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Decision Theory
Lecturer: Azhar Kasim
Kriteria yang Dapat Dipakai Dalam
Pembuatan Keputusan Bagi Situasi (Masa
Depan) yang Tidak Pasti
1. MAXIMIN dan MINIMAX
(Pendekatan yang konservatif atau pesimistik)
1. MAXIMAX dan MINIMIN
(Pendekatan yang optimistik)
1. MINMAX REGRET
(Berdasarkan “Opportunity Loss”)
1. KRITERIA HURWICZ
(Gabungan pendekatan yang pesimistik dengan
optimistik)
1. KRITERIA LAPLACE
(Berdasarkan probabilitas yang sama untuk
semua “States of Nature”)
Tabel ‘Payoff’
Alternatif
Keputusan
Situasi Masa Depan
S1
Low
Demand
S2
Medium
Demand
S3
High
Demand
a1. Membangun pabrik
ukuran kecil
Rp. 250 juta - Rp. 40 juta Rp. O
a2. Membangun pabrik
ukuran sedang
- Rp. 50 juta Rp. 350 juta Rp. 60 juta
a3. Membangun pabrik
ukuran besar
- Rp. 100 juta Rp. 80 juta Rp. 400 juta
Maximin
Alternatif
Keputusan
Situasi Masa Depan
S1
Low
Demand
S2
Medium
Demand
S3
High
Demand
a1. Membangun pabrik
ukuran kecil
- Rp. 40 juta
a2. Membangun pabrik
ukuran sedang
- Rp. 50 juta
a3. Membangun pabrik
ukuran besar
- Rp. 100 juta
Maximum dari Payoff yang minimum
Maximax
Alternatif
Keputusan
Situasi Masa Depan
S1
Low
Demand
S2
Medium
Demand
S3
High
Demand
a1. Membangun pabrik
ukuran kecil
Rp. 250 juta
a2. Membangun pabrik
ukuran sedang
Rp. 350 juta
a3. Membangun pabrik
ukuran besar
Rp. 400 juta
Maximum dari Payoff yang maximum
Tabel Biaya
Decision
Alternatives
States of Nature
S1
Banjir
Kecil
S2
Banjir
Sedang
S3
Banjir Besar
a1. Bendungan & usaha
pertanian Kecil
-Rp. 50 juta Rp. 100 juta Rp. 300 juta
a2. Bendungan & usaha
pertanian sedang
Rp. 125 juta -Rp. 60 juta Rp. 250 juta
a3. Bendungan & usaha
pertanian besar
Rp. 200 juta Rp. 200 juta -Rp. 200 juta
Minimax
Decision
Alternatives
States of Nature
S1
Banjir
Kecil
S2
Banjir
Sedang
S3
Banjir Besar
a1. Bendungan & usaha
pertanian Kecil
Rp. 300 juta
a2. Bendungan & usaha
pertanian sedang
Rp. 250 juta
a3. Bendungan & usaha
pertanian besar
Rp. 200 juta Rp. 200 juta
Nilai minimum dari biaya yang maximum
Minimin
Decision
Alternatives
States of Nature
S1
Banjir
Kecil
S2
Banjir
Sedang
S3
Banjir Besar
a1. Bendungan & usaha
pertanian Kecil
-Rp. 50 juta
a2. Bendungan & usaha
pertanian sedang
-Rp. 60 juta
a3. Bendungan & usaha
pertanian besar
-Rp. 200 juta
Nilai minimum dari biaya yang minimum
Tabel “Opportunity Loss”
atau “Regret” Pemb. Pabrik
Decision
Alternatives
States of Nature
S1 S2 S3
a1. Membangun pabrik
ukuran kecil
0 Rp. 390 juta Rp. 400 juta
a2. Membangun pabrik
ukuran sedang
Rp. 300 juta 0 Rp. 340 juta
a3. Membangun pabrik
ukuran besar
Rp. 350 juta Rp. 270 juta 0
Tabel “Opportunity Loss” atau
“Regret” Proyek Bend. & Pertan.
Decision
Alternatives
States of Nature
S1 S2 S3
a1. Bendungan & usaha
pertanian Kecil
0 Rp. 160 juta Rp. 500 juta
a2. Bendungan & usaha
pertanian sedang
Rp. 175 juta 0 Rp. 450 juta
a3. Bendungan & usaha
pertanian besar
Rp. 250 juta Rp. 260 juta 0
Kriteria Hurwicz
(misal α = 0,4)
Decision
Alternatives
Largest
Profit
(LP)
Largest
Loss
(LL)
Weighted Outcome-
=α(LP)+(1-α)(LL)
a1. Pabrik
kecil
Rp. 250 jt -Rp. 40 jt (0,4) (250) + (0,6) (-40)
=Rp 76 juta
a2. Pabrik
sedang
Rp. 350 jt -Rp. 50 jt (0,4) (350) + (0,6) (-50)
= Rp 110 juta
a3. Pabrik
besar
Rp. 400 jt -Rp. 100 jt (0,4) (400) + (0,6) (-100)
=Rp 100 juta
Kriteria Laplace
Decision
Alterna-
tives
Low
demand
S1
Medium
Demand
S2
High
Demand
S3
NE = 1/n Pij
a1 Rp. 250 jt -Rp. 40 jt 0 (250-40+0)x1/3
= 70 juta
a2 -Rp. 50 jt Rp. 350 jt Rp. 60 jt (-50+350+60)x1/3
= 120 juta
a3 -Rp. 100 jt Rp. 80 jt Rp. 400 jt (-100+80+400)x1/3
= 126,67 juta
NE = Nilai Ekspektansi
n = Jumlah kondisi masa depan (states of nature)
Pij = Nilai payoff untuk alternatif keputusan I,
bila kondisi masa depan yang terjadi adalah j
Increasing Knowledge
Ignorance
Decreasing Knowledge
Complete
Knowledge
Uncertainty Risk Certainty
KRITERIA PEMBUATAN KEPUTUSAN
DENGAN MEMAKAI PROBABILITAS
 EMV=Expected Monetary Value
 EVPI=Expected Value of Perfect
Information
 EOL=Expected Opportunity Loss
 EVSI=Expected Value of Sample
Information
EMV (di) = Σ P(Sj) V(di,Sj)
di = Decision alternatives
P(Sj) = Kemungkinan/probabilitas
terjadinya “states of nature” Sj
V(di, Sj) = Nilai dalam table ‘payoff’
N
j = 1
Tabel ‘Payoff’
Decision
Alternatives
States of Nature
S1
High Demand
P = 0.3
S2
Low Demand
P = 0.7
d1. Pabrik Besar Rp. 200 juta -Rp. 20 juta
d2. Pabrik Sedang Rp. 150 juta Rp. 20 juta
d3. Pabrik Kecil Rp. 100 juta Rp. 60 juta
EMV (d1) = 0.3(200jt) + 0.7(-20jt) = 46 juta
EMV (d2) = 0.3(150jt) + 0.7(20jt) = 59 juta
EMV (d3) = 0.3(100jt) + 0.7(60jt) = 72 juta
Kalau probabilitas “state of nature” berubah,
mis. P(S1)=0.6 dan P(S2)=0.4, maka
EMV (d1) = 0.6(200jt) + 0.4(-20jt) = 112 juta
EMV (d2) = 0.6(150jt) + 0.4(20jt) = 98 juta
EMV (d3) = 0.6(100jt) + 0.4(60jt) = 84 juta
EOL (di) = Σ P(Sj) R(di,Sj)
R (d1,Sj)= Nilai dalam Tabel Minimax Regret
misalkan P(S1)=0.3 dan P(S2)=0.7, maka
EOL (d1) = 0.3(0) + 0.7(80jt) = 56 juta
EOL (d2) = 0.3(50jt) + 0.7(40jt) = 43 juta
EOL (d3) = 0.3(100jt) + 0.7 (0) = 30 juta
N
j = 1
Decision
node
States of Nature
nodes
200 juta
150 juta
-20 juta
100 juta
20 juta
60 juta
d1
d2
d3
S1 p=0.3
S1 p=0.3
S1 p=0.3
S2 p=0.7
S2 p=0.7
S2 p=0.7
EMV
46 juta
59 juta
72 juta
d1
d2
d3
EOL
56 juta
43 juta
30 juta
EVPI = Σ P(Sj) R(d*,Sj)
d* = Keputusan yang optimal sebelum
memperoleh informasi tambahan
R(d*1Sj) = Nilai “opportunity loss” untuk
keputusan dan state of nature Sj
N
j = 1
Tabel Opportunity of Loss
Decision
Alternatives
States of Nature
S1
High Demand
P = 0.3
S2
Low Demand
P = 0.7
d1 0 Rp. 80 juta
d2 Rp. 50 juta Rp. 40 juta
d3 Rp. 100 juta 0
EVPI = Expected Value of Perfect Info
EVPI = (0.3) (100 juta) + (0.7)(0) = 30 juta
*EOL = EVPI
Kemung-
kinan
Info
Kalau
Kept.
Dibuat
Sebelum
ada Info
Kalau
Kept.
Dibuat
Setelah
Ada
Info
VPI
(Kes.yg.
Hilang
Oleh
D3)
Prob.
Info
P(Sj)
EVPI
Permin-
taan
Tinggi S1
Pabrik
Kecil
D3
100 juta
Pabrik
Besar
D1
200 juta
100 juta 0.3 30 jt
Permin-
taan
Rendah
S2
Pabrik
Kecil
D3
60 juta
Pabrik
Kecil
D3
60 juta
0 0.7 0
Bayesian Theorem
States of
Nature
Market Research Report
Favorable (I1)
Unfavorable
(I2)
High Demand
(S1) P (I1/S1) = 0.8 P (I2/S1) = 0.2
Low Demand
(S2) P(I1/S2) = 0.1 P (I2/S2) = 0.9
Posterior
Prob.
Apabila “Market Research Report”mengatakan
favorable (I1) maka “Posterior Probabilities” dapat
dihitung dengan rumus sebagai berikut:
P(I1/S1) P(S1)
P(I1/S1) P(S1) + P(I1/S2) P(S2)
Dan
P(I1/S2) P(S2)
P(I1/S1) P(S1) + P(I1/S2) P(S2)
Bayesian
Analysis
New
Info
Prior
Prob
P (S1/I1) =
P (S2/I1) =
Info Baru Hasil Research
Mengatakan Favorable:
States
of
Nature
Prior
Prob.
P(Si)
Cond.
Prob.
P(I1/Sj)
Joint
Prob.
P(I1 Sj)
Posterior
Prob.
P(Sj/I1)
S1 0.3 0.8 0.24
0.24 =0.7742
0.31
S2 0.7 0.1 0.07
0.07 =0.2258
0.31
U
P (I1 Sj) = P(S1) P(I1/Sj)
P (Si/I1) = P (I1 Sj)
P(I1)
P(I1)=0.31
U
U
Info Baru Hasil Research
Mengatakan Unfavorable:
States
of
Nature
Prior
Prob.
P(Si)
Cond.
Prob.
P(I2/Sj)
Joint
Prob.
P(I2 Sj)
Posterior
Prob.
P(Sj/I2)
S1 0.3 0.2 0.06
0.06 =0.0870
0.69
S2 0.7 0.9 0.63
0.63 =0.9130
0.69
U
P(I2)=0.69
2
200 juta
150 juta
-20 juta
100 juta
20 juta
60 juta
d1
d2
d3
1
200 juta
-20 juta
150 juta
20 juta
100 juta
60 juta
S1
S2
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
3
I1
I2
EMV
150.324 jt
120.646 jt
90.968 jt
-860 rb.
31.31 jt
63.48 jt
EMV (node 4)=(0.7742)(200jt)+(0.2258)(-20jt)=150.324jt
EMV (node 5)=(0.7742)(150jt)+(0.2258)(20jt)=120.646jt
EMV (node 6)=(0.7742)(100jt)+(0.2258)(60jt)=90.968jt
EMV (node 7)=(0.0870)(200jt)+(0.9130)(-20jt)=-860 rb.
EMV (node 8)=(0.0870)(150jt)+(0.9130)(20jt)=51.31jt
EMV (node 9)=(0.0870)(100jt)+(0.9130)(60jt)=63.48jt
1
2
3
P(I1)=0.31
P(I2)=0.69
DECISION
d1
d3
EV
150.324 juta
63.48 juta
EMV (node1) = (0.31)(150.324 juta) +
(0.69)(63.48 juta)
= 90.402 juta
•Expected value of the optimal decision with sample
information = 90.402 juta
EVSI =
= 90.402 juta – 72 juta
= 18.402 juta
E.V. of
optimal
decision
with S.I.
E.V. of
optimal
Decision
without
S.I.
Payoff Table
Decision
Alternatives
States of Nature
Prices Up
S1
P=0.3
Prices Stable
S2
P=0.5
Prices Down
S3
P=0.2
d1. Investment A Rp. 30 juta Rp. 20 juta -Rp. 50 juta
d2. Investment B Rp. 50 juta -Rp. 20 juta -Rp. 30 juta
d3. Investment C 0 0 0
EMV (d1) = 0.3(30jt)+0.5(20jt)+0.2(-50jt) = 9 juta
EMV (d2) = 0.3(50jt)+0.5(-20jt)+0.2(-30jt = -1 juta
EMV (d3) = 0.3(0)+0.5(0)+0.2(0) = 0 juta
Utility of –Rp. 50 juta = U(-50 juta) = 0
Utility of Rp. 50 juta = U(50 juta) = 10
Utility of Monetary Payoff
Monetary
value
Indifference
value of P
Utility
Value
Rp. 50 juta Does not apply 10.0
Rp. 30 juta 0.95 9.5
Rp. 20 juta 0.90 9.0
0 0.75 7.5
-Rp. 20 juta 0.55 5.5
-Rp. 30 juta 0.40 4.0
-Rp. 50 juta Does not apply 0
U(30 jt) = P U(50 jt)+(1-P)U(-50jt)
= 0.95(10)+0.05(0)
= 9.5
Decision
Alternatives
States of Nature
Prices Up
S1
P=0.3
Prices Stable
S2
P=0.5
Prices Down
S3
P=0.2
d1. Investment A 9.5 9.0 0
d2. Investment B 10.0 5.5 4.5
d3. Do not invest 7.5 7.5 7.5
EU (d1) = 0.3(9.5) + 0.5(9.0) + 0.2(0) = 7.35
EU (d2) = 0.3(10.0) + 0.5(5.5) + 0.2(4.5) = 6.55
EU (d3) = 0.3(7.5) + 0.5(7.5) +0.2(7.5) = 7.50
Menurut kriteria EMV d1 adalah pilihan yang terbaik
EMV = 9 juta
Menurut kriteria EU d3 adalah pilihan yang terbaik
EU = 7.5
Note: Utility table tersebut diatas mewakili contoh pandangan
pembuat keputusan yang konservatif atau risk-avoiding view point
Berikut ini adalah contoh pandangan pembuat
keputusan yang berani mengambil resiko
atau risk taking view point
Monetary
value
Indifference
value of P
Utility
Value
Rp. 50 juta Does not apply 10.0
Rp. 30 juta 0.50 5.0
Rp. 20 juta 0.40 4.0
0 0.25 2.5
-Rp. 20 juta 0.15 1.5
-Rp. 30 juta 0.10 1.0
-Rp. 50 juta Does not apply 0
Utility Table
Decision
Alternatives
States of Nature
Prices Up
S1
P=0.3
Prices Stable
S2
P=0.5
Prices Down
S3
P=0.2
d1. Investment A 5.0 4.0 0
d2. Investment B 10.0 1.5 1.0
d3. Do not invest 2.5 2.5 2.5
EU (d1) = 0.3(5)+0.5(4)+0.2(0) =3.50
EU (d2) = 0.3(10)+0.5(1.5)+0.2(1.0) =3.95
EU (d3) = 0.3(2.5)+0.5(2.5)+0.2(2.5)=2.50
Berdasarkan kriteria EU yang dipakai oleh seseorang
risk-taker maka alternative yang terbaik adalah d2
Utility Function
-50 -20 0 30 50 juta
Risk Avoider
Risk
Takers

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Decision Theory

  • 2. Kriteria yang Dapat Dipakai Dalam Pembuatan Keputusan Bagi Situasi (Masa Depan) yang Tidak Pasti 1. MAXIMIN dan MINIMAX (Pendekatan yang konservatif atau pesimistik) 1. MAXIMAX dan MINIMIN (Pendekatan yang optimistik) 1. MINMAX REGRET (Berdasarkan “Opportunity Loss”) 1. KRITERIA HURWICZ (Gabungan pendekatan yang pesimistik dengan optimistik) 1. KRITERIA LAPLACE (Berdasarkan probabilitas yang sama untuk semua “States of Nature”)
  • 3. Tabel ‘Payoff’ Alternatif Keputusan Situasi Masa Depan S1 Low Demand S2 Medium Demand S3 High Demand a1. Membangun pabrik ukuran kecil Rp. 250 juta - Rp. 40 juta Rp. O a2. Membangun pabrik ukuran sedang - Rp. 50 juta Rp. 350 juta Rp. 60 juta a3. Membangun pabrik ukuran besar - Rp. 100 juta Rp. 80 juta Rp. 400 juta
  • 4. Maximin Alternatif Keputusan Situasi Masa Depan S1 Low Demand S2 Medium Demand S3 High Demand a1. Membangun pabrik ukuran kecil - Rp. 40 juta a2. Membangun pabrik ukuran sedang - Rp. 50 juta a3. Membangun pabrik ukuran besar - Rp. 100 juta Maximum dari Payoff yang minimum
  • 5. Maximax Alternatif Keputusan Situasi Masa Depan S1 Low Demand S2 Medium Demand S3 High Demand a1. Membangun pabrik ukuran kecil Rp. 250 juta a2. Membangun pabrik ukuran sedang Rp. 350 juta a3. Membangun pabrik ukuran besar Rp. 400 juta Maximum dari Payoff yang maximum
  • 6. Tabel Biaya Decision Alternatives States of Nature S1 Banjir Kecil S2 Banjir Sedang S3 Banjir Besar a1. Bendungan & usaha pertanian Kecil -Rp. 50 juta Rp. 100 juta Rp. 300 juta a2. Bendungan & usaha pertanian sedang Rp. 125 juta -Rp. 60 juta Rp. 250 juta a3. Bendungan & usaha pertanian besar Rp. 200 juta Rp. 200 juta -Rp. 200 juta
  • 7. Minimax Decision Alternatives States of Nature S1 Banjir Kecil S2 Banjir Sedang S3 Banjir Besar a1. Bendungan & usaha pertanian Kecil Rp. 300 juta a2. Bendungan & usaha pertanian sedang Rp. 250 juta a3. Bendungan & usaha pertanian besar Rp. 200 juta Rp. 200 juta Nilai minimum dari biaya yang maximum
  • 8. Minimin Decision Alternatives States of Nature S1 Banjir Kecil S2 Banjir Sedang S3 Banjir Besar a1. Bendungan & usaha pertanian Kecil -Rp. 50 juta a2. Bendungan & usaha pertanian sedang -Rp. 60 juta a3. Bendungan & usaha pertanian besar -Rp. 200 juta Nilai minimum dari biaya yang minimum
  • 9. Tabel “Opportunity Loss” atau “Regret” Pemb. Pabrik Decision Alternatives States of Nature S1 S2 S3 a1. Membangun pabrik ukuran kecil 0 Rp. 390 juta Rp. 400 juta a2. Membangun pabrik ukuran sedang Rp. 300 juta 0 Rp. 340 juta a3. Membangun pabrik ukuran besar Rp. 350 juta Rp. 270 juta 0
  • 10. Tabel “Opportunity Loss” atau “Regret” Proyek Bend. & Pertan. Decision Alternatives States of Nature S1 S2 S3 a1. Bendungan & usaha pertanian Kecil 0 Rp. 160 juta Rp. 500 juta a2. Bendungan & usaha pertanian sedang Rp. 175 juta 0 Rp. 450 juta a3. Bendungan & usaha pertanian besar Rp. 250 juta Rp. 260 juta 0
  • 11. Kriteria Hurwicz (misal α = 0,4) Decision Alternatives Largest Profit (LP) Largest Loss (LL) Weighted Outcome- =α(LP)+(1-α)(LL) a1. Pabrik kecil Rp. 250 jt -Rp. 40 jt (0,4) (250) + (0,6) (-40) =Rp 76 juta a2. Pabrik sedang Rp. 350 jt -Rp. 50 jt (0,4) (350) + (0,6) (-50) = Rp 110 juta a3. Pabrik besar Rp. 400 jt -Rp. 100 jt (0,4) (400) + (0,6) (-100) =Rp 100 juta
  • 12. Kriteria Laplace Decision Alterna- tives Low demand S1 Medium Demand S2 High Demand S3 NE = 1/n Pij a1 Rp. 250 jt -Rp. 40 jt 0 (250-40+0)x1/3 = 70 juta a2 -Rp. 50 jt Rp. 350 jt Rp. 60 jt (-50+350+60)x1/3 = 120 juta a3 -Rp. 100 jt Rp. 80 jt Rp. 400 jt (-100+80+400)x1/3 = 126,67 juta NE = Nilai Ekspektansi n = Jumlah kondisi masa depan (states of nature) Pij = Nilai payoff untuk alternatif keputusan I, bila kondisi masa depan yang terjadi adalah j
  • 14. KRITERIA PEMBUATAN KEPUTUSAN DENGAN MEMAKAI PROBABILITAS  EMV=Expected Monetary Value  EVPI=Expected Value of Perfect Information  EOL=Expected Opportunity Loss  EVSI=Expected Value of Sample Information
  • 15. EMV (di) = Σ P(Sj) V(di,Sj) di = Decision alternatives P(Sj) = Kemungkinan/probabilitas terjadinya “states of nature” Sj V(di, Sj) = Nilai dalam table ‘payoff’ N j = 1
  • 16. Tabel ‘Payoff’ Decision Alternatives States of Nature S1 High Demand P = 0.3 S2 Low Demand P = 0.7 d1. Pabrik Besar Rp. 200 juta -Rp. 20 juta d2. Pabrik Sedang Rp. 150 juta Rp. 20 juta d3. Pabrik Kecil Rp. 100 juta Rp. 60 juta
  • 17. EMV (d1) = 0.3(200jt) + 0.7(-20jt) = 46 juta EMV (d2) = 0.3(150jt) + 0.7(20jt) = 59 juta EMV (d3) = 0.3(100jt) + 0.7(60jt) = 72 juta Kalau probabilitas “state of nature” berubah, mis. P(S1)=0.6 dan P(S2)=0.4, maka EMV (d1) = 0.6(200jt) + 0.4(-20jt) = 112 juta EMV (d2) = 0.6(150jt) + 0.4(20jt) = 98 juta EMV (d3) = 0.6(100jt) + 0.4(60jt) = 84 juta
  • 18. EOL (di) = Σ P(Sj) R(di,Sj) R (d1,Sj)= Nilai dalam Tabel Minimax Regret misalkan P(S1)=0.3 dan P(S2)=0.7, maka EOL (d1) = 0.3(0) + 0.7(80jt) = 56 juta EOL (d2) = 0.3(50jt) + 0.7(40jt) = 43 juta EOL (d3) = 0.3(100jt) + 0.7 (0) = 30 juta N j = 1
  • 19. Decision node States of Nature nodes 200 juta 150 juta -20 juta 100 juta 20 juta 60 juta d1 d2 d3 S1 p=0.3 S1 p=0.3 S1 p=0.3 S2 p=0.7 S2 p=0.7 S2 p=0.7
  • 20. EMV 46 juta 59 juta 72 juta d1 d2 d3 EOL 56 juta 43 juta 30 juta
  • 21. EVPI = Σ P(Sj) R(d*,Sj) d* = Keputusan yang optimal sebelum memperoleh informasi tambahan R(d*1Sj) = Nilai “opportunity loss” untuk keputusan dan state of nature Sj N j = 1
  • 22. Tabel Opportunity of Loss Decision Alternatives States of Nature S1 High Demand P = 0.3 S2 Low Demand P = 0.7 d1 0 Rp. 80 juta d2 Rp. 50 juta Rp. 40 juta d3 Rp. 100 juta 0 EVPI = Expected Value of Perfect Info EVPI = (0.3) (100 juta) + (0.7)(0) = 30 juta *EOL = EVPI
  • 23. Kemung- kinan Info Kalau Kept. Dibuat Sebelum ada Info Kalau Kept. Dibuat Setelah Ada Info VPI (Kes.yg. Hilang Oleh D3) Prob. Info P(Sj) EVPI Permin- taan Tinggi S1 Pabrik Kecil D3 100 juta Pabrik Besar D1 200 juta 100 juta 0.3 30 jt Permin- taan Rendah S2 Pabrik Kecil D3 60 juta Pabrik Kecil D3 60 juta 0 0.7 0
  • 24. Bayesian Theorem States of Nature Market Research Report Favorable (I1) Unfavorable (I2) High Demand (S1) P (I1/S1) = 0.8 P (I2/S1) = 0.2 Low Demand (S2) P(I1/S2) = 0.1 P (I2/S2) = 0.9
  • 25. Posterior Prob. Apabila “Market Research Report”mengatakan favorable (I1) maka “Posterior Probabilities” dapat dihitung dengan rumus sebagai berikut: P(I1/S1) P(S1) P(I1/S1) P(S1) + P(I1/S2) P(S2) Dan P(I1/S2) P(S2) P(I1/S1) P(S1) + P(I1/S2) P(S2) Bayesian Analysis New Info Prior Prob P (S1/I1) = P (S2/I1) =
  • 26. Info Baru Hasil Research Mengatakan Favorable: States of Nature Prior Prob. P(Si) Cond. Prob. P(I1/Sj) Joint Prob. P(I1 Sj) Posterior Prob. P(Sj/I1) S1 0.3 0.8 0.24 0.24 =0.7742 0.31 S2 0.7 0.1 0.07 0.07 =0.2258 0.31 U P (I1 Sj) = P(S1) P(I1/Sj) P (Si/I1) = P (I1 Sj) P(I1) P(I1)=0.31 U U
  • 27. Info Baru Hasil Research Mengatakan Unfavorable: States of Nature Prior Prob. P(Si) Cond. Prob. P(I2/Sj) Joint Prob. P(I2 Sj) Posterior Prob. P(Sj/I2) S1 0.3 0.2 0.06 0.06 =0.0870 0.69 S2 0.7 0.9 0.63 0.63 =0.9130 0.69 U P(I2)=0.69
  • 28. 2 200 juta 150 juta -20 juta 100 juta 20 juta 60 juta d1 d2 d3 1 200 juta -20 juta 150 juta 20 juta 100 juta 60 juta S1 S2 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 3 I1 I2 EMV 150.324 jt 120.646 jt 90.968 jt -860 rb. 31.31 jt 63.48 jt
  • 29. EMV (node 4)=(0.7742)(200jt)+(0.2258)(-20jt)=150.324jt EMV (node 5)=(0.7742)(150jt)+(0.2258)(20jt)=120.646jt EMV (node 6)=(0.7742)(100jt)+(0.2258)(60jt)=90.968jt EMV (node 7)=(0.0870)(200jt)+(0.9130)(-20jt)=-860 rb. EMV (node 8)=(0.0870)(150jt)+(0.9130)(20jt)=51.31jt EMV (node 9)=(0.0870)(100jt)+(0.9130)(60jt)=63.48jt
  • 30. 1 2 3 P(I1)=0.31 P(I2)=0.69 DECISION d1 d3 EV 150.324 juta 63.48 juta EMV (node1) = (0.31)(150.324 juta) + (0.69)(63.48 juta) = 90.402 juta •Expected value of the optimal decision with sample information = 90.402 juta
  • 31. EVSI = = 90.402 juta – 72 juta = 18.402 juta E.V. of optimal decision with S.I. E.V. of optimal Decision without S.I.
  • 32. Payoff Table Decision Alternatives States of Nature Prices Up S1 P=0.3 Prices Stable S2 P=0.5 Prices Down S3 P=0.2 d1. Investment A Rp. 30 juta Rp. 20 juta -Rp. 50 juta d2. Investment B Rp. 50 juta -Rp. 20 juta -Rp. 30 juta d3. Investment C 0 0 0 EMV (d1) = 0.3(30jt)+0.5(20jt)+0.2(-50jt) = 9 juta EMV (d2) = 0.3(50jt)+0.5(-20jt)+0.2(-30jt = -1 juta EMV (d3) = 0.3(0)+0.5(0)+0.2(0) = 0 juta Utility of –Rp. 50 juta = U(-50 juta) = 0 Utility of Rp. 50 juta = U(50 juta) = 10
  • 33. Utility of Monetary Payoff Monetary value Indifference value of P Utility Value Rp. 50 juta Does not apply 10.0 Rp. 30 juta 0.95 9.5 Rp. 20 juta 0.90 9.0 0 0.75 7.5 -Rp. 20 juta 0.55 5.5 -Rp. 30 juta 0.40 4.0 -Rp. 50 juta Does not apply 0 U(30 jt) = P U(50 jt)+(1-P)U(-50jt) = 0.95(10)+0.05(0) = 9.5
  • 34. Decision Alternatives States of Nature Prices Up S1 P=0.3 Prices Stable S2 P=0.5 Prices Down S3 P=0.2 d1. Investment A 9.5 9.0 0 d2. Investment B 10.0 5.5 4.5 d3. Do not invest 7.5 7.5 7.5 EU (d1) = 0.3(9.5) + 0.5(9.0) + 0.2(0) = 7.35 EU (d2) = 0.3(10.0) + 0.5(5.5) + 0.2(4.5) = 6.55 EU (d3) = 0.3(7.5) + 0.5(7.5) +0.2(7.5) = 7.50 Menurut kriteria EMV d1 adalah pilihan yang terbaik EMV = 9 juta Menurut kriteria EU d3 adalah pilihan yang terbaik EU = 7.5 Note: Utility table tersebut diatas mewakili contoh pandangan pembuat keputusan yang konservatif atau risk-avoiding view point
  • 35. Berikut ini adalah contoh pandangan pembuat keputusan yang berani mengambil resiko atau risk taking view point Monetary value Indifference value of P Utility Value Rp. 50 juta Does not apply 10.0 Rp. 30 juta 0.50 5.0 Rp. 20 juta 0.40 4.0 0 0.25 2.5 -Rp. 20 juta 0.15 1.5 -Rp. 30 juta 0.10 1.0 -Rp. 50 juta Does not apply 0
  • 36. Utility Table Decision Alternatives States of Nature Prices Up S1 P=0.3 Prices Stable S2 P=0.5 Prices Down S3 P=0.2 d1. Investment A 5.0 4.0 0 d2. Investment B 10.0 1.5 1.0 d3. Do not invest 2.5 2.5 2.5 EU (d1) = 0.3(5)+0.5(4)+0.2(0) =3.50 EU (d2) = 0.3(10)+0.5(1.5)+0.2(1.0) =3.95 EU (d3) = 0.3(2.5)+0.5(2.5)+0.2(2.5)=2.50 Berdasarkan kriteria EU yang dipakai oleh seseorang risk-taker maka alternative yang terbaik adalah d2
  • 37. Utility Function -50 -20 0 30 50 juta Risk Avoider Risk Takers