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10 ............ DVB-C2 is around the corner 82 ......................... AB IPBOX, Slovakia
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90 ............................ Schott, Germany 116 .........................DTT of the World
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6 TELE-satellite — Global Digital TV Magazine — 08-09/2010 — www.TELE-satellite.com
7.
8.
9.
10. FEATURE DVB at its best
Ultimate
in the park. Yet, they succeeded! In the
worst case, DVB-C2 offers a 30% gain
in spectral efficiency over DVB-C. This
figure grows to 80% if you upgrade from
Spectral
DVB-C based on 64-QAM. But even a 30%
increase allows a provider to transmit 60
Mb/s through a 6 MHz channel (the maxi-
mum for 256-QAM in DVB-C is only 38.47
Efficiency
Mb/s).
As a reminder: one HD channel requires
about 20 Mb/s. The best quality SD chan-
DVB-C2 is
nels need 4-5 Mb/s while many of them
typically use only 2-3 Mb/s. Speaking of
channel bandwidths, there are 6 and 8
MHz channels in coaxial cable TV channel
around the
plans. However, DVB-C2 permits the cre-
ation of wider channels with much higher
bandwidths. Such a new wide channel
does not have to be necessarily a multiple
of 6 or 8 MHz. The bonus is that we do
corner
not waste bandwidth for channel separa-
tion and the spectral efficiency goes even
higher.
Jacek Pawlowski As you might expect, the technical
solutions of DVB-C2 have quite a bit in
common with DVB-S2 and DVB-T2. For-
ward error correction (FEC) is composed
The old DVB-C standard has been in use since 1994. The of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH)
time for a second generation standard came in 2006 outer code and a Low Density Parity
Check (LDPC) inner code. The role of BCH
when European cable operators expressed their big is to eliminate the error floor which may
concerns about the limited bandwidth they have for the be produced by the LDPC decoder in the
receiver. It adds a mere 1% redundancy.
distribution of their services. The major goal was the more
LDPC is for correcting transmission errors
efficient use of the available bandwidth in cable networks. and has code rates ranging from 2/3 to
The DVB-C2 standard was developed by experts from 9/10.
20 different companies and scientists from various The modulation also had to change.
universities. Kabel Deutschland, one of Europe’s major Multi-carrier OFDM (known from terres-
trial transmission) rather than single car-
cable operators, provided the chairmanship for this effort.
riers QAM has been adopted for DVB-C2.
The standard was finalized last year and supplements the The particular carrier in OFDM is modu-
DVB-S2 and DVB-T2 standards developed earlier. lated with QAM: the choices range from
16-QAM up to 4096-QAM (4k-QAM). Some
The need for better utilization of coaxial well as the growing popularity of HD sources say that it may even be extended
cable bandwidth is understandable. While channels has forced cable operators to to 64k-QAM in future revisions. Not all
in satellite TV it’s enough to turn the dish take action. LDPC code rates are allowed for every
to another satellite and again have a fre- QAM constellation. Table 1 lists the pos-
quency spectrum of 1 or 2 GHz, this can’t DVB-C has extremely efficient modula- sible combinations.
be done with cable TV unless you install tion and error correction schemes – far
additional cables and nobody wants that. better than DVB-S and DVB-T. Improving The new error correction algorithms
The growing competition from IPTV as it significantly in DVB-C2 was not a walk ensure much better noise performance
over classical DVB-C. For example, math-
ematical simulations show that we can
expect an improvement of 7 dB in signal-
to-noise ratio after switching from DVB-C
to DVB-C2 (same QAM constellation and
FEC)! DVB-C2 is very close to the Shan-
■ Table 1. Possible combinations of LDPC coding rates and QAM constellations. non limit which means it transmits almost
10 TELE-satellite — Global Digital TV Magazine — 08-09/2010 — www.TELE-satellite.com
11.
12. as many bits per second in a given band- transparent data link for all kinds of dig- four years for DVB-S2 to become com-
width as is physically possible. Further ital information mercially available after the specification
improvement in spectral efficiency is was frozen so it may also take a few years
practically impossible. So, if we ever hope This extra flexibility is important for the cable standard.
to see DVB-C3, the potential improve- because when combined with DOCSIS
ment won’t be related to efficiency but it enables the broadcaster to smoothly The future of DVB-C2 will look much
rather to something else. switch to more interactive services brighter when it is adopted as a physical
(unicasting, on-demand content, etc.). layer by the forthcoming new DOCSIS 4
It must be already obvious to our read- DVB-C2 was late compared with DVB-S2 standard; this is very likely to happen.
ers that today’s DVB-C receiver will not and DVB-T2. Implementation of “older However, even now, many of the lead-
be able to receive the future DVB-C2 brothers” was often combined with the ing cable network operators in Europe
signal. DVB-C2 is not backward com- introduction of HD and MPEG4. In such have declared their intention to imme-
patible with DVB-C. Of course a DVB-C2 cases it was easier to make a deci- diately introduce DVB-C2. Among them
receiver will be able to receive the new sion about the extra cost necessary for are; YouSee (Denmark), Numericable
and the old standard, similar to DVB-S/ the upgrade. Since HD and MPEG 4 are (France), Kabel Baden Württemberg, Uni-
S2 equipment. already present in many cable headends tymedia, Kabel Deutschland (Germany),
and end-user boxes, the operators might Ziggo (The Netherlands), ZON (Portugal),
A very interesting feature of DVB-C2 wonder if the increase in efficiency alone ONO (Spain) and Com Hem (Sweden).
(identical to that of DVB-S2 and DVB-T2) justifies the switch to DVB-C2. They supply more than 35 million homes
is its ability to carry not only DVB trans- which in turn translates to 35 million
port streams with MPEG2/4 video but also Fortunately, DVB-C2 is similar to DVB-T2 DVB-C2 set-top-boxes. DVB-C2 is almost
the so-called generic stream which was so the chipset prices should be compa- certainly on the roadmaps of many IC and
developed specifically to transport Inter- rable to existing solutions. Most likely T2 equipment manufacturers worldwide.
net IP data. IP data can be sent either on chips will simply be re-engineered for C2
its own or in combination with an MPEG compliance. Hopefully, at some point in For more information on DVB-C2 you
stream. The concept called Physical Layer the near future, the same tuner would be can check out the DVB organization at:
Pipe (PLP) was developed for this purpose able to receive both DVB-C2 and DVB-T2, www.dvb.org, www.dvb-h.org, www.
and because of this, DVB-C2 becomes a but we are still waiting to see that. It took mhp.org and www.dvbworld.org.
■ Table 2. After upgrading from DVB-C 256-QAM to DVB-C2 1024-QAM it becomes possible to send roughly 20 Mbps more data in the same channel
while keeping the same C/N (no need to boost signal power). If we decide to switch to DVB-C2 4096-QAM and increase the C/N by 5 dB, we could then
send 30 Mbps more!
12 TELE-satellite — Global Digital TV Magazine — 08-09/2010 — www.TELE-satellite.com