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I. Crust – the surface layer of the earth
A. Continental: land not under the oceans
B. Average of 32km, but can be as thick as

70km
II. Oceanic

A. Ocean floor
B. Average of 8km thick

Review: Which one is denser?
Deformation
a. The forces that
pull and push on
the earth’s crust
b. Causes
deformation – the
tilting, breaking or
folding of rock
Compression –
squeezes the
rocks of the
crust, decreasi
ng
volume, increa
sing density

Think: Covergent
Tension – pull
the rocks of
the crust,
increasing
volume,
decreasing
density

Think: Divergent
Shearing – the
crust being
pushed in
opposite
directions
causing the
rocks to tear
and twist

Think: transform
a.

Shearing

b.

Tension

c.

Compression
c. Fracture – cracks in rocks
d. Fault – crack along which rocks move
sideways, up, or down.
i. Fault block mountains form from the
normal faults pushing up rock
ii. Rift valleys form when land between
normal faults slide down
Deformation
e. Folding – a bend in the rock
i. Anticline – an upward fold
ii. Syncline – a downward fold
iii. Appalachian mountains are made from
folds
Deformation
i. Higher temperatures will cause folding/lower
temps. cause faulting
ii. Greater pressure causes folding/lower
pressure causes faulting

Rock type
iii. Brittle rock will more likely fault
iv. Ductile (bendable) rock will more likely fold
v. Pressure applied gradually will cause
folding/fast will cause faulting
What’s the difference
between anticline and
syncline folding?!

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Deformation

  • 2. I. Crust – the surface layer of the earth A. Continental: land not under the oceans B. Average of 32km, but can be as thick as 70km II. Oceanic A. Ocean floor B. Average of 8km thick Review: Which one is denser?
  • 4. a. The forces that pull and push on the earth’s crust b. Causes deformation – the tilting, breaking or folding of rock
  • 5. Compression – squeezes the rocks of the crust, decreasi ng volume, increa sing density Think: Covergent
  • 6. Tension – pull the rocks of the crust, increasing volume, decreasing density Think: Divergent
  • 7. Shearing – the crust being pushed in opposite directions causing the rocks to tear and twist Think: transform
  • 9. c. Fracture – cracks in rocks d. Fault – crack along which rocks move sideways, up, or down. i. Fault block mountains form from the normal faults pushing up rock ii. Rift valleys form when land between normal faults slide down
  • 11. e. Folding – a bend in the rock i. Anticline – an upward fold ii. Syncline – a downward fold iii. Appalachian mountains are made from folds
  • 13. i. Higher temperatures will cause folding/lower temps. cause faulting ii. Greater pressure causes folding/lower pressure causes faulting Rock type iii. Brittle rock will more likely fault iv. Ductile (bendable) rock will more likely fold v. Pressure applied gradually will cause folding/fast will cause faulting
  • 14. What’s the difference between anticline and syncline folding?!