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Addressing Deforestation and
Degradation through Sustainable
Forest Management in Malaysia




            By Samsudin Musa
     Forest Research Institute Malaysia
Malaysia
Forestry in Malaysia
• Forest sector is an important economic sector
• Contributed about US$5.7 billion in 2005
•  Major exporter of tropical hardwood
• Recognise the importance of the resource in
  conserving biodiversity, mitigating impacts of
  climate change and conserving soil and water
  resources
• It is to the country’s own interest to manage the
  resource sustainably
• Malaysia’s population and economic condition
  make it possible to implement SFM
CRITICAL ACTIVITIES OF SFM

Strong Policy and legislation
Gazette of Permanent Reserved Forests
Allocate Protection & Production Forests Within
PRF
Determine Management/silvicultural systems for
different forest type
Prescribe and monitor AAC (Allowable Annual Cut)
Implement Reduced Impact Logging
Timber Certification
Research support
National Forest Policy

• Sufficient Areas startegically located to be set aside
  As Permanent Forest Estate (PFE)
      •   PROTECTION FOREST
      •   PRODUCTION FOREST
      •   AMENITY FOREST
      •   RESEARCH & EDUCATION FOREST


• Policy Amended in 1992 to include:
   – Conservation of biodiversity
   – Promote role of local communities in forest
     development.
   – Sustainable utlisation of genetic materials
National Forestry Act
•   Land is a state matter
•   Federal > provision of advice, technical asst.
•   National Forestry Council – forum for resolving
    Federal and State issues
•   National Forestry Act 1984 > strengthen forest
    planning and management
•   Establish Permanent Reserved Forests and classify into
    functional classes
•   amended in 1993 to curb illegal logging:
     – More stringent fines
     – Mandatory jail sentences
     – Facilitate court prosecutions
Forest Lands in Malaysia
• Forested lands in Malaysia categorised:
  – Permanent Reserved Forests
  – National/State Parks, Wildlife Sanc. Etc
  – Stateland Forests
• Permanent Reserved Forest categorised
  – Production Forest
  – Protection Forest
(million ha)
REGION                PENINSULAR      SABAH SARAWAK MALAYSIA
                       MALAYSIA

Permanent Reserved       4.70           3.59         6.10         14.39
Forests
  • Productive           3.18           3.00         5.00         11.18
  • Protective           1.52           0.59         1.10         3.21
National & Wildlife
Parks                    0.89           0.41         1.10          2.40

Stateland Forest         0.29           0.40         2.04          2.73

TOTAL                    5.88           4.40         9.24         19.52
                                                                  (60%)

    Total Land Area :: 32.86 million ha.
    Total Land Area 32.86 million ha.
                       Source: Forestry Departments Pen. Malaysia., Sabah & Sarawak)
Deforestation
• Occur in Statelands converted into other
  purposes
• Relatively high in the 70’s & 80’s but
  reduced significantly from 90’s onwards
• Land development schemes to overcome
  poverty and enhance standard of living >
  proven successful
• Necessary process for development
• Mainly converted in agric. crop lands such
  as rubber and oil Palm
Changes in Forested Area (Pen. M’sia)

                                  9.00
                                  8.00
                                  7.00
E x te n t (m i l l i o n h a )




                                  6.00                                      Forest Reserve
                                  5.00                                      State Land
                                  4.00                                      Wildlife Reserve
                                  3.00                                      Total
                                  2.00
                                  1.00
                                  0.00
                                         1970   1980   1990   2000   2004
                                                       Year
Extent of Palm Oil Plantations
                 4000000

                 3500000

                 3000000

                 2500000                                                    Peninsular
E xten t (h a)




                                                                            Sabah
                 2000000
                                                                            Sarawak
                 1500000                                                    total
                 1000000

                 500000

                      0
                           1975   1980   1985   1990   1995   2000   2003
                                                Year
Changes in Forest Extent 1970 to 2004
           (Pen. Malaysia)

              Stateland Forests
4.02 mil ha                       0.4 mil ha

              Forest Reserves
3.34 mil ha                        4.68 mil ha

              Wildlife Reserves
0.65 mil ha                        0.77 mil ha
Annual Coupe
• To ensure that the forests are managed on a
  sustainable basis an AAC is determined every 5
  years
• Calculated on an area basis for production forests
• Last 10 yrs total area opened for logging
  significantly lower than AAC
• Records AAC had been exceeded when country’s
  economic condition is not good
Annual Coupe 1991- 2005
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000                                                    Co upe 5 yrs (ha)
100,000                                                    Area Lo gged (ha)
 50,000
                                                           Difference
      0
-50,000     1991-1995        1996-2000         2001-2005

-100,000
                        5 -ye a r P e rio ds
Selective Management System (SMS)
   Initial stocking
 Pre-F                                 Criteria:
  inv.                                   32 trees/ha (30-45 cm)
                                         40 - 50 m3/ha (econ. cut)




                                                                        25-30 years
                                         Ratio of Dipt. to Non-dipt
     Harvesting regime                   50cm-D & 45cm-ND
     >Cutting limit

tagging

                               Standards/Basis in SMS:
          Harvest                     Dia.growth:    0.8-1.0 cm/yr
                                      Vol. growth:   2.0-2.5 m3/ha/yr
Post-F                                Mortality :    0.9%
  inv.                                Ingrowth:      0.6%

         Residuals       Silvic trt
Implementing SMS
 Generally effective in addressing emissions
Still being refined > overcome issues with regards
to impacts on species composition and recovery
rates
More immediate issue is in improving harvesting
systems > minimise damage through Reduced
Impcat Logging
Residual Stand Damage
Improve Logging >RIL Specification
• Guidelines for Logging in Hill forests & road specs
• Forest management and harvesting plans
• Areas >1000m and 40o slopes are protected
• Areas with special flora/fauna protected
• Riparian buffers established & marked in the field
• Density of roads, skid trails & landings limited
• Adequate residuals retained
• Volume removed < 85 m3/ha gross
• Road alignment and skid trails pre-determined and
  approved by engineer
• Skid trails and log landings planted after logging
• Timber tagging to monitor felling and extraction
Proportions of damaged trees after RIL and conventional logging
                                                  RIL
                          40-60
                                                                             CONV


                                                         RIL
Diameter class (cm dbh)




                          20-40
                                                                                   CONV



                                                        RIL
                          10-20
                                                                                     CONV



                                                          RIL
                          5-10
                                                                                              CONV


                                                                RIL
                           1-5
                                                                             CONV


                                                              0.4            0.6            0.8      1.0
                              0.0           0.2

                                                               Proportion of trees
Long-haul Cable Logging System

      Access Road            Tractor


                             Cable

           Stump             Corridor
                                     Spar Tree



Log
          Cone      Pulley
Impacts of limiting tractor
       movements
FOREST REHABILITATION




                                  Shorea leprosula 12
                                 months after planting at
 Hopea odorata 30 months after       logging road
           planting
Timber Certification
• Important tool to promote & demonstrate SFM
• Ensuring whats on paper is practiced on the ground
• Third party inspection of Forest management unit
• Had resulted in significant improvements in forest
  management practices
• Criteria, Indicators and Mgt Specs developed under
  the Malaysian Timber Certification Council
• All states have undergone certification since 1994
• FSC compatible standards developed and currently
  being implemented in all states
The Good
The Bad
Peat Swamp forests
• Tropical peat swamp forest is an important forest
  ecosystem being threatened with deforestation/
  degradation in SE Asia
• Stores Up to 6000 tonnes of Carbon /ha compared to
  300 tC/ha for tropical rainforest on mineral soil.
• 90-95% of storage is in below ground in peat soil.
• A drained peatland emits 100 tonnes of CO2/ ha/yr
• A burning peatland emits 1000-2000t CO2 /ha/yr.
• 90% of persistent forest fires and transboundary
  haze in SE Asia are linked to peat swamp forests.
• Emission from SEA peatlands is equivalent to about
  30% of global emission from tropical deforestation
  (1.5 billion tonnes) even though SEA PSF represent
  2% of area of tropical forests.
Addressing the Challenge
•   Malaysia is taking the following steps:
     – all peat swamp forests designated at permanent forest reserves
       will be retained
     – measures to be taken to reduce the drainage of from peatlands.
     – State governments to classify remaining parts of primary peat
       swamp forests as PFR
     – developments in peatlands covering > 20ha subject to EIA

•   Significant progress has been made to develop techniques for
    rehabilitation of peat swamp forests However resources are generally
    not available to support such programmes.
•   Given the high storage of carbon , vulnerability, emissions –
    deforestation in peatland areas should be addressed rapidly
•   Support should be provided to tropical countries to take measures
    to stop further degradation of peat swamp forests and rehabilitate
    degraded forests to prevent CO2 emissions
Conclusion
• Malaysia is committed to SFM
• Global community must appreciate root causes of
  deforestation > if countries are disadvantaged
  economically then natural resources will be exploited
• Mechanism developed need to be cautious and should not
  be disadvantageous to countries like Malaysia who
  maintains large forest areas and practices SFM
• Peat swamp forest should be given due consideration under
  any measure to reduce the GHG emissions from
  deforestation
Thank you
Terima Kasih

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Sustainable forest management malaysia

  • 1. Addressing Deforestation and Degradation through Sustainable Forest Management in Malaysia By Samsudin Musa Forest Research Institute Malaysia
  • 3. Forestry in Malaysia • Forest sector is an important economic sector • Contributed about US$5.7 billion in 2005 • Major exporter of tropical hardwood • Recognise the importance of the resource in conserving biodiversity, mitigating impacts of climate change and conserving soil and water resources • It is to the country’s own interest to manage the resource sustainably • Malaysia’s population and economic condition make it possible to implement SFM
  • 4. CRITICAL ACTIVITIES OF SFM Strong Policy and legislation Gazette of Permanent Reserved Forests Allocate Protection & Production Forests Within PRF Determine Management/silvicultural systems for different forest type Prescribe and monitor AAC (Allowable Annual Cut) Implement Reduced Impact Logging Timber Certification Research support
  • 5. National Forest Policy • Sufficient Areas startegically located to be set aside As Permanent Forest Estate (PFE) • PROTECTION FOREST • PRODUCTION FOREST • AMENITY FOREST • RESEARCH & EDUCATION FOREST • Policy Amended in 1992 to include: – Conservation of biodiversity – Promote role of local communities in forest development. – Sustainable utlisation of genetic materials
  • 6. National Forestry Act • Land is a state matter • Federal > provision of advice, technical asst. • National Forestry Council – forum for resolving Federal and State issues • National Forestry Act 1984 > strengthen forest planning and management • Establish Permanent Reserved Forests and classify into functional classes • amended in 1993 to curb illegal logging: – More stringent fines – Mandatory jail sentences – Facilitate court prosecutions
  • 7. Forest Lands in Malaysia • Forested lands in Malaysia categorised: – Permanent Reserved Forests – National/State Parks, Wildlife Sanc. Etc – Stateland Forests • Permanent Reserved Forest categorised – Production Forest – Protection Forest
  • 8. (million ha) REGION PENINSULAR SABAH SARAWAK MALAYSIA MALAYSIA Permanent Reserved 4.70 3.59 6.10 14.39 Forests • Productive 3.18 3.00 5.00 11.18 • Protective 1.52 0.59 1.10 3.21 National & Wildlife Parks 0.89 0.41 1.10 2.40 Stateland Forest 0.29 0.40 2.04 2.73 TOTAL 5.88 4.40 9.24 19.52 (60%) Total Land Area :: 32.86 million ha. Total Land Area 32.86 million ha. Source: Forestry Departments Pen. Malaysia., Sabah & Sarawak)
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. Deforestation • Occur in Statelands converted into other purposes • Relatively high in the 70’s & 80’s but reduced significantly from 90’s onwards • Land development schemes to overcome poverty and enhance standard of living > proven successful • Necessary process for development • Mainly converted in agric. crop lands such as rubber and oil Palm
  • 12. Changes in Forested Area (Pen. M’sia) 9.00 8.00 7.00 E x te n t (m i l l i o n h a ) 6.00 Forest Reserve 5.00 State Land 4.00 Wildlife Reserve 3.00 Total 2.00 1.00 0.00 1970 1980 1990 2000 2004 Year
  • 13. Extent of Palm Oil Plantations 4000000 3500000 3000000 2500000 Peninsular E xten t (h a) Sabah 2000000 Sarawak 1500000 total 1000000 500000 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 Year
  • 14. Changes in Forest Extent 1970 to 2004 (Pen. Malaysia) Stateland Forests 4.02 mil ha 0.4 mil ha Forest Reserves 3.34 mil ha 4.68 mil ha Wildlife Reserves 0.65 mil ha 0.77 mil ha
  • 15. Annual Coupe • To ensure that the forests are managed on a sustainable basis an AAC is determined every 5 years • Calculated on an area basis for production forests • Last 10 yrs total area opened for logging significantly lower than AAC • Records AAC had been exceeded when country’s economic condition is not good
  • 16. Annual Coupe 1991- 2005 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 Co upe 5 yrs (ha) 100,000 Area Lo gged (ha) 50,000 Difference 0 -50,000 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 -100,000 5 -ye a r P e rio ds
  • 17. Selective Management System (SMS) Initial stocking Pre-F Criteria: inv. 32 trees/ha (30-45 cm) 40 - 50 m3/ha (econ. cut) 25-30 years Ratio of Dipt. to Non-dipt Harvesting regime 50cm-D & 45cm-ND >Cutting limit tagging Standards/Basis in SMS: Harvest Dia.growth: 0.8-1.0 cm/yr Vol. growth: 2.0-2.5 m3/ha/yr Post-F Mortality : 0.9% inv. Ingrowth: 0.6% Residuals Silvic trt
  • 18. Implementing SMS Generally effective in addressing emissions Still being refined > overcome issues with regards to impacts on species composition and recovery rates More immediate issue is in improving harvesting systems > minimise damage through Reduced Impcat Logging
  • 20. Improve Logging >RIL Specification • Guidelines for Logging in Hill forests & road specs • Forest management and harvesting plans • Areas >1000m and 40o slopes are protected • Areas with special flora/fauna protected • Riparian buffers established & marked in the field • Density of roads, skid trails & landings limited • Adequate residuals retained • Volume removed < 85 m3/ha gross • Road alignment and skid trails pre-determined and approved by engineer • Skid trails and log landings planted after logging • Timber tagging to monitor felling and extraction
  • 21. Proportions of damaged trees after RIL and conventional logging RIL 40-60 CONV RIL Diameter class (cm dbh) 20-40 CONV RIL 10-20 CONV RIL 5-10 CONV RIL 1-5 CONV 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 Proportion of trees
  • 22. Long-haul Cable Logging System Access Road Tractor Cable Stump Corridor Spar Tree Log Cone Pulley
  • 23. Impacts of limiting tractor movements
  • 24. FOREST REHABILITATION Shorea leprosula 12 months after planting at Hopea odorata 30 months after logging road planting
  • 25. Timber Certification • Important tool to promote & demonstrate SFM • Ensuring whats on paper is practiced on the ground • Third party inspection of Forest management unit • Had resulted in significant improvements in forest management practices • Criteria, Indicators and Mgt Specs developed under the Malaysian Timber Certification Council • All states have undergone certification since 1994 • FSC compatible standards developed and currently being implemented in all states
  • 28. Peat Swamp forests • Tropical peat swamp forest is an important forest ecosystem being threatened with deforestation/ degradation in SE Asia • Stores Up to 6000 tonnes of Carbon /ha compared to 300 tC/ha for tropical rainforest on mineral soil. • 90-95% of storage is in below ground in peat soil. • A drained peatland emits 100 tonnes of CO2/ ha/yr • A burning peatland emits 1000-2000t CO2 /ha/yr. • 90% of persistent forest fires and transboundary haze in SE Asia are linked to peat swamp forests. • Emission from SEA peatlands is equivalent to about 30% of global emission from tropical deforestation (1.5 billion tonnes) even though SEA PSF represent 2% of area of tropical forests.
  • 29. Addressing the Challenge • Malaysia is taking the following steps: – all peat swamp forests designated at permanent forest reserves will be retained – measures to be taken to reduce the drainage of from peatlands. – State governments to classify remaining parts of primary peat swamp forests as PFR – developments in peatlands covering > 20ha subject to EIA • Significant progress has been made to develop techniques for rehabilitation of peat swamp forests However resources are generally not available to support such programmes. • Given the high storage of carbon , vulnerability, emissions – deforestation in peatland areas should be addressed rapidly • Support should be provided to tropical countries to take measures to stop further degradation of peat swamp forests and rehabilitate degraded forests to prevent CO2 emissions
  • 30. Conclusion • Malaysia is committed to SFM • Global community must appreciate root causes of deforestation > if countries are disadvantaged economically then natural resources will be exploited • Mechanism developed need to be cautious and should not be disadvantageous to countries like Malaysia who maintains large forest areas and practices SFM • Peat swamp forest should be given due consideration under any measure to reduce the GHG emissions from deforestation