwfjyKjyifjcif;[laom taMumif;aMumifh avmuD0dyguf (0dnmOf) [laom tusdK;w&m; b0opf onf jzpf/ • 0dnmOf[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh emrfw&m;? ½kyfw&m; [laom tusdK;w&m;onfjzpf/ • emrf½kyf[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh rsufpd? em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,fcEÅm? pdwf wnf&m[laom tusdK; tZÑwå twGif;½kyf 6yg;
  • 63. y#dpöorkyÜg'ftESpfom& • xdkawGUxdjcif;[laomtaMumif;w&m;aMumifh a0'em [laomcHpm;jcif; tusdK; 6yg;jzpf/ • cHpm;jcif;[laom taMumif;aMumifh wyfrufqmavmifrI wPSm 3 yg; tusdK;w&m;onfpGJuyfíjzpf/ • wyfrufqmavmifrI taMumif;aMumifh &vdk?uif;vdkaomjyif;pGmpGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefjzpfívm/ • pGJvrf;jcif;[laomtaMumif;w&m;aMumifhtm;xkwfj yKjyifjcif;tusdK;jzpfonfh jzpfaMumif;uH ur®b0jzpfvm/ • jzpfaMumif;uHaMumifh b0topfjzpfrI Zmwdjzpfvmonf/
  • 64. "r®cEåmaygif; ½Spfaomif;av;axmif • okwåefyd#u-"r®cEåmaygif;-21000 • 0denf;yd#u-"r®cEåmaygif;-21000 • tbd"r®myd#u-"r®cEåmaygif;-42000
  • 65. 0denf;yd#u • oHCmawmfrsm;apmifhxdef;&ef bk&m;½Sif tmPmawmfoHk; jyXmef; xm;aom odu©myk'frsm;jzpfonf/ • 0denf;yd#uwGif odu©myk'faygif; uka#udk;axmif wpf&mh½Spfq,fh ig;oef; oHk;aomif;ajcmufaxmif yg½Sdonf/
  • 66. aAm"dyud©,w&m; (37) yg; • owdy|mef (4) yg; aAm"dÓPf toif;tyif; • orÜyÜ'gef jzpfaomaMumifh (4) yg; aAm"dyud©,w&m; • £'d¨yg'f (4) [kac:onf/ yg; • £a`E´ (5) yg; • Adkvf (5) yg; • aAmZÑif (7)
  • 67. owdy|mef (4) yg; • um,mEkyóemowdy|mef – rdrdcE¨mudk ÍmPfpdkufí ½kyfw&m; azgufjyef^ajymif;vJrIudk jrifatmif ½IrSwfjcif;/ • a0'emEkyóemowdy|mef – emusifcHcufaom 'ku©a0'em? auseyfESpfoufzG,f okca0'em? rxifr&Sm; Oayu©ma0'em rsm;udk ay:vGifatmif½IrSwfjcif;/ • pdwÅmEkyóemowdy|mef – awG;awm?BuHpnf? cHpm;?ylyef? qHk;jzwf? rSwfom; pdwfvkyfaqmifrIrsm; tm;vkHk;udk apmifhMunfh ½IrSwfjcif;/ • "r®mEkyóemowdy|mef – ukodkvfjzpfzG,f
  • 68. tydkif;1 - tajccHtcsuftvufrsm; NyD;/ •tydkif;2 – 'ge taMumif; •tydkif;3 – oDv taMumif; •tydkif;4 – i&J taMumif; •tydkif;5 – ewfjynf taMumif; •tydkif;6 – oHo&mrSxGufvrf; taMumif; rsm;udkqufvufjunfh&SKEdkifyg Email---tarrtea@gmail.com onf? Face Book