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TOWARDS A CARBON NEUTRAL
   BUILDING ENVELOPE
    打造零碳建筑围护结构




                     Professor Terri Meyer Boake
          Associate Director | School of Architecture | University of Waterloo
                Past President Society of Building Science Educators
              President Elect Building Technology Educators’ Society
Member Ontario Association of Architects Committee for Sustainable Built Environment
What is a Low Carbon Building Envelope?
什么是低碳建筑围护结构?
                A new skin on an old building?
                在旧建筑上的新表皮?

                               A skin that responds
                               to the climate?
                               适宜当地气候的外墙
                               设计?




A skin on a LEEDTM building?
LEEDTM 建筑?
The LEAP to Zero Carbon and beyond…
走向零碳与超越…
 Energy Efficient (mid 1970s “Oil Crisis” reaction)
 节能设计(对70年代石油危机的回应)
 Green (environmentally responsive)
  绿色设计(对环境保护的响应)
  Sustainable (holistic and comparable – LEEDTM)
   可持续发展设计(全面,有可比性的-LEEDTM)
  High Performance (accountable)
   高效设计(可说明效果的)
  Carbon Neutral (Zero Fossil Fuel Energy)
   零碳设计(零矿物燃料能源)
         … increase in expectations of performance
         越来越高的性能要求促使了设计的改革与更新
A building envelope that addresses Global Warming and
Sustainable Design! 针对全球变暖与可持续设计的围护设计

• To reduce GHG emissions     减少温室效应气体的排放
• Buildings account for more than 40% of the GHG
  40% 以上的温室气体排放源于建筑物
• Carbon Neutrality focuses on the relationship between all
aspects of “buildings” and CO2 emissions
  零碳设计理念将焦点放在建筑物与碳排放的关系
• Carbon Neutral Design strives to reverse trends in Global
Warming 零碳设计将尽全力扭转全球变暖的趋势
This is NOT a low carbon envelope because:
这不是一个低碳围护结构,因为:
- No consideration of orientation (shading missing)
  欠缺朝向的考虑(缺少遮阳设备)
- Ad hoc A/C units (waste heat causes warming)
  外加的空调(排放的废气造成环境变暖)
- Materials not DURABLE 材料并不耐用
This is NOT a high performance low carbon envelope BUT:
这不是一个高效的低碳外墙,但是:
- recessed windows can be shaded from sun
  内缩窗可以起到遮阳的作用
- overhangs allow windows to be open when it is rainy
  挑檐:在下雨天也可以开窗
- traditional clothes drying space preserved
  保留了晾衣服的空间
Preserve the best of traditional buildings
保留传统建筑中的精华




- Not ALL traditional buildings are BAD
  并非所有传统建筑都是坏的
- Not ALL Western buildings are GOOD
  并非所有西方建筑都是好的
Operating Energy               Landscape
         of Building                    + Site
         建筑运作能耗                    景观 + 场地
        80% of the problem!
           80%的问题             Disturbance vs. sequestration
                                      干扰 v.s. 隔离


Embodied Carbon
                                                Renewables
  in Building            People, “Use” +          + Site
   Materials             Transportation         Generation
建筑材料中的隐含                 人,功能,交通
                                                 可再生资源
   碳

            Counting Carbon costs….        + purchased offsets
            计算碳成本…                         + 换取补偿
Building envelope
     Operating Energy          performance directly
       of Building             impacts operating
        建筑运作能耗                 energy
                               建筑围护的性能对运作能
      80% of the problem!
                               耗有着直接的影响
         80%的问题


 Embodied
 Carbon in
                       Building envelope material
  Building             selection and sourcing directly
 Materials             impacts embodied energy
建筑材料中的隐                建筑围护材料的选择和来源对自含
  含碳                   能量有着直接的影响

        Counting Carbon costs….
        计算碳成本…
Low Carbon Envelope Concerns
低碳围护结构设计的考虑
 The primary issues of concern for the envelope are:
 围护结构设计主要关心的问题:

 OPERATING ENERGY 运作能耗:
     Thermal Performance 保温性能

 EMBODIED ENERGY 自含能量:
     Materiality 材料
     Durability 耐久性
     Sourcing – travel distance 来源-运输距离
     Renewable? Recycled? Recyclable?
     可再生的?可回收的?可再循环利用的?
Embodied
            Embodied Energy in Envelopes
Carbon in
 Building
Materials
                围护结构中的自含能量
建筑材料中       – Initial Embodied Energy: Non-renewable energy consumed in the
 的隐含碳
            acquisition of raw materials, their processing, manufacturing,
            transportation to site, and construction
            初始自含能量:消耗在获得原材料,加工,生产制造,运输和建造中的
            不可再生能源
            – Recurring Embodied Energy: Non-renewable energy consumed to
            maintain, repair, restore, refurbish or replace materials, components, or
            systems during life of building (DURABILITY)
            续生自含能量:消耗在建筑使用寿命中用于保养,维修,修复,翻新或更
            新材料,构件和系统的不可再生能源 (耐久性)




                             www.cn-sbs.cssbi.ca               11
Initial Embodied Energy of Building Materials
Embodied
Carbon in        Per Unit Mass
 Building
Materials        建筑材料中的初始自含能量
建筑材料中
 的隐含碳            每单位质量

                                  200     191.0                                            Steel with recycled content can
            Embodied Energy (MJ/kg)




                                  180                                                      vary from about 10.0 to 25.0 MJ/kg
                                  160                                                      可回收钢材自含能量大约10.0至
                                  140                                                      25.0 MJ/kg不等
                                  120                                                           -Timber (air dried)
                                  100                 88.5                                        木材(风干): 0.3 MJ/kg
                                   80                             72.4
                                                                                                - Plywood 胶合板: 10.4 MJ/kg
            自含能量




                                   60
                                   40                                        32.0       30.3
                                                                                                    15.9
                                   20                                                                           7.8        2.5         1.3
                                    0
                                      Aluminum (virgin) Based Paint
                                                Water             Carpet
                                                                      Steel (general, virgin) Insulation Glass Cement (softwood, kiln dried)mix, 30M
                                                                                  Fibreglass        Float       Timber    Concrete (ready
                                                                   地毯                                           水泥
                                                                                                   浮法玻璃
                                            铝                                         玻璃纤维保
                                                      水性漆                      钢       温材料                               木材    混凝土
                                                                                                                      (软木,窑烘干)(预拌)

              Source: University of Wellington, NZ, Center for Building Performance Research (2004)

                                                       www.cn-sbs.cssbi.ca
Embodied    The Life Cycle of a Material
Carbon in
 Building
Materials
             材料的生命周期
建筑材料中
 的隐含碳
              Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)
              生命周期评估
              – The main goal of a LCA is to quantify energy and material use
              as well as other environmental parameters at various stages of a
              product’s life-cycle including: resource
              extraction, manufacturing, construction, operation, and post-use
              disposal
                   生命周期评估的主要目的是量化一个产品在其生命周期中各个阶
              段(包括原料提炼,制造,建造施工,运作和使用后的处理)所需的
              能源,材料以及其他的环保参数。
              – Need to justify use of High Embodied Energy materials
                   调整高自含能量材料的运用
              – DURABILITY is important 耐久性很重要
              – Some materials need to be used for their Environmental benefit
              (like concrete for its ability to act as thermal mass)
                   巧妙运用有些材料的环保优势 (例:混凝土有蓄热的功效)
                                                             13
Embodied    The Life Cycle of a Material
Carbon in
 Building
Materials
             材料的生命周期
建筑材料中
 的隐含碳
              Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database
              生命周期清单分析数据库

              – A database that provides a cradle-to-grave accounting of the
              energy and material flows into and out of the environment that
              are associated with producing a material. This database is a
              critical component of a Life-Cycle Assessment
                 一个全面描述材料从“摇篮到坟墓”过程中所需能量,资源,和
              对环境影响的数据库。这是生命周期评估中一个至关重要的组成
              部分。




                                                           14
Energy in Common Building Components
Embodied
Carbon in
 Building
              常见建筑构件中的能耗
Materials
建筑材料中
                   Initial Embodied Energy vs. Recurring Embodied Energy of a
 的隐含碳                Typical Canadian Office Building Constructed from Wood
                                     典型木结构加拿大办公楼
                               初始自含能量与续生自含能量的对比
            Finishes,
            Envelope, &                                                        645%
            Services
            dominate the
            embodied                                                           286%
            energy over
            the building’s
                                          自含能量




                                                                               126%
            lifespan
            建筑饰面,围
            护结构,和建
            筑设备对整个
            建筑寿命的自
            含能量有着显
            著的影响

                                                      建筑结构          场地施工          建造施工           建筑饰面          围护结构          建筑设备

            Source: Cole , R. & Kernan, P. (1996). Life-Cycle Energy Use in Office Buildings. Building and Environment, 31 (4), 307-317
Orders ofSE IN BUILDINGS Impact
            ENERGY U Environmental
              对环境影响的顺序
Embodied
Carbon in
 Building
Materials
建筑材料中
             Total Energy Breakdown of Typical Hot-Rolled Steel Retail
 的隐含碳                          Building After 50 Years
                          (other building types are similar)
                   典型热轧钢结构零售建筑50年后总能量统计分析
                               (其他建筑类型相似)                      Energy & GWP
                                                                      due to envelope is
                                                                         a significant
                                                  围护(墙,屋顶)
                                                                        contributor to
                                                                      embodied energy
               总运作能量
                                                                       因围护结构而产生
                                 总自含能量                                 的能源与全球变暖
                                                                       潜能值是促成自含
                                                                       能量的主要因素



                                                                          梁柱




                                             门窗              地基

                                                  * GWP: Beams & Columns = 0.75%
                                                  全球变暖潜能值:梁与柱
Orders of Environmental Impact
        ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS
        对环境影响的顺序
          Primary Energy Consumption vs. Time for Hot-Rolled Steel
               Retail Building (other building types are similar)
               典型热轧钢结构零售建筑的原始能量与时间对比
                            (其他建筑类型相似)

                                                              总能量
                                    总自含能量
                                    总运作能量

                                  结构的自含能量




                                                                     Source: Kevin Van Ootegham
                   总自含能量                                     运作能量
                   总运作能量

                 结构的自含能量


        总自含能量
        总运作能量

       结构的自含能量
初始能量




                                                            自含能量




                                            寿命(年)
Embodied
            Embodied Energy Findings
Carbon in
 Building    自含能量的调查结果
Materials
建筑材料中
 的隐含碳




             The building envelope (walls and roof), building
            services, and building finishes contribute the most
              towards the total embodied life-cycle energy.

            建筑生命周期中的总自含能量主要决定于其围护结
              构(墙和屋顶),建筑设备和建筑饰面。
Embodied
            Embodied Energy Findings
Carbon in
 Building    自含能量的调查结果
Materials
建筑材料中
 的隐含碳        To lower GHG, choice of envelope materials needs
             to reflect:
             为减少温室气体排放,围护结构的选材需考虑到:

             - issues of DURABILITY 耐久性的问题
             - ability of material to assist PASSIVE DESIGN
               利用材料的性能促进被动式设计
             - local sourcing to reduce TRANSPORTATION
               利用本地材料减少交通运输
             -ability of material to be 1st REUSED and
                                         2nd RECYCLED
               考虑可先再利用,然后再回收的材料
Four Key Steps – IN ORDER:
Operating
 Energy
            四个关键步骤-按顺序
运作能耗
            #1 - Reduce loads/demand first (conservation, passive
            design, daylighting, shading, orientation, etc.)
            减少负荷/需求(能量保存,被动式设计,天然采光,遮
            阳,朝向,等。)
            #2 - Meet loads efficiently and effectively (energy efficient
            lighting, high-efficiency MEP equipment, controls, etc.)
            有效的满足负荷 (节能照明,高效水电风设备,控制管理,等。)
            #3 - Use renewables to meet energy needs (doing the above steps
            before will result in the need for much smaller renewable energy
            systems, making carbon neutrality achievable.)
            运用可再生资源来满足能量需求(做好上述步骤可减少对可再生能源系统
            的需求,以致实现碳中立。)
            #4 -      Use purchased Offsets as a last resort when all other means have been
            looked at on site, or where the scope of building exceeds the site available
            resources.
            当已审视了所有其他的手段,或建筑范围超过现场可用资源时,使用换取补偿为最
            后手段
Begin with Passive Strategies for Climate Control
            to Reduce Energy Requirements
Operating    从被动式气候调节设计开始减少能量需求
 Energy
运作能耗

                                   热传导           对流              热辐射       蒸发
               控制对策
                      冬




                                                                                      HEATING
                                              减少室外空气流动




                                                                                        取暖
                          促进增加                                促进太阳辐射




                          抑制消耗                减少透射
                                 减少传导热流
                      夏




                                                                                      COOLING
                          抑制增加




                                                                                        制冷
                                 减少传导热流       减少透射            减少太阳辐射




                          促进消耗   促进地下冷却       促进通风            促进辐射冷却    促进蒸发冷却




                                                         大气        太阳

                          热源

                                          地              大气        天空            大气

                          吸热/
                          散热设
                          备
                                                                  气候调节策略
Operating
            Operating Energy 运作能耗
 Energy
运作能耗
                              Total Commercial/Institutional Secondary Energy Use by
                            End Use in Canada (2006) 加拿大商业/机构二次能源的终端使用

                                          Auxiliary               HEAT TRANSFER 传热
                                         Equipment
                                          辅助设备
                           Water           16%
                          Heating
                          热水供暖                                               Space
                            9%                                              Heating
                             Auxiliary                                      空间加热
                              Motors                                          49%
                            辅助电动机
                                8%
                                                        Space
                                        Lighting       Cooling
            ELECTRICITY
                                          照明           空间制冷
            SAVINGS                       11%            7%
            电能节约
            Source: Natural Resources Canada, 2006               www.cn-sbs.cssbi.ca
                                                                       22
Reduce loads: Passive Strategies
减少负荷: 被动式设计对策
 The tiered approach to reducing carbon for
 HEATING: 取暖减碳金字塔:
                                       Smaller Mechanical Heating needed
                                       缩小机械加热的需求
                                                Apply Passive Solar Heating
                                                使用被动式太阳能取暖
                                                Maximize Heat Retention
                                                (insulation, tightness)
                                                增大保暖性能(保温,密封
                                                性)
 First reduce the overall energy required, then maximize the amount
 of energy required for mechanical heating that comes from
 renewable sources.
 优先减少总能量的需求,再利用可再生资源增大机械取暖的能量需求
 Source: Lechner. Heating, Cooling, Lighting.
Thermal Mass is Critical!
蓄热体是关键!
To ensure comfort to the
   occupants….
   确保居住者的舒适…
People are 80% water so if they
  are the only thermal sink in the
  room, they will be the target.
  人是由80%的水组成的,如果
  他们是唯一的热汇,他们将会
  吸收所有热能。



And to store the FREE energy for
  slow release distribution….
  储存为以后缓慢释放的天然能                      Aldo Leopold Legacy Center:
  量…                                 Concrete floors complement the
                                     insulating wood walls
Thermal mass is the “container” for free heat…
蓄热体是一个储存天然热量的“容器”…


                  If you “pour” the sun on
                  wood, it is like having
                  no container at all.
                  如果把太阳光“倒”在木
                  头上,就好比沒有用容
                  器将其保存。




 Just like water, free solar energy
 needs to be stored somewhere to
 be useful!
 就像水一样,太阳能也需要有地
 方储存以便以后的有效利用!
Light Mass Building 轻质量房屋




  Wide swings of temperature from day to night
   早晚气温变化巨大
  Excess heat absorbed by human occupants
   多余的热能被居住者吸收
  Uncomfortably cold at night
   令人不适的寒冷夜晚
Heavy Mass Building 重质量房屋




  Glass needs to permit entry of solar radiation
    窗户需要允许太阳辐射进入室内
  Also need insulating blinds to prevent heat loss
 at night.
    在夜间需要保温帘阻止热量损失
Reduce loads: Passive Strategies
减少负荷: 被动式设计对策
The tiered approach to reducing carbon for
COOLING: 制冷减碳金字塔:
                                          Smaller Mechanical Cooling required
                                          缩小机械制冷的需求
                                                 Passive Cooling (natural ventilation)
                                                 使用被动式降温(自然通风)
                                                 Heat Avoidance (shading,
                                                 microclimate, materials)
                                                 避热手段(遮阳,微气,材
                                                 料)
Maximize the amount of energy required for mechanical
cooling that comes from renewable sources.
利用可再生资源增大机械制冷的能量需求
Source: Lechner. Heating, Cooling, Lighting.
Passive Cooling Strategies: Heat Avoidance
被动式制冷对策:避热手段
1.   shade windows from
     the sun during hot
     months
     在炎热的月份遮阳
2.   design materials and
     plantings to cool the
     local microclimate
     利用材料和植物给小
     气候降温
3.   locate trees and
     trellis’ to shade east
     and west façades
     during morning and
     afternoon low sun        If you don’t invite the heat in, you
     利用树木和棚架遮挡                      don’t have to get rid of it…..
     东面的晨光和下午西                如果你没有特意吸收额外的热能,
     晒的墙面                         你并不需要想办法处理它们…
Shading Devices and the Envelope
遮阳装置与围护结构
 Can be an extension of the roof
   可以是屋檐的延伸
 On multi storey buildings
normally attached to the envelope
   在多层建筑中,通常与围护结
构相连
 Can be incorporated into the
curtain wall
   可以是幕墙的一部分
 Must contend with snow
loading
   必须能承受雪荷载
 Must be durable and low
maintenance
   必须是持久耐用和低维修保养的
Interior vs Exterior Shades
室内与室外遮阳
                                                             热空气积聚在窗户夹层之
                                    阳光射入室内空间,热能              间,随之排除至室外
                                    积聚在窗帘和窗户之间
            无太阳直射




 BEST                                     BAD
 最佳的                                      不好的


    室外遮阳装置:挑檐                  室内遮阳装置:窗帘
                                                         双层玻璃中的遮阳装置

                Once the heat is IN, it is IN!
                当热能进入室内,不管怎样遮挡热能还是在室内
                !
 Internal blinds are good for glare, but not preventing solar gain.
 室内窗帘可以减少眩光,但不能阻止太阳能获得量。
雪荷载                    BEST
                        最佳的


热空气聚集在房     使热空气得以流通,
屋旁          并减轻了雪荷载




   固体水平挑檐        条板式水平挑檐
This one uses ceramic fritted
glass that is sloped, to allow
some light but shed rain and wet
snow.
运用倾斜的彩釉玻璃遮阳板可
使一些阳光射入,同时也可以
防止雨水和雪的堆积。                       The above two use louvres or grates that will
                                 let snow, rain and wind through.
                                 上述图片使用了遮阳格栅,可防止雨雪的堆
                                 积,和风对隔板的损害。
Passive Cooling Strategies - Ventilation:
被动式制冷对策-通风:

1. design for maximum
   ventilation
   最大限度的通风设计
2. keep plans as open
   as possible for
   unrestricted air flow
   尽量保障无限制空气
   流动的开敞布局
Passive Cooling Strategies - Ventilation:
被动式制冷对策-通风:
3. use easily operable
   windows at low levels
   with high level clerestory
   windows to induce stack
   effect cooling
   结合利用底层容易开启的
   活动窗与高层的天窗引起
   烟囱效应降温
4. Use trickle ventilation for
   winter fresh air
   运用冬季新鲜空气细流通
   风设备
Reduce loads: Daylighting
减少负荷: 采光
The tiered approach to reducing carbon with
DAYLIGHTING: 采光减碳金字塔:
                                               Efficient artificial Lighting w/ sensors
                                               装有传感器的高效人工照明
                                                        Glare, color, reflectivity and material
                                                        concerns
                                                        眩光,颜色,反射和材料考虑
                                                          Orientation and planning of
                                                          building to allow light to reach
                                                          maximum no. of spaces
                                                          利用朝向和房屋布局使最大数量
                                                          的空间得到日照
Use energy efficient fixtures! 使用节能装置!
Maximize the amount of energy/electricity required for artificial
lighting that comes from renewable sources.
利用可再生资源增大机械照明的能量/电力需求
Source: Lechner. Heating, Cooling, Lighting.
HOT-HUMID   TEMPERATE
        炎热潮湿气候      温带气候

         HOT-ARID   COLD
        炎热干燥气候      寒冷气候




ENVELOPES FOR DIFFERENT CLIMATES ARE
            DIFFERENT!
     针对不同气候,围护设计是不同的
Global Bio-climatic Design:
Operating
 Energy
运作能耗
             Envelope design must first acknowledge regional, local and
             microclimate impacts on the building and site.


            COLD (very cold)

            TEMPERATE (warm)

            HOT-ARID

            HOT-HUMID
Different regions of China require very different envelope designs
针对中国不同区域的气候特征需要,围护设计也大有不同。
Bio-climatic Design: HOT-ARID
生物气候设计: 炎热干燥气候
Where very high summer temperatures
with great fluctuation predominate with dry
conditions throughout the year. Cooling
degrees days greatly exceed heating
degree days.
全年夏季气温居高且波动巨大,并非常干
燥的地区。冷度日大多于热度日。

RULES 规则:
- SOLAR AVOIDANCE: keep DIRECT SOLAR           Traditional House in Egypt 埃及传统房屋
GAIN out of the building
  回避太阳能:避免太阳直射入室内
- avoid daytime ventilation     避免白天通风
- promote nighttime flushing with cool evening air 利用夜间凉风冷却蓄热体
- achieve daylighting by reflectance and use of LIGHT non-heat absorbing colours
  利用光反射和不吸热颜色实现采光
- create a cooler MICROCLIMATE by using light / lightweight materials
  采用淡色/轻质材料创造一个凉爽的微气候
- respect the DIURNAL CYCLE 遵守昼夜循环
- use heavy mass for walls and DO NOT INSULATE 采用厚重的墙壁,而不需要隔热
阿斯旺,埃及
            温度范围




记录最高值




                                                                                      COOLING
 设计最高值




                                                                                        制冷
平均最高值

      平均值
平均最低值
 设计最低值
记录最低值

舒适范围




                                                                                      HEATING
                                                                                        取暖
                   1月   2月   3月   4月   5月   6月   7月   8月   9月   10月   11月   12月   年
                                                                                  度
阿斯旺,埃及
                     逐月气温日较差


                       辐                                                       温
                       射                                                       度




            每小时平均值

  温度(摄氏度)
 干球温度平均值
 湿球温度平均值

干球温度(每小时)
    舒适范围


      辐射
    全球水平
      直射
      漫射




                      1月   2月   3月   4月   5月   6月   7月   8月   9月   10月   11月       12月
湿度图                                            阿斯旺,埃及
    适应性舒适

                                   相对湿度

                                设计策略:1月至12月
舒适度
   舒适
    不舒适




                                     湿球温度
                                     (摄氏度)




                                                            湿度比
          20%   舒适的小时 (1754小时
          )




                                              干球温度(摄氏度)
Bio-climatic Design: HOT-HUMID
生物气候设计: 炎热潮湿气候
Where warm to hot stable conditions
predominate with high humidity
throughout the year. Cooling degrees
days greatly exceed heating degree
days.
全年温暖至炎热,气温稳定,并且非常潮
湿的地区。冷度日大多于热度日。

RULES 规则:
- SOLAR AVOIDANCE : large roofs with
overhangs that shade walls and to allow
windows open at all times                      House in Seaside, Florida
  回避太阳能:大屋顶加挑檐可以遮荫,窗户也
可一直敞开通风
- PROMOTE VENTILATION 促进通风
- USE LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS that do not hold heat and that will not promote condensation
and dampness (mold/mildew)
  采用不蓄热,不会聚集湿气和结露(滋生霉菌)的轻质材料
- eliminate basements and concrete 消除地下室和混凝土材料
- use STACK EFFECT to ventilate through high spaces 利用烟囱效应从高空间通风
- use of COURTYARDS and semi-enclosed outside spaces 采用庭院和半封闭式室外空间
- use WATER FEATURES for cooling 利用水景降温
广州,广东省,中国
            温度范围




                                                                                         COOLING
                                                                                           制冷
记录最高值
 设计最高值
平均最高值

      平均值
平均最低值
 设计最低值
记录最低值

 舒适范围




                                                                                         HEATING
                                                                                           取暖
                   1月   2月   3月   4月   5月   6月   7月   8月   9月   10月   11月   12月      年
                                                                                     度
广州,广东省,中国
                     逐月气温日较差


                       辐                                                       温
                       射                                                       度




            每小时平均值
 温度(摄氏度)
 干球温度平均值
 湿球温度平均值

干球温度(每小时)
    舒适范围


      辐射
    全球水平
      直射
      漫射




                      1月   2月   3月   4月   5月   6月   7月   8月   9月   10月   11月       12月
湿度图                                                    广州,广东省,中国
    适应性舒适

                                    相对湿度

                                 设计策略:1月至12月
舒适度
   舒适
    不舒适




                                      湿球温度
                                      (摄氏度)




                                                                 湿度比
          38.3% 舒适的小时 (3352小时)




                                               干球温度(摄氏度)
Bio-climatic Design: TEMPERATE
生物气候设计: 温带气候
The summers are hot and humid, and
the winters are cold. In much of the
region the topography is generally
flat, allowing cold winter winds to come
in from the northwest and cool summer
breezes to flow in from the southwest.
The four seasons are almost equally
long.
夏季炎热潮湿,冬季寒冷的地区。大部
分地区的地形是平坦的,形成冬季寒冷
的西北风和夏季凉爽的西南风。四个季
节几乎一样长。                                           IslandWood Residence, Seattle, WA


RULES 规则:
- BALANCE strategies between COLD and HOT-HUMID
 综合平衡寒冷气候和炎热潮湿气候的设计对策
- maximize flexibility in order to be able to modify the envelope for varying climatic conditions
  加大围护结构的灵活性,使得可以适应不同的气候变化
- understand the natural benefits of SOLAR ANGLES that shade during the warm months and
allow for heating during the cool months
  了解太阳高度角带来的自然优势:在温暖的季节遮挡阳光,在寒冷的季节利用阳光取暖
上海,中国
            温度范围




                                                                                      COOLING
                                                                                        制冷
记录最高值
 设计最高值
平均最高值

      平均值
平均最低值
 设计最低值
记录最低值

 舒适范围




                                                                                      HEATING
                                                                                        取暖
                   1月   2月   3月   4月   5月   6月   7月   8月   9月   10月   11月   12月   年
                                                                                  度
上海,中国
                     逐月气温日较差


                       辐                                                        温
                       射                                                        度




            每小时平均值
 温度(摄氏度)
 干球温度平均值
 湿球温度平均值

干球温度(每小时)
    舒适范围


      辐射
    全球水平
      直射
      漫射




                      1月   2月   3月   4月   5月   6月   7月   8月   9月   10月    11月       12月
湿度图                                                上海,中国
    适应性舒适

                                    相对湿度

                                 设计策略:1月至12月
舒适度
   舒适
    不舒适




                                      湿球温度
                                      (摄氏度)




                                                               湿度比
          21.7% 舒适的小时 (4899小时)




                                               干球温度(摄氏度)
Bio-climatic Design: COLD
生物气候设计: 寒冷气候
Where winter is the dominant season and
concerns for conserving heat predominate
all other concerns. Heating degree days
greatly exceed cooling degree days.
以冬季为主要季节,保暖为最优先与主导
考虑的地区。热度日大多于冷度日。

RULES 规则:
- First INSULATE
  首先隔热
- exceed CODE requirements (DOUBLE??)              YMCA Environmental Learning Centre,
  超过规范要求(双倍??)                                     Paradise Lake, Ontario
- minimize infiltration (build tight to reduce air
changes)
- 减少空气渗透(密封建筑减少气流变化)
- Then INSOLATE 充足日照
- ORIENT AND SITE THE BUILDING PROPERLY FOR THE SUN
   根据太阳高度和角度来确定房屋方位与朝向
- maximize south facing windows for easier control 最大限度的增加朝南窗户使其容易控制
- fenestrate for DIRECT GAIN 直接获取阳光的窗
- apply THERMAL MASS inside the building envelope to store the FREE SOLAR HEAT
  利用围护结构在室内的蓄热体来储存天然的太阳热能
- create a sheltered MICROCLIMATE to make it LESS cold 创造一个遮蔽的微气候,使周围环境
不那么冷
哈尔滨,黑龙江,中国
            温度范围




                                                                                      COOLING
                                                                                        制冷
记录最高值
 设计最高值

平均最高值
      平均值
平均最低值
 设计最低值
记录最低值

 舒适范围




                                                                                      HEATING
                                                                                        取暖
                   1月   2月   3月   4月   5月   6月   7月   8月   9月   10月   11月   12月   年
                                                                                  度
哈尔滨,黑龙江,中国
                     逐月气温日较差


                       辐                                                       温
                       射                                                       度




            每小时平均值
 温度(摄氏度)
 干球温度平均值
 湿球温度平均值

干球温度(每小时)
    舒适范围


      辐射
    全球水平
      直射
      漫射




                      1月   2月   3月   4月   5月   6月   7月   8月   9月   10月   11月       12月
湿度图                                              哈尔滨,黑龙江,中国
    适应性舒适

                                   相对湿度

                                设计策略:1月至12月
舒适度
   舒适
    不舒适




                                     湿球温度
                                     (摄氏度)




                                                             湿度比
          10.1% 舒适的小时 (887小时)




                                              干球温度(摄氏度)
Cold Climate Opaque Envelope Requirements
寒冷气候不透明围护结构要求
- Very tight construction 非常密封的结构
- Thermal mass on the INSIDE 蓄热体应放在室内
-   Gypsum board is not of sufficient thickness to store heat
    石膏板的厚度远远不够储存热量
-   Thickness of 50 to 100mm preferred
    50至100毫米为比较好的厚度

- Increased insulation levels 增加保温值
-   Choose insulation that is more “sustainable”
    选择更“环保”的保温材料
-   Insulation with low embodied energy
    低自含能量的保温材料
-   Insulation from renewable sources 利用可再生资源的保温材料

    Question: What does a building envelope with 2X
    insulation look like?
    问题:保温层为两倍的围护结构是什么样?
Sustainable Insulation 环保保温材料




             Fibreglass is
             out!
             玻璃纤维要
             被淘汰!
Sustainable Insulation 环保保温材料
            Alternates are
            in... –
            including,
            recycled
            paper,
            recycled
            denim, soya
            based hemp,
            icynene...
            可代替的材料
            有…再生环保
            纸,回收粗棉
            布,大豆为基
            础的大麻纤维
            ,安健能…
Super-Insulation 超级保温材料

                               保温层
                                     And when relying
                        最低保温要求       on renewable
       安大略省南部        安大略省北部
                                     energy to
       燃气/气油    电力   燃气/气油    电力
                                     supplement, often
  墙
                                     electricity based,
 天花板
                                     the requirements
  地库
                                     are even higher.
                                     当依靠可再生能源
                                     (电)的补充,要
                                     求更高。
Super-Insulation 超级保温材料


 Cold climates in particular are looking at double
code insulation levels to reduce heat loss
  在寒冷气候中保温层通常需要规范要求的两倍来
减少热量损失

 This implies choosing either more effective
insulation or
   这意味着选择更有效的保温层,或

 Accommodating thicker insulation in the wall, or
a combination of the two strategies
   采用更厚的保温层,或,结合以上两种对策
Different R-
          聚氨酯保暖系数与其他保暖材料的对比                                       values require
                                                                  differentiated
                                                                  approach to
                                                                  accommodating
                                                                  higher insulation
                                                                  values in walls.
                                                                  不同的保暖系数
                                                                  需要不同的方法
       1/2磅聚氨酯     2磅聚氨酯      泡沫聚苯乙烯
                                          聚苯乙烯
                                                    玻璃纤维
                                                                  适应墙壁更高的
                                          泡沫塑料
                                                                  保温值




Double stud, increases insulation, high      Layered approach, increases insulation,
cost, thermal bridges.                       lower cost, eliminates thermal bridges.
双立柱,增加保温层,高成本,热桥效应                           分层方式,增加保温层,低成本,消除热
建造北美特别研究计
                                                      划:在不同气候地域
                                                      中高效住宅的高保温
                                                      系数围护结构设计大
                                                      全




For more information! 详细信息请到以下网站
http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-1005-building-america-high-r-
value-high-performance-residential-buildings-all-climate-zones
Low Carbon Building
Envelopes are all
different

Some are very High Tech
and expensive

Others are less
expensive but still work

所有低碳围护结构都各有
不同。
有非常先进与昂贵的,也
有便宜实惠但也运作有效
的
Contact Information 联系方式

Terri Meyer Boake, BES, BArch, MArch, LEED AP
Associate Director, School of Architecture, University of
Waterloo
Past President Society of Building Science Educators
President-Elect Building Technology Educators’ Society
Member OAA Committee on Sustainable Built Environment
tboake@uwaterloo.ca



A pdf of this presentation will be found at:
此演讲可在以下网址查看:
www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca/faculty_projects/terri/

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The Carbon Neutral Envelope

  • 1. TOWARDS A CARBON NEUTRAL BUILDING ENVELOPE 打造零碳建筑围护结构 Professor Terri Meyer Boake Associate Director | School of Architecture | University of Waterloo Past President Society of Building Science Educators President Elect Building Technology Educators’ Society Member Ontario Association of Architects Committee for Sustainable Built Environment
  • 2. What is a Low Carbon Building Envelope? 什么是低碳建筑围护结构? A new skin on an old building? 在旧建筑上的新表皮? A skin that responds to the climate? 适宜当地气候的外墙 设计? A skin on a LEEDTM building? LEEDTM 建筑?
  • 3. The LEAP to Zero Carbon and beyond… 走向零碳与超越…  Energy Efficient (mid 1970s “Oil Crisis” reaction) 节能设计(对70年代石油危机的回应) Green (environmentally responsive) 绿色设计(对环境保护的响应) Sustainable (holistic and comparable – LEEDTM) 可持续发展设计(全面,有可比性的-LEEDTM) High Performance (accountable) 高效设计(可说明效果的) Carbon Neutral (Zero Fossil Fuel Energy) 零碳设计(零矿物燃料能源) … increase in expectations of performance 越来越高的性能要求促使了设计的改革与更新
  • 4. A building envelope that addresses Global Warming and Sustainable Design! 针对全球变暖与可持续设计的围护设计 • To reduce GHG emissions 减少温室效应气体的排放 • Buildings account for more than 40% of the GHG 40% 以上的温室气体排放源于建筑物 • Carbon Neutrality focuses on the relationship between all aspects of “buildings” and CO2 emissions 零碳设计理念将焦点放在建筑物与碳排放的关系 • Carbon Neutral Design strives to reverse trends in Global Warming 零碳设计将尽全力扭转全球变暖的趋势
  • 5. This is NOT a low carbon envelope because: 这不是一个低碳围护结构,因为: - No consideration of orientation (shading missing) 欠缺朝向的考虑(缺少遮阳设备) - Ad hoc A/C units (waste heat causes warming) 外加的空调(排放的废气造成环境变暖) - Materials not DURABLE 材料并不耐用
  • 6. This is NOT a high performance low carbon envelope BUT: 这不是一个高效的低碳外墙,但是: - recessed windows can be shaded from sun 内缩窗可以起到遮阳的作用 - overhangs allow windows to be open when it is rainy 挑檐:在下雨天也可以开窗 - traditional clothes drying space preserved 保留了晾衣服的空间
  • 7. Preserve the best of traditional buildings 保留传统建筑中的精华 - Not ALL traditional buildings are BAD 并非所有传统建筑都是坏的 - Not ALL Western buildings are GOOD 并非所有西方建筑都是好的
  • 8. Operating Energy Landscape of Building + Site 建筑运作能耗 景观 + 场地 80% of the problem! 80%的问题 Disturbance vs. sequestration 干扰 v.s. 隔离 Embodied Carbon Renewables in Building People, “Use” + + Site Materials Transportation Generation 建筑材料中的隐含 人,功能,交通 可再生资源 碳 Counting Carbon costs…. + purchased offsets 计算碳成本… + 换取补偿
  • 9. Building envelope Operating Energy performance directly of Building impacts operating 建筑运作能耗 energy 建筑围护的性能对运作能 80% of the problem! 耗有着直接的影响 80%的问题 Embodied Carbon in Building envelope material Building selection and sourcing directly Materials impacts embodied energy 建筑材料中的隐 建筑围护材料的选择和来源对自含 含碳 能量有着直接的影响 Counting Carbon costs…. 计算碳成本…
  • 10. Low Carbon Envelope Concerns 低碳围护结构设计的考虑 The primary issues of concern for the envelope are: 围护结构设计主要关心的问题: OPERATING ENERGY 运作能耗: Thermal Performance 保温性能 EMBODIED ENERGY 自含能量: Materiality 材料 Durability 耐久性 Sourcing – travel distance 来源-运输距离 Renewable? Recycled? Recyclable? 可再生的?可回收的?可再循环利用的?
  • 11. Embodied Embodied Energy in Envelopes Carbon in Building Materials 围护结构中的自含能量 建筑材料中 – Initial Embodied Energy: Non-renewable energy consumed in the 的隐含碳 acquisition of raw materials, their processing, manufacturing, transportation to site, and construction 初始自含能量:消耗在获得原材料,加工,生产制造,运输和建造中的 不可再生能源 – Recurring Embodied Energy: Non-renewable energy consumed to maintain, repair, restore, refurbish or replace materials, components, or systems during life of building (DURABILITY) 续生自含能量:消耗在建筑使用寿命中用于保养,维修,修复,翻新或更 新材料,构件和系统的不可再生能源 (耐久性) www.cn-sbs.cssbi.ca 11
  • 12. Initial Embodied Energy of Building Materials Embodied Carbon in Per Unit Mass Building Materials 建筑材料中的初始自含能量 建筑材料中 的隐含碳 每单位质量 200 191.0 Steel with recycled content can Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) 180 vary from about 10.0 to 25.0 MJ/kg 160 可回收钢材自含能量大约10.0至 140 25.0 MJ/kg不等 120 -Timber (air dried) 100 88.5 木材(风干): 0.3 MJ/kg 80 72.4 - Plywood 胶合板: 10.4 MJ/kg 自含能量 60 40 32.0 30.3 15.9 20 7.8 2.5 1.3 0 Aluminum (virgin) Based Paint Water Carpet Steel (general, virgin) Insulation Glass Cement (softwood, kiln dried)mix, 30M Fibreglass Float Timber Concrete (ready 地毯 水泥 浮法玻璃 铝 玻璃纤维保 水性漆 钢 温材料 木材 混凝土 (软木,窑烘干)(预拌) Source: University of Wellington, NZ, Center for Building Performance Research (2004) www.cn-sbs.cssbi.ca
  • 13. Embodied The Life Cycle of a Material Carbon in Building Materials 材料的生命周期 建筑材料中 的隐含碳 Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) 生命周期评估 – The main goal of a LCA is to quantify energy and material use as well as other environmental parameters at various stages of a product’s life-cycle including: resource extraction, manufacturing, construction, operation, and post-use disposal 生命周期评估的主要目的是量化一个产品在其生命周期中各个阶 段(包括原料提炼,制造,建造施工,运作和使用后的处理)所需的 能源,材料以及其他的环保参数。 – Need to justify use of High Embodied Energy materials 调整高自含能量材料的运用 – DURABILITY is important 耐久性很重要 – Some materials need to be used for their Environmental benefit (like concrete for its ability to act as thermal mass) 巧妙运用有些材料的环保优势 (例:混凝土有蓄热的功效) 13
  • 14. Embodied The Life Cycle of a Material Carbon in Building Materials 材料的生命周期 建筑材料中 的隐含碳 Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database 生命周期清单分析数据库 – A database that provides a cradle-to-grave accounting of the energy and material flows into and out of the environment that are associated with producing a material. This database is a critical component of a Life-Cycle Assessment 一个全面描述材料从“摇篮到坟墓”过程中所需能量,资源,和 对环境影响的数据库。这是生命周期评估中一个至关重要的组成 部分。 14
  • 15. Energy in Common Building Components Embodied Carbon in Building 常见建筑构件中的能耗 Materials 建筑材料中 Initial Embodied Energy vs. Recurring Embodied Energy of a 的隐含碳 Typical Canadian Office Building Constructed from Wood 典型木结构加拿大办公楼 初始自含能量与续生自含能量的对比 Finishes, Envelope, & 645% Services dominate the embodied 286% energy over the building’s 自含能量 126% lifespan 建筑饰面,围 护结构,和建 筑设备对整个 建筑寿命的自 含能量有着显 著的影响 建筑结构 场地施工 建造施工 建筑饰面 围护结构 建筑设备 Source: Cole , R. & Kernan, P. (1996). Life-Cycle Energy Use in Office Buildings. Building and Environment, 31 (4), 307-317
  • 16. Orders ofSE IN BUILDINGS Impact ENERGY U Environmental 对环境影响的顺序 Embodied Carbon in Building Materials 建筑材料中 Total Energy Breakdown of Typical Hot-Rolled Steel Retail 的隐含碳 Building After 50 Years (other building types are similar) 典型热轧钢结构零售建筑50年后总能量统计分析 (其他建筑类型相似) Energy & GWP due to envelope is a significant 围护(墙,屋顶) contributor to embodied energy 总运作能量 因围护结构而产生 总自含能量 的能源与全球变暖 潜能值是促成自含 能量的主要因素 梁柱 门窗 地基 * GWP: Beams & Columns = 0.75% 全球变暖潜能值:梁与柱
  • 17. Orders of Environmental Impact ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS 对环境影响的顺序 Primary Energy Consumption vs. Time for Hot-Rolled Steel Retail Building (other building types are similar) 典型热轧钢结构零售建筑的原始能量与时间对比 (其他建筑类型相似) 总能量 总自含能量 总运作能量 结构的自含能量 Source: Kevin Van Ootegham 总自含能量 运作能量 总运作能量 结构的自含能量 总自含能量 总运作能量 结构的自含能量 初始能量 自含能量 寿命(年)
  • 18. Embodied Embodied Energy Findings Carbon in Building 自含能量的调查结果 Materials 建筑材料中 的隐含碳 The building envelope (walls and roof), building services, and building finishes contribute the most towards the total embodied life-cycle energy. 建筑生命周期中的总自含能量主要决定于其围护结 构(墙和屋顶),建筑设备和建筑饰面。
  • 19. Embodied Embodied Energy Findings Carbon in Building 自含能量的调查结果 Materials 建筑材料中 的隐含碳 To lower GHG, choice of envelope materials needs to reflect: 为减少温室气体排放,围护结构的选材需考虑到: - issues of DURABILITY 耐久性的问题 - ability of material to assist PASSIVE DESIGN 利用材料的性能促进被动式设计 - local sourcing to reduce TRANSPORTATION 利用本地材料减少交通运输 -ability of material to be 1st REUSED and 2nd RECYCLED 考虑可先再利用,然后再回收的材料
  • 20. Four Key Steps – IN ORDER: Operating Energy 四个关键步骤-按顺序 运作能耗 #1 - Reduce loads/demand first (conservation, passive design, daylighting, shading, orientation, etc.) 减少负荷/需求(能量保存,被动式设计,天然采光,遮 阳,朝向,等。) #2 - Meet loads efficiently and effectively (energy efficient lighting, high-efficiency MEP equipment, controls, etc.) 有效的满足负荷 (节能照明,高效水电风设备,控制管理,等。) #3 - Use renewables to meet energy needs (doing the above steps before will result in the need for much smaller renewable energy systems, making carbon neutrality achievable.) 运用可再生资源来满足能量需求(做好上述步骤可减少对可再生能源系统 的需求,以致实现碳中立。) #4 - Use purchased Offsets as a last resort when all other means have been looked at on site, or where the scope of building exceeds the site available resources. 当已审视了所有其他的手段,或建筑范围超过现场可用资源时,使用换取补偿为最 后手段
  • 21. Begin with Passive Strategies for Climate Control to Reduce Energy Requirements Operating 从被动式气候调节设计开始减少能量需求 Energy 运作能耗 热传导 对流 热辐射 蒸发 控制对策 冬 HEATING 减少室外空气流动 取暖 促进增加 促进太阳辐射 抑制消耗 减少透射 减少传导热流 夏 COOLING 抑制增加 制冷 减少传导热流 减少透射 减少太阳辐射 促进消耗 促进地下冷却 促进通风 促进辐射冷却 促进蒸发冷却 大气 太阳 热源 地 大气 天空 大气 吸热/ 散热设 备 气候调节策略
  • 22. Operating Operating Energy 运作能耗 Energy 运作能耗 Total Commercial/Institutional Secondary Energy Use by End Use in Canada (2006) 加拿大商业/机构二次能源的终端使用 Auxiliary HEAT TRANSFER 传热 Equipment 辅助设备 Water 16% Heating 热水供暖 Space 9% Heating Auxiliary 空间加热 Motors 49% 辅助电动机 8% Space Lighting Cooling ELECTRICITY 照明 空间制冷 SAVINGS 11% 7% 电能节约 Source: Natural Resources Canada, 2006 www.cn-sbs.cssbi.ca 22
  • 23. Reduce loads: Passive Strategies 减少负荷: 被动式设计对策 The tiered approach to reducing carbon for HEATING: 取暖减碳金字塔: Smaller Mechanical Heating needed 缩小机械加热的需求 Apply Passive Solar Heating 使用被动式太阳能取暖 Maximize Heat Retention (insulation, tightness) 增大保暖性能(保温,密封 性) First reduce the overall energy required, then maximize the amount of energy required for mechanical heating that comes from renewable sources. 优先减少总能量的需求,再利用可再生资源增大机械取暖的能量需求 Source: Lechner. Heating, Cooling, Lighting.
  • 24. Thermal Mass is Critical! 蓄热体是关键! To ensure comfort to the occupants…. 确保居住者的舒适… People are 80% water so if they are the only thermal sink in the room, they will be the target. 人是由80%的水组成的,如果 他们是唯一的热汇,他们将会 吸收所有热能。 And to store the FREE energy for slow release distribution…. 储存为以后缓慢释放的天然能 Aldo Leopold Legacy Center: 量… Concrete floors complement the insulating wood walls
  • 25. Thermal mass is the “container” for free heat… 蓄热体是一个储存天然热量的“容器”… If you “pour” the sun on wood, it is like having no container at all. 如果把太阳光“倒”在木 头上,就好比沒有用容 器将其保存。 Just like water, free solar energy needs to be stored somewhere to be useful! 就像水一样,太阳能也需要有地 方储存以便以后的有效利用!
  • 26. Light Mass Building 轻质量房屋  Wide swings of temperature from day to night 早晚气温变化巨大  Excess heat absorbed by human occupants 多余的热能被居住者吸收  Uncomfortably cold at night 令人不适的寒冷夜晚
  • 27. Heavy Mass Building 重质量房屋  Glass needs to permit entry of solar radiation 窗户需要允许太阳辐射进入室内  Also need insulating blinds to prevent heat loss at night. 在夜间需要保温帘阻止热量损失
  • 28. Reduce loads: Passive Strategies 减少负荷: 被动式设计对策 The tiered approach to reducing carbon for COOLING: 制冷减碳金字塔: Smaller Mechanical Cooling required 缩小机械制冷的需求 Passive Cooling (natural ventilation) 使用被动式降温(自然通风) Heat Avoidance (shading, microclimate, materials) 避热手段(遮阳,微气,材 料) Maximize the amount of energy required for mechanical cooling that comes from renewable sources. 利用可再生资源增大机械制冷的能量需求 Source: Lechner. Heating, Cooling, Lighting.
  • 29. Passive Cooling Strategies: Heat Avoidance 被动式制冷对策:避热手段 1. shade windows from the sun during hot months 在炎热的月份遮阳 2. design materials and plantings to cool the local microclimate 利用材料和植物给小 气候降温 3. locate trees and trellis’ to shade east and west façades during morning and afternoon low sun If you don’t invite the heat in, you 利用树木和棚架遮挡 don’t have to get rid of it….. 东面的晨光和下午西 如果你没有特意吸收额外的热能, 晒的墙面 你并不需要想办法处理它们…
  • 30. Shading Devices and the Envelope 遮阳装置与围护结构  Can be an extension of the roof 可以是屋檐的延伸  On multi storey buildings normally attached to the envelope 在多层建筑中,通常与围护结 构相连  Can be incorporated into the curtain wall 可以是幕墙的一部分  Must contend with snow loading 必须能承受雪荷载  Must be durable and low maintenance 必须是持久耐用和低维修保养的
  • 31. Interior vs Exterior Shades 室内与室外遮阳 热空气积聚在窗户夹层之 阳光射入室内空间,热能 间,随之排除至室外 积聚在窗帘和窗户之间 无太阳直射 BEST BAD 最佳的 不好的 室外遮阳装置:挑檐 室内遮阳装置:窗帘 双层玻璃中的遮阳装置 Once the heat is IN, it is IN! 当热能进入室内,不管怎样遮挡热能还是在室内 ! Internal blinds are good for glare, but not preventing solar gain. 室内窗帘可以减少眩光,但不能阻止太阳能获得量。
  • 32. 雪荷载 BEST 最佳的 热空气聚集在房 使热空气得以流通, 屋旁 并减轻了雪荷载 固体水平挑檐 条板式水平挑檐
  • 33. This one uses ceramic fritted glass that is sloped, to allow some light but shed rain and wet snow. 运用倾斜的彩釉玻璃遮阳板可 使一些阳光射入,同时也可以 防止雨水和雪的堆积。 The above two use louvres or grates that will let snow, rain and wind through. 上述图片使用了遮阳格栅,可防止雨雪的堆 积,和风对隔板的损害。
  • 34. Passive Cooling Strategies - Ventilation: 被动式制冷对策-通风: 1. design for maximum ventilation 最大限度的通风设计 2. keep plans as open as possible for unrestricted air flow 尽量保障无限制空气 流动的开敞布局
  • 35. Passive Cooling Strategies - Ventilation: 被动式制冷对策-通风: 3. use easily operable windows at low levels with high level clerestory windows to induce stack effect cooling 结合利用底层容易开启的 活动窗与高层的天窗引起 烟囱效应降温 4. Use trickle ventilation for winter fresh air 运用冬季新鲜空气细流通 风设备
  • 36. Reduce loads: Daylighting 减少负荷: 采光 The tiered approach to reducing carbon with DAYLIGHTING: 采光减碳金字塔: Efficient artificial Lighting w/ sensors 装有传感器的高效人工照明 Glare, color, reflectivity and material concerns 眩光,颜色,反射和材料考虑 Orientation and planning of building to allow light to reach maximum no. of spaces 利用朝向和房屋布局使最大数量 的空间得到日照 Use energy efficient fixtures! 使用节能装置! Maximize the amount of energy/electricity required for artificial lighting that comes from renewable sources. 利用可再生资源增大机械照明的能量/电力需求 Source: Lechner. Heating, Cooling, Lighting.
  • 37. HOT-HUMID TEMPERATE 炎热潮湿气候 温带气候 HOT-ARID COLD 炎热干燥气候 寒冷气候 ENVELOPES FOR DIFFERENT CLIMATES ARE DIFFERENT! 针对不同气候,围护设计是不同的
  • 38. Global Bio-climatic Design: Operating Energy 运作能耗 Envelope design must first acknowledge regional, local and microclimate impacts on the building and site. COLD (very cold) TEMPERATE (warm) HOT-ARID HOT-HUMID
  • 39. Different regions of China require very different envelope designs 针对中国不同区域的气候特征需要,围护设计也大有不同。
  • 40. Bio-climatic Design: HOT-ARID 生物气候设计: 炎热干燥气候 Where very high summer temperatures with great fluctuation predominate with dry conditions throughout the year. Cooling degrees days greatly exceed heating degree days. 全年夏季气温居高且波动巨大,并非常干 燥的地区。冷度日大多于热度日。 RULES 规则: - SOLAR AVOIDANCE: keep DIRECT SOLAR Traditional House in Egypt 埃及传统房屋 GAIN out of the building 回避太阳能:避免太阳直射入室内 - avoid daytime ventilation 避免白天通风 - promote nighttime flushing with cool evening air 利用夜间凉风冷却蓄热体 - achieve daylighting by reflectance and use of LIGHT non-heat absorbing colours 利用光反射和不吸热颜色实现采光 - create a cooler MICROCLIMATE by using light / lightweight materials 采用淡色/轻质材料创造一个凉爽的微气候 - respect the DIURNAL CYCLE 遵守昼夜循环 - use heavy mass for walls and DO NOT INSULATE 采用厚重的墙壁,而不需要隔热
  • 41. 阿斯旺,埃及 温度范围 记录最高值 COOLING 设计最高值 制冷 平均最高值 平均值 平均最低值 设计最低值 记录最低值 舒适范围 HEATING 取暖 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 年 度
  • 42. 阿斯旺,埃及 逐月气温日较差 辐 温 射 度 每小时平均值 温度(摄氏度) 干球温度平均值 湿球温度平均值 干球温度(每小时) 舒适范围 辐射 全球水平 直射 漫射 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
  • 43. 湿度图 阿斯旺,埃及 适应性舒适 相对湿度 设计策略:1月至12月 舒适度 舒适 不舒适 湿球温度 (摄氏度) 湿度比 20% 舒适的小时 (1754小时 ) 干球温度(摄氏度)
  • 44. Bio-climatic Design: HOT-HUMID 生物气候设计: 炎热潮湿气候 Where warm to hot stable conditions predominate with high humidity throughout the year. Cooling degrees days greatly exceed heating degree days. 全年温暖至炎热,气温稳定,并且非常潮 湿的地区。冷度日大多于热度日。 RULES 规则: - SOLAR AVOIDANCE : large roofs with overhangs that shade walls and to allow windows open at all times House in Seaside, Florida 回避太阳能:大屋顶加挑檐可以遮荫,窗户也 可一直敞开通风 - PROMOTE VENTILATION 促进通风 - USE LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS that do not hold heat and that will not promote condensation and dampness (mold/mildew) 采用不蓄热,不会聚集湿气和结露(滋生霉菌)的轻质材料 - eliminate basements and concrete 消除地下室和混凝土材料 - use STACK EFFECT to ventilate through high spaces 利用烟囱效应从高空间通风 - use of COURTYARDS and semi-enclosed outside spaces 采用庭院和半封闭式室外空间 - use WATER FEATURES for cooling 利用水景降温
  • 45. 广州,广东省,中国 温度范围 COOLING 制冷 记录最高值 设计最高值 平均最高值 平均值 平均最低值 设计最低值 记录最低值 舒适范围 HEATING 取暖 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 年 度
  • 46. 广州,广东省,中国 逐月气温日较差 辐 温 射 度 每小时平均值 温度(摄氏度) 干球温度平均值 湿球温度平均值 干球温度(每小时) 舒适范围 辐射 全球水平 直射 漫射 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
  • 47. 湿度图 广州,广东省,中国 适应性舒适 相对湿度 设计策略:1月至12月 舒适度 舒适 不舒适 湿球温度 (摄氏度) 湿度比 38.3% 舒适的小时 (3352小时) 干球温度(摄氏度)
  • 48. Bio-climatic Design: TEMPERATE 生物气候设计: 温带气候 The summers are hot and humid, and the winters are cold. In much of the region the topography is generally flat, allowing cold winter winds to come in from the northwest and cool summer breezes to flow in from the southwest. The four seasons are almost equally long. 夏季炎热潮湿,冬季寒冷的地区。大部 分地区的地形是平坦的,形成冬季寒冷 的西北风和夏季凉爽的西南风。四个季 节几乎一样长。 IslandWood Residence, Seattle, WA RULES 规则: - BALANCE strategies between COLD and HOT-HUMID 综合平衡寒冷气候和炎热潮湿气候的设计对策 - maximize flexibility in order to be able to modify the envelope for varying climatic conditions 加大围护结构的灵活性,使得可以适应不同的气候变化 - understand the natural benefits of SOLAR ANGLES that shade during the warm months and allow for heating during the cool months 了解太阳高度角带来的自然优势:在温暖的季节遮挡阳光,在寒冷的季节利用阳光取暖
  • 49. 上海,中国 温度范围 COOLING 制冷 记录最高值 设计最高值 平均最高值 平均值 平均最低值 设计最低值 记录最低值 舒适范围 HEATING 取暖 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 年 度
  • 50. 上海,中国 逐月气温日较差 辐 温 射 度 每小时平均值 温度(摄氏度) 干球温度平均值 湿球温度平均值 干球温度(每小时) 舒适范围 辐射 全球水平 直射 漫射 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
  • 51. 湿度图 上海,中国 适应性舒适 相对湿度 设计策略:1月至12月 舒适度 舒适 不舒适 湿球温度 (摄氏度) 湿度比 21.7% 舒适的小时 (4899小时) 干球温度(摄氏度)
  • 52. Bio-climatic Design: COLD 生物气候设计: 寒冷气候 Where winter is the dominant season and concerns for conserving heat predominate all other concerns. Heating degree days greatly exceed cooling degree days. 以冬季为主要季节,保暖为最优先与主导 考虑的地区。热度日大多于冷度日。 RULES 规则: - First INSULATE 首先隔热 - exceed CODE requirements (DOUBLE??) YMCA Environmental Learning Centre, 超过规范要求(双倍??) Paradise Lake, Ontario - minimize infiltration (build tight to reduce air changes) - 减少空气渗透(密封建筑减少气流变化) - Then INSOLATE 充足日照 - ORIENT AND SITE THE BUILDING PROPERLY FOR THE SUN 根据太阳高度和角度来确定房屋方位与朝向 - maximize south facing windows for easier control 最大限度的增加朝南窗户使其容易控制 - fenestrate for DIRECT GAIN 直接获取阳光的窗 - apply THERMAL MASS inside the building envelope to store the FREE SOLAR HEAT 利用围护结构在室内的蓄热体来储存天然的太阳热能 - create a sheltered MICROCLIMATE to make it LESS cold 创造一个遮蔽的微气候,使周围环境 不那么冷
  • 53. 哈尔滨,黑龙江,中国 温度范围 COOLING 制冷 记录最高值 设计最高值 平均最高值 平均值 平均最低值 设计最低值 记录最低值 舒适范围 HEATING 取暖 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 年 度
  • 54. 哈尔滨,黑龙江,中国 逐月气温日较差 辐 温 射 度 每小时平均值 温度(摄氏度) 干球温度平均值 湿球温度平均值 干球温度(每小时) 舒适范围 辐射 全球水平 直射 漫射 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
  • 55. 湿度图 哈尔滨,黑龙江,中国 适应性舒适 相对湿度 设计策略:1月至12月 舒适度 舒适 不舒适 湿球温度 (摄氏度) 湿度比 10.1% 舒适的小时 (887小时) 干球温度(摄氏度)
  • 56. Cold Climate Opaque Envelope Requirements 寒冷气候不透明围护结构要求 - Very tight construction 非常密封的结构 - Thermal mass on the INSIDE 蓄热体应放在室内 - Gypsum board is not of sufficient thickness to store heat 石膏板的厚度远远不够储存热量 - Thickness of 50 to 100mm preferred 50至100毫米为比较好的厚度 - Increased insulation levels 增加保温值 - Choose insulation that is more “sustainable” 选择更“环保”的保温材料 - Insulation with low embodied energy 低自含能量的保温材料 - Insulation from renewable sources 利用可再生资源的保温材料 Question: What does a building envelope with 2X insulation look like? 问题:保温层为两倍的围护结构是什么样?
  • 57. Sustainable Insulation 环保保温材料 Fibreglass is out! 玻璃纤维要 被淘汰!
  • 58. Sustainable Insulation 环保保温材料 Alternates are in... – including, recycled paper, recycled denim, soya based hemp, icynene... 可代替的材料 有…再生环保 纸,回收粗棉 布,大豆为基 础的大麻纤维 ,安健能…
  • 59. Super-Insulation 超级保温材料 保温层 And when relying 最低保温要求 on renewable 安大略省南部 安大略省北部 energy to 燃气/气油 电力 燃气/气油 电力 supplement, often 墙 electricity based, 天花板 the requirements 地库 are even higher. 当依靠可再生能源 (电)的补充,要 求更高。
  • 60. Super-Insulation 超级保温材料  Cold climates in particular are looking at double code insulation levels to reduce heat loss 在寒冷气候中保温层通常需要规范要求的两倍来 减少热量损失  This implies choosing either more effective insulation or 这意味着选择更有效的保温层,或  Accommodating thicker insulation in the wall, or a combination of the two strategies 采用更厚的保温层,或,结合以上两种对策
  • 61. Different R- 聚氨酯保暖系数与其他保暖材料的对比 values require differentiated approach to accommodating higher insulation values in walls. 不同的保暖系数 需要不同的方法 1/2磅聚氨酯 2磅聚氨酯 泡沫聚苯乙烯 聚苯乙烯 玻璃纤维 适应墙壁更高的 泡沫塑料 保温值 Double stud, increases insulation, high Layered approach, increases insulation, cost, thermal bridges. lower cost, eliminates thermal bridges. 双立柱,增加保温层,高成本,热桥效应 分层方式,增加保温层,低成本,消除热
  • 62. 建造北美特别研究计 划:在不同气候地域 中高效住宅的高保温 系数围护结构设计大 全 For more information! 详细信息请到以下网站 http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-1005-building-america-high-r- value-high-performance-residential-buildings-all-climate-zones
  • 63. Low Carbon Building Envelopes are all different Some are very High Tech and expensive Others are less expensive but still work 所有低碳围护结构都各有 不同。 有非常先进与昂贵的,也 有便宜实惠但也运作有效 的
  • 64. Contact Information 联系方式 Terri Meyer Boake, BES, BArch, MArch, LEED AP Associate Director, School of Architecture, University of Waterloo Past President Society of Building Science Educators President-Elect Building Technology Educators’ Society Member OAA Committee on Sustainable Built Environment tboake@uwaterloo.ca A pdf of this presentation will be found at: 此演讲可在以下网址查看: www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca/faculty_projects/terri/

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Typical Concrete Mix:Cement: 375kg/m3 (16%)Water: 180 kg/m3 (8%)Aggregates (fine + coarse): 1800 kg/m3 (76%)Total: 2355 kg/m3 (150lb/ft3)The CO2 emissions due to calcination are formed when the raw materials (mostly limestone and clay) are heated to over 2500°F and CO2 is liberated from the decomposed limestone. Also CO2 released in order to produce the energy (heat) to make cement
  2. GWPOperating Energy: 91.42% Total Embodied Energy: 8.58% Windows & Doors: 1.62% Foundations: 2.05% Beams & Columns: 0.75% Enclosure: 4.16%
  3. Trends in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions closely parallel energy use. The majority of the