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•B 737 NG Ground School.
See the aircraft study guide at www.theorycentre.com
The information contained here is for training purposes only. It is of a general nature it is
unamended and does not relate to any individual aircraft. The FCOM must be consulted for
up to date information on any particular aircraft.
B 737 NG Ground School.
PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
Introduction
Air for the bleed air system can be supplied by the engines, APU, or an external air
cart/source. The APU or external cart supplies air to the bleed air duct prior to
engine start. After engine start, air for the bleed air system is normally supplied by
the engines.
The following systems rely on the bleed air system for operation:
• Air conditioning/pressurization
• Wing and engine thermal anti-icing
• Engine starting
• Hydraulic reservoirs pressurization
• Water tank pressurization
Switches on the air conditioning panel operate the APU and engine bleed air supply
system.
NOTE; There are number of different options and some panels vary by aircraft. This
presentation is generic and not aircraft specific
B737 NG Air Systems
Engine Bleed System Supply
Engine Bleed System Supply
Engine bleed air is obtained from the 5th or 9th stages of the compressor
section.
When 5th stage low pressure bleed air is insufficient for the bleed air system
requirements, the high stage valve modulates open to maintain adequate bleed
air pressure. During takeoff, climb, and most cruise conditions, low pressure
bleed air from the 5th stage is adequate and the high stage valve remains
closed.
Engine Bleed Air Valves
The engine bleed air valve acts as a pressure regulator and shutoff valve. With
the engine bleed air switch ON, the valve is DC activated and pressure
operated.
The valve maintains proper system operating pressure and reduces bleed air
outflow in response to high bleed air temperature.
Engine Bleed Air Switches
Bleed Trip Sensors
Bleed trip sensors illuminate the respective BLEED TRIP OFF light when engine bleed
air temperature or pressure exceeds a predetermined limit. The respective engine
bleed air valve closes automatically.
Bleed Trip Sensors
Bleed trip sensors illuminate the respective BLEED TRIP OFF light when engine bleed
air temperature or pressure exceeds a predetermined limit. The respective engine
bleed air valve closes automatically.
Unregulated Air temperature
254 C or Pressure 220 PSI
before the engine bleed
valve which is a PRSOV.
If the upstream pressure or
temperature exceed these
limits the PRSOV would not
be able to regulate either
pressure or temperature. In
this case it will close.
Engines bleed air Pre-Cooler
The bleed air pre-cooler system controls the
temperature of the engine bleed air before it
goes into the pneumatic manifold. Engine
Fan air is used to cool the bleed air.
A pre-cooler control valve controls the
amount of fan air that flows through the pre-
cooler.
Engines bleed air Pre-Cooler
The bleed air pre-cooler system controls the
temperature of the engine bleed air before it
goes into the pneumatic manifold. Engine
Fan air is used to cool the bleed air.
A pre-cooler control valve controls the
amount of fan air that flows through the pre-
cooler.
• Valve begins to open when
bleed air temperature is 199°C
Engines bleed air Pre-Cooler
The bleed air pre-cooler system controls the
temperature of the engine bleed air before it
goes into the pneumatic manifold. Engine
Fan air is used to cool the bleed air.
A pre-cooler control valve controls the
amount of fan air that flows through the pre-
cooler.
• Valve begins to open when
bleed air temperature is 199°C
•Full open at 227°C
Engines bleed air Pre-Cooler
The bleed air pre-cooler system controls the
temperature of the engine bleed air before it
goes into the pneumatic manifold. Engine
Fan air is used to cool the bleed air.
A pre-cooler control valve controls the
amount of fan air that flows through the pre-
cooler.
• Valve begins to open when
bleed air temperature is 199°C
•Full open at 227°C
•OR with WAI ON
Engines bleed air Pre-Cooler
The bleed air pre-cooler system controls the
temperature of the engine bleed air before it
goes into the pneumatic manifold. Engine
Fan air is used to cool the bleed air.
A pre-cooler control valve controls the
amount of fan air that flows through the pre-
cooler.
• Valve begins to open when
bleed air temperature is 199°C
•Full open at 227°C
•OR with WAI ON
•The engine bleed valve will
reduce flow to assist the Pre-
cooler. If air temperature
upstream of the bleed valve is too
high (254 C) the bleed valve will
close.
TRIP RESET Switch
Push (if fault condition is
corrected) –
• resets BLEED TRIP OFF,
PACK TRIP OFF and ZONE
TEMP lights
• related engine bleed valve
opens, or related pack valve
opens, or related air mix
valve opens
• lights remain illuminated
until reset.
TRIP RESET Switch
Push (if fault condition is
corrected) –
• resets BLEED TRIP OFF,
PACK TRIP OFF and ZONE
TEMP lights
• related engine bleed valve
opens, or related pack valve
opens, or related air mix
valve opens
• lights remain illuminated
until reset.
TRIP RESET push-button switch. A holding circuit connects through the air conditioning panel
To get control of the engine bleed system after a bleed trip off, these conditions must occur:
* The overpressure or over temperature condition must no longer exist.
* You must push the air conditioning panel TRIP RESET pushbutton switch .
The pneumatic manifold has
two pressure transmitters.
One transmitter is on the right
side of the manifold and the
other is on the left side. They
measure the manifold
pressures.
Pressure indication is on the
air conditioning panel.
DUCT PRESSURE TRANSMITTER
Left manifold DC bus 1
Right manifold DC bus 2
PRESSURE GAUGE
AC power from
Transfer bus 2
Isolation Valve
The isolation valve isolates the left and right sides of the bleed air duct during normal
operations. The isolation valve is AC operated. Transfer bus 1.
With the isolation valve switch in AUTO, both engine bleed air switches ON, and both air
conditioning pack switches AUTO or HIGH, the isolation valve is closed.
The isolation valve opens if either engine bleed air switch or air conditioning pack switch is
positioned OFF. Isolation valve position is not affected by the APU bleed air switch.
With the isolation valve in
auto if any of the 4 corner
switches are off the
isolation valve will open
The APU bleed air switch does
not affect the isolation valve
External Air Connection
An external air cart/source provides an alternate air source for engine start or
air conditioning. External air connects to the right side of the bleed air duct..
APU Bleed Air Valve
The APU bleed air valve permits APU bleed air to flow to the bleed air duct. The
APU bleed air valve is DC controlled via the APU ECU and pressure operated. If
the APU is not running the APU bleed valve will close.
The APU check valve prevents engine bleed air flow into the APU load compressor.
With both the APU and engine bleed air valves open, with the engines operating at
idle thrust, there is a possibility of APU bleed air back pressuring the 9th stage
modulating and shutoff valve. This would cause the 9th stage valve to close.
DUAL BLEED Light
The DUAL BLEED light
illuminates whenever the APU
bleed air valve is open and the
position of the engine bleed air
switches and isolation valve
would permit possible back
pressure of the APU.
Therefore, thrust must be
limited to idle with the DUAL
BLEED light illuminated.
ENGINE 2
5th or 9th
stage air.
ENGINE 1
5th or 9th
stage air.
ENGINE ANTI-ICE
ENGINE START
WING ANTI-ICE WING ANTI-ICE
L PACK Valve
Water tank Press APU Check valve
APU SUPPLY
R PACK Valve
Ground Air
ISOLATION VALVE
Nitrogen Gas Generation Duct Pressure transmitters
Hydraulic Reservoir Press
ENGINE START
ENGINE ANTI-ICE
How are the engine bleed air valves operated?
a) AC activated and pneumatically operated.
b) DC activated and pneumatically operated.
c) AC motor operated.
d) DC motor operated.
How are the engine bleed air valves operated?
a) AC activated and pneumatically operated.
b) DC activated and pneumatically operated.
c) AC motor operated.
d) DC motor operated.
What is the position of the isolation valve when the switch is in AUTO?
a) Valve is always open.
b) Valve is always closed.
c) Valve opens automatically when any bleed air switch or pack switch is OFF.
d) Valve modulates automatically depending on pneumatic system loads.
What is the position of the isolation valve when the switch is in AUTO?
a) Valve is always open.
b) Valve is always closed.
c) Valve opens automatically when any bleed air switch or pack switch is OFF.
d) Valve modulates automatically depending on pneumatic system loads.
With the isolation valve in
auto if any of the 4 corner
switches are off the
isolation valve will open
The APU bleed air switch does
not affect the isolation valve
How many pneumatic duct pressure sensors are there?
How many pneumatic duct pressure sensors are there?
2. One left duct and
one right duct.
What is the power source for the pneumatic duct pressure gage?
What is the power source for the pneumatic duct pressure gage?
AC Transfer bus 2..
What is indicated by the bleed trip off light?
What is indicated by the bleed trip off light?
BLEED TRIP OFF Light
Illuminated (amber) – excessive engine bleed air
temperature (254 C)
or pressure. (220 PSI in press regulator)
• related engine bleed air valve closes automatically
• requires reset.
Wing-Body Overheat
A wing-body overheat condition is caused by a
bleed air duct leak. It is sensed by overheat
sensors. The wing and body overheat detection
system uses sensing elements adjacent to the
pneumatic ducts. It monitors the pneumatic
distribution system ducts for overheat conditions.
When the system detects an overheat condition,
the WING-BODY OVERHEAT lights illuminate.
Wing-Body Overheat
The Left Wing –Body Overheat light has sensors in
the;
Left engine pylon.
Left wing leading edge.
Left hand air-conditioning bay .
The Keel beam.
Along the APU bleed duct.
Note; The keel beam is the strong structural
member which crosses the centre of the main
wheel well to provide structural strength. It is
between the main wheels when retracted.
Wing-Body Overheat
The Right Wing –Body Overheat light has sensors
in the;
Right engine pylon.
Right wing leading edge.
Right hand air-conditioning bay .
Wing–Body Overheat (OVHT) TEST Switch
Push –
• tests wing–body overheat detector circuits
• illuminates both WING–BODY OVERHEAT lights.
Wing–Body Overheat Test SP 2
Wing–body OVHT TEST switch .......................Push
Hold for a minimum of 5 seconds.
Both WING–BODY OVERHEAT lights – illuminated
MASTER CAUTION – illuminated
AIR COND system annunciator – illuminated
Wing–body OVHT TEST switch ................. Release
Both WING–BODY OVERHEAT lights – extinguished
MASTER CAUTION lights – extinguished
AIR COND system annunciator – extinguished
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
The air conditioning system provides temperature controlled air by processing bleed
air from the engines, APU, or a ground air source in air conditioning packs.
Conditioned air from the left pack, upstream of the mix manifold, flows directly to the
flight deck. Excess air from the left pack, air from the right pack, and air from the
recirculation system is combined in the mix manifold. The mixed air is then
distributed through the left and right sidewall risers to the passenger cabin.
Conditioned air for the cabin comes from either the airplane air conditioning system
or a preconditioned ground source. Air from the preconditioned ground source enters
the air conditioning system through the mix manifold.
Air Conditioning Pack
The flow of bleed air from the main bleed air duct through each air conditioning pack is
controlled by the respective pack valve. Normally the left pack uses bleed air from
engine No. 1 and the right pack uses bleed air from engine No. 2. A single pack in high
flow is capable of maintaining pressurization and acceptable temperatures throughout
the airplane up to the maximum certified ceiling.
The APU is capable of supplying bleed air for two packs on the ground, or one pack in
flight. Most external air carts are capable of supplying adequate bleed air for two pack
operation. Do not operate more than one pack from one engine.
AIR CYCLE COOLING.
The Air-conditioning pack uses the principle of energy conversion and surface heat
exchangers for its cooling operation. The heart of the system is the Air Cycle Machine
(ACM) The ACM is a 3 wheel unit which decreases air temperature, by expansion
through a turbine. The ACM is a high-speed rotating assembly. It has three sections
connected by a common shaft. The Turbine section rapidly expands the air causing a
large drop in temperature. This process is made more efficient by loading the turbine
with a compressor and an impeller fan. The compressor causes a pressure rise and
the impeller fan moves air through the ram air system when the aircraft is stationary
or at low speed.
Simplified Air Cycle cooling system
Ram Air intake
Pack Flow Control Valve
Ram Air Exhaust
Ram Air impeller fan
ACM
Temperature control valve
ACM Compressor
ACM Turbine
Cold Air Out
Air Conditioning Controls and Indicators
Option 1
Option 2
Air Conditioning/Bleed Air Controls Panel
The air conditioning/bleed air controls panel gives
control and indications of the cooling system.
Controls and indications of the cooling system:
* RAM DOOR FULL OPEN lights (Blue)
* L/R PACK switches
* PACK lights (Amber)
* TRIP RESET button.
737 NG Air Conditioning Pack
RAM AIR SYSTEM
RAM AIR INTAKE
RAM AIR EXHAUST
RAM AIR INTAKE with Deflector door open.
Deflector door
open on the
ground closed in
flight
Forward Ram Air
modulating door
Pack Switch controls flow into the pack.
Airflow Control
With both air conditioning pack switches in AUTO
and both packs operating, the packs provide
“normal air flow”. However, with one pack not
operating, the other pack automatically switches to
“high air flow” in order to maintain the necessary
ventilation rate. This automatic switching is
inhibited when the airplane is on the ground, or
inflight with the flaps extended, to insure adequate
engine power for single engine operation.
Automatic switching to “high air flow” occurs if both
engine bleed air switches are OFF and the APU
bleed air switch is ON, regardless of flap position,
air/ground status or number of packs operating.
With the air conditioning pack switch in HIGH, the
pack provides “high air flow”. Additionally, an “APU
high air flow” rate is available when the airplane is
on the ground, the APU bleed air switch is ON and
either or both pack switches are positioned to
HIGH. This mode is designed to provide the
maximum airflow when the APU is the only source
of bleed air.
Ram Air modulating panels regulate the flow of ram air typically fully open on the ground.
The Deflector door diverts any slush or snow thrown up by the nose wheels.
Ram Air System
The ram air system provides cooling air for the heat exchangers. Operation of the system
is automatically controlled by the packs through operation of ram air inlet doors. On the
ground, or during slow flight with the flaps not fully retracted, the ram air inlet doors move
to the full open position for maximum cooling. In normal cruise, the doors modulate
between open and closed. A RAM DOOR FULL OPEN light illuminates whenever a ram
door is fully open.
Deflector doors are installed forward of the ram air inlet doors to prevent slush ingestion
prior to lift off and after touchdown. Deflector doors extend when activated electrically by
the air–ground safety sensor.
Cooling Cycle
The flow through the cooling cycle starts with bleed air passing through the primary heat
exchanger for cooling. The air then flows to the air cycle machine compressor. The air then
passes through the secondary heat exchanger where the heat from compression is
removed. The air then passes through 2 more heat exchangers which lower its temperature
enough to produce condensation. This is followed by a water separator which removes
moisture. The moisture is ejected into the ram air duct and overboard. The air then passes
through the re-heater this raises the temperature of the now dry air and removes heat from
the air before the condenser. After the re-heater the air enters the turbine of the ACM where
it rapidly expands while driving the compressor and ram air fan. This produces very cold air.
The processed cold air is then combined with hot air. The conditioned air flows into the mix
manifold and distribution system.
Overheat protection is provided by temperature sensors located in the cooling cycle. An
overheat condition causes the pack valve to close and the PACK TRIP OFF light to
illuminate.
Air Mix Valves
The two air mix valves for each pack control hot and cold air according to the setting of the
CONT CABIN or PASS CABIN temperature selector. Air that flows through the cold air mix
valve is processed through a cooling cycle and then combined with hot air flowing from the
hot air mix valve.
In the automatic temperature mode, the air mix valves are operated by the automatic
temperature controller. The automatic temperature controller uses inputs from the
respective temperature selector and cabin temperature sensor. The automatic temperature
controller is bypassed when the temperature selector is positioned to OFF.
Anytime the pack valve closes, the air mix valves are driven to the full cold position
automatically. This aids start up of the cooling cycle and prevents nuisance hot air trips
when the pack is first turned on.
B737 NG Air Systems
Zone Temperature Control
There are three zones: flight deck, forward cabin and aft cabin. Desired zone temperature
is set by adjusting the individual Temperature Selectors. The selector range is
approximately 18°C (65°F) to 30°C (85°F).
The packs produce an air temperature that satisfies the zone which requires the most
cooling. Zone temperature is controlled by introducing the proper amount of trim air to the
zone supply ducts. The quantity of trim air is regulated by individual trim air modulating
valves.
During single pack operation with the TRIM AIR selected ON, zone temperature is
controlled the same as during two pack operation. During single pack operation with the
TRIM AIR selected OFF, the pack attempts to produce an air temperature to satisfy the
average temperature demands of all three zones.
If air in a zone supply duct overheats, the associated amber ZONE TEMP light
illuminates, and the associated trim air modulating valve closes. The trim air modulating
valve may be reopened after the duct has cooled by pushing the TRIP RESET Switch.
Temperature Control
Zone Temperature sensors
Temperature Control
Master Trim Air Valve
Zone Trim Air Valves
Pack/Zone Temperature Controllers
There are two pack/zone temperature controllers. They monitor system parameters
and control the air conditioning temperatures for the three air conditioning zones.
The pack/zone temperature controllers are part of a redundant, fault tolerant
control system. The system reconfigures to give optimum performance when there
are faults. The controllers process inputs from:
* Zone temperature selectors
* Zone cabin temperature sensors
* Zone duct temperature sensors
* Pack temperature sensors
* Mix manifold sensors.
The controllers modulate these valves in response to temperature control
requirements:
* Pack temperature control valves (normal and standby)
* Zone trim air modulating valves.
Zone Temperature Control Modes
The left electronic controller controls the aft cabin zone and provides backup control
for the flight deck. The right controller controls the forward cabin zone and provides
primary control for the flight deck.
Failure of the primary flight deck temperature control will cause an automatic switch to
the back up control and will illuminate the CONT CAB amber ZONE TEMP light upon
Master Caution Recall. Failure of both the primary and standby controls will illuminate
the lights automatically.
Failure of the forward or aft cabin temperature control will cause the associated trim
air modulating valve to close. The Temperature Selectors operate normally, but the
Temperature Selector settings of the two passenger cabin zones will be averaged.
The amber ZONE TEMP light will illuminate upon Master Caution Recall to indicate
failure of the associated zone control.
Unbalanced Pack Temperature Control Mode
Any failure affecting the supply of trim air will cause the temperature control system
to control both packs independently. If flight deck trim air is lost, the left pack will
provide conditioned air to the flight deck at the selected temperature and the right
pack will satisfy the demand of the passenger zone which requires the most cooling.
If a passenger cabin zone trim air, or all trim air is lost, the forward and aft zone
temperature demands will be averaged for control of the right pack. If any individual
zone is switched OFF, the Temperature Selector setting will be ignored by the
temperature control system.
Standby Pack Average Temperature
If all zone controls and primary pack controls fail, the standby pack controls command
the packs to produce air temperatures which will satisfy the average temperature
demand of the two cabin zones. The trim air modulating valves will close. The flight
deck zone Temperature Selector will have no effect on the standby pack controls.
Fixed Cabin Temperature
If all Temperature Selectors are positioned OFF, the pack controls will cause the left
pack to maintain a fixed temperature of 24°C (75°F) and the right pack to maintain
18°C (65°F) as measured at the pack temperature sensor.
Air Conditioning
Distribution
Conditioned air is collected in
the mix manifold. The
temperature of the air is
directly related to the setting
of the Temperature Selectors.
Overheat detection is
provided by temperature
sensors located downstream
of the packs and the mix
manifold. An overheat
condition causes the
appropriate trim air
modulating valve to close and
the ZONE TEMP light to
illuminate.
Flight Deck
Since the flight deck requires only a fraction of the air supply provided by the left pack,
most of the left pack output is routed to the mix manifold. Conditioned air for the flight
deck branches into several risers which end at the floor, ceiling and foot level outlets.
Air diffusers on the floor under each seat deliver continuous air flow as long as the
manifold is pressurized.
Overhead diffusers are located on the flight deck ceiling, above and aft of the No. 3
windows. Each of these outlets can be opened or closed as desired by turning a
slotted adjusting screw.
There is also a dual purpose valve behind the rudder pedal of each pilot. These valves
provide air for warming the pilots' feet and for defogging the inside of the No. 1
windshields. Each valve is controlled by knobs located on the Captain's and First
Officer's panels.
Foot heat and
De-fog
controls
Passenger Cabin
The passenger cabin air
supply distribution system
consists of the mix manifold,
sidewall risers, and an
overhead distribution duct.
Sidewall risers go up the right
and left wall of the passenger
cabin to supply air to the
overhead distribution duct.
The overhead distribution
duct routes conditioned air to
the passenger cabin. It
extends from the forward to
the aft end of the ceiling
along the airplane centerline
and also supplies the sidewall
diffusers.
MIX MANIFOLD
Left and Right riser ducts
Overhead Distribution ducts
MIX MANIFOLD
Left and Right riser ducts
Recirculation Fan
The recirculation fan system reduces the air conditioning system pack load and the
engine bleed air demand. Air from the passenger cabin and electrical equipment bay
is drawn to the forward cargo bay where it is filtered and recirculated to the mix
manifold. The fan is driven by an AC motor. The fan operates with the recirculation
fan switch in AUTO except with both packs on and one or both in HIGH.
Recirculation Fans
Temperature Sensors
Recirculation fans.
Conditioned Air Source Connection
A ground air conditioning source may be connected to
the mix manifold to distribute preconditioned air
throughout the airplane.
Ground conditioned air
connection
Equipment Cooling
The equipment cooling system cools electronic equipment in the flight deck and the
E & E bay.
The equipment cooling system consists of a supply duct and an exhaust duct. Each
duct has a normal fan and an alternate fan. The supply duct supplies cool air to the
flight deck displays and electronic equipment in the E & E bay. The exhaust duct
collects and discards warm air from the flight deck displays, the overhead and aft
electronic panels, circuit breaker panels in the flight deck, and electronic equipment
in the E & E bay.
Loss of airflow due to failure of an equipment cooling fan results in illumination of the
related equipment cooling OFF light. Selecting the alternate fan should restore
airflow and extinguish the OFF light within approximately 5 seconds.
If an over temperature occurs on the ground, alerting is provided through the ground
crew call horn in the nose wheel well, which will sound continually.
B737 NG Air Systems
B737 NG Air Systems
FLOW SENSOR
No flow from selected
fan NORM or ALTN
OFF light illuminated
Normal exhaust fan failure low airflow detected. OFF light illuminates
Selecting the Alternate Exhaust fan re-establishes airflow and
the OFF light should extinguish within about 5 seconds.
The overboard exhaust valve lets exhaust air go overboard when the airplane is on the
ground. In flight the exhaust air adds to the heat in the forward cargo compartment.
A check valve isolates the exhaust air from the cargo compartment when the airplane is
in the air and the overboard exhaust valve is open..
SMOKE OVERRIDE MODE
When the aircrew carry out the forward cargo fire checklist they turn off the
recirculation fans and select high flow for the packs. This puts the equipment
cooling system into smoke override mode. The overboard exhaust valve opens and
a check valve prevents air from the forward cargo area from being vented.
Cabin Pressurisation
Cabin pressurization is controlled during all phases of airplane operation by the cabin
pressure control system. The cabin pressure control system includes two identical
automatic controllers available by selecting AUTO or ALTN and a manual (MAN) pilot–
controlled mode.
The system uses bleed air supplied to and distributed by the air conditioning system.
Pressurization and ventilation are controlled by modulating the outflow valve and the
overboard exhaust valve. The overboard exhaust valve is open on the ground and
closes when cabin differential pressure reaches 1 PSI except during smoke override
mode.
B737 NG Air Systems
AUTO FAIL Light
Illuminated (amber) – automatic
pressurization system failure detected:
• indicates a single controller failure when
ALTN light is also illuminated
• indicates a dual controller failure when
illuminated alone.
OFF Schedule (SCHED) DESCENT Light
Illuminated (amber) – airplane descended
before reaching the planned cruise altitude
set in the FLT ALT indicator.
Alternate (ALTN) Light
Illuminated (green) – pressurization system
operating in the alternate automatic mode:
• Illumination of both ALTN and AUTO FAIL
lights indicates a single controller failure and
automatic transfer to ALTN mode
• pressurization mode selector in ALTN
position.
MANUAL Light
Illuminated (green) – pressurization system
operating in the manual mode.
Manual mode must be selected to illuminate
this light.
Flight Altitude Selector
Rotate – set planned cruise altitude.(-1,000
ft. to 42,000 ft. in 500 ft. increments).
Landing Altitude Selector
Rotate – select planned landing field
altitude. (-1,000 ft. to 14,000 ft. in 50 ft.
increments).
Outflow VALVE Position Indicator
• indicates position of outflow valve
• operates in all modes.
Cabin Altitude Panel
CABIN Altimeter (ALT)/Differential Pressure
(DIFF PRESS)
Indicator
Inner Scale – indicates cabin altitude in feet.
Outer Scale – indicates differential pressure
between cabin and ambient in psi.
CABIN Rate of CLIMB Indicator
Indicates cabin rate of climb or descent in feet
per minute.
Altitude (ALT) HORN CUTOUT Switch
Push –
• cuts out intermittent cabin altitude warning
horn
• altitude warning horn sounds when cabin
reaches 10,000 feet altitude.
High Altitude Landing Switch (OPTION)
ON (white) – reprograms initiation of cabin
altitude warning annunciation from 10,000 to
14,000 feet.
Off – (ON not visible)
• reprograms cabin pressurization from high
altitude to normal operation
• extinguishes INOP light
High Altitude Landing INOP Light
Illuminated (amber) – indicates high altitude
landing system fault.
Pressure Relief Valves
Two pressure relief valves provide safety pressure relief by limiting the differential
pressure to a maximum of 9.1 psi. A negative relief valve prevents external
atmospheric pressure from exceeding internal cabin pressure.
Outflow valve Open
on the ground until
T/O thrust set.
Right rear door
Cabin Pressure Controller
Cabin altitude is normally rate–controlled by the cabin pressure controller up to a cabin
altitude of 8,000 feet at the airplane maximum certified ceiling of 41,000 feet.
The cabin pressure controller controls cabin pressure in the following modes:
• AUTO – Automatic pressurization control; the normal mode of operation. Uses DC
motor. (28 V DC BUS 1)
• ALTN – Automatic pressurization control; the alternate mode of
operation. Uses DC motor. (28 V DC BUS 2)
• MAN – Manual control of the system using DC motor. (28 V DC Battery BUS)
The air data inertial reference units (ADIRUs) provides ambient static pressure,
barometric corrected altitude, non corrected altitude and calibrated airspeed to both
automatic controllers. The ADIRUs receive barometric corrections from the Captain’s
and First Officer’s BARO reference selectors.
The automatic controllers also receive thrust lever position from both stall management
computers and signals from the air/ground sensors.
Pressurization Outflow
Cabin air outflow is controlled by the outflow valve and the overboard exhaust valve. A
small amount is also exhausted through toilet and galley vents, miscellaneous fixed
vents, and by seal leakage.
Outflow Valve
The outflow valve is the overboard exhaust exit for the majority of the air circulated
through the passenger cabin. Passenger cabin air is drawn through foot level grills,
down around the aft cargo compartment, where it provides heating, and is discharged
overboard through the outflow valve.
Auto Mode Operation
The AUTO system consists of two identical controllers, with one controller alternately sequenced
as the primary operational controller for each new flight. The other automatic controller is
immediately available as a backup.
In the AUTO or ALTN mode, the pressurization control panel is used to pre-set two altitudes into
the auto controllers:
• FLT ALT (flight or cruise altitude).
• LAND ALT (landing or destination airport altitude).
Takeoff airport altitude (actually cabin altitude) is fed into the auto controllers at all times when on
the ground.
The air/ground safety sensor signals whether the airplane is on the ground or in the air. On the
ground and at lower power settings, the cabin is depressurized by driving the outflow valve to the
full open position.
The cabin begins to pressurize on the ground at higher power settings. The controller modulates
the outflow valve toward close, slightly pressurizing the cabin. (Approximately 0.1 psi 200 feet
below field elevation) (Ground phase cabin rate is maximum of 350 FPM) This ground
pressurization of the cabin makes the transition to pressurized flight more gradual for the
passengers and crew, and also gives the system better response to ground effect pressure
changes during takeoff.
In the air, the auto controller maintains a proportional pressure differential between airplane and
cabin altitude. By increasing the altitude at a rate proportional to the airplane climb rate, cabin
altitude change is held to the minimum rate required. ( Maximum cabin climb rate 600 to 750
Sea Level Feet Per Minute (SLFPM) (different aircraft variations) )
An amber OFF SCHED DESCENT light illuminates if the airplane begins to descend without
having reached the preset cruise altitude; for example, a flight aborted in climb and returning to
the takeoff airport. The controller programs the cabin to land at the takeoff field elevation without
further pilot inputs. If the FLT ALT indicator is changed, the automatic abort capability to the
original takeoff field elevation is lost.
The cruise mode is activated when the airplane outside pressure is within 0.25 psi of the
selected FLT ALT. (Approximately 1,500 feet) During cruise the controller maintains the lowest
possible cabin altitude based on the differential pressure limits.
In certain circumstances the selected LAND ALT may exceed the target cabin altitude
determined by the differential pressure limits. In these cases, the controller will maintain a cabin
altitude slightly below the selected LAND ALT. Deviations from flight altitude can cause the
pressure differential to vary as the controller modulates the outflow valve to maintain a constant
cabin altitude.
The descent mode is activated when the airplane descends 0.25 psi below the selected FLT
ALT. (approximately 1,500 feet) (The maximum cabin rate in descent is 350 SLFPM) The cabin
begins a proportional descent to slightly below the selected LAND ALT. The controller programs
the cabin to land slightly pressurized (0.15 psi Approximately 250 feet below field elevation) so
that rapid changes in altitude during approach result in minimum cabin pressure changes.
While taxiing in, the controller drives the outflow valve slowly to the full open position
depressurizing the cabin.
B737 NG Air Systems
An amber AUTO FAIL light illuminates if any of the
following conditions occurs:
• Loss of DC power
• Controller fault
• Outflow valve control fault
• Excessive differential pressure (> 8.75 psi)*
• Excessive rate of cabin pressure change (±2000
sea level feet/minute)*
• High cabin altitude (above 15,800 feet).*
*If controller is not responding properly
With illumination of the AUTO FAIL light, the
pressure control automatically transfers to the other
auto controller (ALTN mode).
Moving the pressurization mode selector to the
ALTN position extinguishes the AUTO FAIL light,
however the ALTN light remains illuminated to
indicate single channel operation.
High Altitude Landing (OPTION)
The High Altitude Landing System is engaged by selecting the high altitude landing
switch ON. This switch is located on the Cabin Altitude Panel. When the high altitude
landing system is engaged and the actual landing altitude is set, the controller brings the
cabin altitude to the landing airport elevation when the descent mode is activated. Upon
departure from a high altitude airport, the system returns to normal operation as the
cabin altitude descends through 8,500 feet.
Manual Mode Operation
A green MANUAL Light illuminates with the pressurization mode selector in the MAN
position.
Manual control of the cabin altitude is used if both the AUTO and ALTN modes are
inoperative. In the MAN mode, the outflow valve position switch is used to modulate
the outflow valve by monitoring the cabin altitude panel and valve position on the
outflow valve position indicator. A separate DC motor, powered by the DC standby
system, (Battery Bus) drives the outflow valve at a slower rate than the automatic
modes. Outflow valve full range of motion takes up to 20 seconds.
CABIN ALTITUDE/TAKEOFF CONFIG WARNING LIGHTS.
Aircraft modification and installed position
may vary.
Cabin Altitude Warning Light
Illuminated (red) –
• illuminates when cabin altitude exceeds 10,000 feet
• activation is simultaneous with aural warning intermittent horn for CABIN
ALTITUDE alert
• extinguishes when cabin altitude descends below 10,000 feet.
Note: Operation of the High Altitude Landing Switch changes the altitude at which
the cabin altitude warning light illuminates and extinguish.
Takeoff Configuration Warning Light
Illuminated (red) –
• activates on the ground as the throttles are advanced if the airplane is not
configured correctly for takeoff
• activation is simultaneous with aural warning intermittent horn for TAKEOFF
CONFIGURATION alert.
Note: The intermittent warning horn is the same for both Cabin Alt and T/O Config.
Not all aircraft are fitted with the lights to differentiate. Takeoff Config happens on
the ground at application of T/O power. Cabin Alt happens at 10,000 feet!
Altitude (ALT) HORN CUTOUT Switch
Push –
• cuts out intermittent cabin altitude warning
horn
• altitude warning horn sounds when cabin
reaches 10,000 feet altitude.
Note: Cutout switch also cancels the
cabin Altitude warning light if installed.
LIMITATIONS Pressurization
The maximum cabin differential pressure (relief valves) is 9.1 psi.
Non–AFM Operational Information
Note: The following items are not AFM limitations, but are provided for flight crew
information.
With engine bleed air switches ON, do not operate the air conditioning packs in
HIGH for takeoff, approach or landing.
Note: The fire protection Non-Normal procedures takes precedence over the
statement regarding no air conditioning pack in HIGH during takeoff, approach, or
landing. The CARGO FIRE and SMOKE/ FUMES REMOVAL checklists require the
Operating PACK switch(es) HIGH. Switch(es) need to be placed in HIGH in order to
increase ventilation for smoke removal.
Recirculation fans.
How are the recirculation fans powered?
Recirculation fans.
How are the recirculation fans powered?
Recirculation fans.
What is the purpose of the Recirculation fans?
MIX MANIFOLD
Left and Right riser ducts
Recirculation Fan
The recirculation fan system reduces the air conditioning system pack load and the
engine bleed air demand. Air from the passenger cabin and electrical equipment bay
is drawn to the forward cargo bay where it is filtered and recirculated to the mix
manifold. The fan is driven by an AC motor. The fan operates with the recirculation
fan switch in AUTO except with both packs on and one or both in HIGH.
Recirculation Fans
The APU can power which PACKS;
On the ground?
In Flight?
The APU can power which PACKS;
On the ground?
In Flight?
The APU is capable of supplying bleed air for two packs on the ground, or one
pack in flight. Most external air carts are capable of supplying adequate bleed air
for two pack operation. Do not operate more than one pack from one engine.
Failure of the forward cabin temperature control would have what effect?
a) The cabin temperature standby controller will control pack temperature.
b) The pack must be selected to OFF.
c) The Trim air modulating valve for the forward cabin will close and the temperature
selector settings for the 2 passenger cabin zones will be averaged.
d) Pushing the pack trip reset switch will change the pack control to manual allowing
manual temperature control.
Failure of the forward cabin temperature control would have what effect?
a) The cabin temperature standby controller will control pack temperature.
b) The pack must be selected to OFF.
c) The Trim air modulating valve for the forward cabin will close and the
temperature selector settings for the 2 passenger cabin zones will be averaged.
d) Pushing the pack trip reset switch will change the pack control to manual allowing
manual temperature control.
Failure of the forward or aft cabin temperature control will cause the associated trim air
modulating valve to close. The Temperature Selectors operate normally, but the
Temperature Selector settings of the two passenger cabin zones will be averaged. The
amber ZONE TEMP light will illuminate upon Master Caution Recall to indicate failure of
the associated zone control.
The ZONE TEMP light illuminates for the control cabin:
a) Indicates that a duct overheat has occurred and the left pack valve has closed.
b) Indicates that the control cabin primary and secondary controllers have failed.
c) Indicates that the left pack out let temperature is too high.
d) Indicates that the control cabin temperature is warmer than commanded.
The ZONE TEMP light illuminates for the control cabin:
a) Indicates that a duct overheat has occurred and the left pack valve has closed.
b) Indicates that the control cabin primary and secondary controllers have failed. *
c) Indicates that the left pack out let temperature is too high.
d) Indicates that the control cabin temperature is warmer than commanded.
Failure of the primary flight deck temperature control will cause an automatic switch to the back
up control and will illuminate the CONT CAB amber ZONE TEMP light upon Master Caution
Recall. Failure of both the primary and standby controls will illuminate the lights automatically.
What is the primary source of air for the cockpit?
a) The right pack.
b) The left pack
c) The mix manifold.
d) The recirculation system.
What is the primary source of air for the cockpit?
a) The right pack.
b) The left pack
c) The mix manifold.
d) The recirculation system.
The ZONE TEMP light for the FWD CAB illuminates:
a) The associated trim air valve is closed.
b) The associated zone temperature controller has failed.
c) Both the primary and secondary zone temperature controllers have failed.
d) Both packs should be selected to a lower temperature to reduce duct temperature.
The ZONE TEMP light for the FWD CAB illuminates:
a) The associated trim air valve is closed.
b) The associated zone temperature controller has failed.
c) Both the primary and secondary zone temperature controllers have failed.
d) Both packs should be selected to a lower temperature to reduce duct temperature.
Overheat detection is provided by temperature sensors located downstream of the packs
and the mix manifold. An overheat condition causes the appropriate trim air modulating
valve to close and the ZONE TEMP light to illuminate.
How do you reset a duct overheat condition?
TRIP RESET Switch
Push (if fault condition is corrected) –
• resets BLEED TRIP OFF, PACK TRIP OFF and
ZONE TEMP lights
• related engine bleed valve opens, or related pack
valve opens, or related air mix valve opens
• lights remain illuminated until reset.
Which positions does the pressurisation mode selector have?
a) ON and OFF.
b) AUTO, ALTN, MAN.
c) AUTO, ALTN, MAN, OFF.
d) AUTO, MAN, STBY.
Which positions does the pressurisation mode selector have?
a) ON and OFF.
b) AUTO, ALTN, MAN.
c) AUTO, ALTN, MAN, OFF.
d) AUTO, MAN, STBY.
Just prior to takeoff the cabin altitude will be:
a) The same as the airfield elevation.
b) 200 feet below the airfield elevation.
c) 300 feet below the airfield elevation.
d) 300 feet above airfield elevation.
Just prior to takeoff the cabin altitude will be:
a) The same as the airfield elevation.
b) 200 feet below the airfield elevation.
c) 300 feet below the airfield elevation.
d) 300 feet above airfield elevation.
The cabin begins to pressurize on the ground at higher power settings. The controller
modulates the outflow valve toward close, slightly pressurizing the cabin. (Approximately
0.1 psi 200 feet below field elevation) (Ground phase cabin rate is maximum of 350 FPM)
This ground pressurization of the cabin makes the transition to pressurized flight more
gradual for the passengers and crew, and also gives the system better response to ground
effect pressure changes during takeoff.
What is indicated if the pressurisation system is operating in the manual mode?
What is indicated if the pressurisation system is operating in the manual mode?
Manual Mode Operation
A green MANUAL Light illuminates with the pressurization mode selector in the MAN
position.
Manual control of the cabin altitude is used if both the AUTO and ALTN modes are
inoperative. In the MAN mode, the outflow valve position switch is used to modulate
the outflow valve by monitoring the cabin altitude panel and valve position on the
outflow valve position indicator. A separate DC motor, powered by the DC standby
system, (Battery Bus) drives the outflow valve at a slower rate than the automatic
modes. Outflow valve full range of motion takes up to 20 seconds.
How many outflow valves are utilised by the pressurisation system?
How many outflow valves are utilised by the pressurisation system?
One in the RIGHT rear Fuselage.
At what pressure do the pressurisation relief valves open?
At what pressure do the pressurisation relief valves open?
9.1 PSI
At what pressure do the pressurisation relief valves open?
9.1 PSI
The maximum cabin differential pressure is?
At what pressure do the pressurisation relief valves open?
9.1 PSI
The maximum cabin differential pressure is?
•The END of AUTO FLIGHT Part 1
The END of AIR SYSTEMS.
Now take the test at www.theorycentre.com
For more information info@theorycentre.com

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B737 NG Air Systems

  • 1. •B 737 NG Ground School. See the aircraft study guide at www.theorycentre.com The information contained here is for training purposes only. It is of a general nature it is unamended and does not relate to any individual aircraft. The FCOM must be consulted for up to date information on any particular aircraft. B 737 NG Ground School.
  • 3. Introduction Air for the bleed air system can be supplied by the engines, APU, or an external air cart/source. The APU or external cart supplies air to the bleed air duct prior to engine start. After engine start, air for the bleed air system is normally supplied by the engines. The following systems rely on the bleed air system for operation: • Air conditioning/pressurization • Wing and engine thermal anti-icing • Engine starting • Hydraulic reservoirs pressurization • Water tank pressurization Switches on the air conditioning panel operate the APU and engine bleed air supply system. NOTE; There are number of different options and some panels vary by aircraft. This presentation is generic and not aircraft specific
  • 6. Engine Bleed System Supply Engine bleed air is obtained from the 5th or 9th stages of the compressor section. When 5th stage low pressure bleed air is insufficient for the bleed air system requirements, the high stage valve modulates open to maintain adequate bleed air pressure. During takeoff, climb, and most cruise conditions, low pressure bleed air from the 5th stage is adequate and the high stage valve remains closed.
  • 7. Engine Bleed Air Valves The engine bleed air valve acts as a pressure regulator and shutoff valve. With the engine bleed air switch ON, the valve is DC activated and pressure operated. The valve maintains proper system operating pressure and reduces bleed air outflow in response to high bleed air temperature.
  • 8. Engine Bleed Air Switches
  • 9. Bleed Trip Sensors Bleed trip sensors illuminate the respective BLEED TRIP OFF light when engine bleed air temperature or pressure exceeds a predetermined limit. The respective engine bleed air valve closes automatically.
  • 10. Bleed Trip Sensors Bleed trip sensors illuminate the respective BLEED TRIP OFF light when engine bleed air temperature or pressure exceeds a predetermined limit. The respective engine bleed air valve closes automatically. Unregulated Air temperature 254 C or Pressure 220 PSI before the engine bleed valve which is a PRSOV. If the upstream pressure or temperature exceed these limits the PRSOV would not be able to regulate either pressure or temperature. In this case it will close.
  • 11. Engines bleed air Pre-Cooler The bleed air pre-cooler system controls the temperature of the engine bleed air before it goes into the pneumatic manifold. Engine Fan air is used to cool the bleed air. A pre-cooler control valve controls the amount of fan air that flows through the pre- cooler.
  • 12. Engines bleed air Pre-Cooler The bleed air pre-cooler system controls the temperature of the engine bleed air before it goes into the pneumatic manifold. Engine Fan air is used to cool the bleed air. A pre-cooler control valve controls the amount of fan air that flows through the pre- cooler. • Valve begins to open when bleed air temperature is 199°C
  • 13. Engines bleed air Pre-Cooler The bleed air pre-cooler system controls the temperature of the engine bleed air before it goes into the pneumatic manifold. Engine Fan air is used to cool the bleed air. A pre-cooler control valve controls the amount of fan air that flows through the pre- cooler. • Valve begins to open when bleed air temperature is 199°C •Full open at 227°C
  • 14. Engines bleed air Pre-Cooler The bleed air pre-cooler system controls the temperature of the engine bleed air before it goes into the pneumatic manifold. Engine Fan air is used to cool the bleed air. A pre-cooler control valve controls the amount of fan air that flows through the pre- cooler. • Valve begins to open when bleed air temperature is 199°C •Full open at 227°C •OR with WAI ON
  • 15. Engines bleed air Pre-Cooler The bleed air pre-cooler system controls the temperature of the engine bleed air before it goes into the pneumatic manifold. Engine Fan air is used to cool the bleed air. A pre-cooler control valve controls the amount of fan air that flows through the pre- cooler. • Valve begins to open when bleed air temperature is 199°C •Full open at 227°C •OR with WAI ON •The engine bleed valve will reduce flow to assist the Pre- cooler. If air temperature upstream of the bleed valve is too high (254 C) the bleed valve will close.
  • 16. TRIP RESET Switch Push (if fault condition is corrected) – • resets BLEED TRIP OFF, PACK TRIP OFF and ZONE TEMP lights • related engine bleed valve opens, or related pack valve opens, or related air mix valve opens • lights remain illuminated until reset.
  • 17. TRIP RESET Switch Push (if fault condition is corrected) – • resets BLEED TRIP OFF, PACK TRIP OFF and ZONE TEMP lights • related engine bleed valve opens, or related pack valve opens, or related air mix valve opens • lights remain illuminated until reset. TRIP RESET push-button switch. A holding circuit connects through the air conditioning panel To get control of the engine bleed system after a bleed trip off, these conditions must occur: * The overpressure or over temperature condition must no longer exist. * You must push the air conditioning panel TRIP RESET pushbutton switch .
  • 18. The pneumatic manifold has two pressure transmitters. One transmitter is on the right side of the manifold and the other is on the left side. They measure the manifold pressures. Pressure indication is on the air conditioning panel.
  • 19. DUCT PRESSURE TRANSMITTER Left manifold DC bus 1 Right manifold DC bus 2 PRESSURE GAUGE AC power from Transfer bus 2
  • 20. Isolation Valve The isolation valve isolates the left and right sides of the bleed air duct during normal operations. The isolation valve is AC operated. Transfer bus 1. With the isolation valve switch in AUTO, both engine bleed air switches ON, and both air conditioning pack switches AUTO or HIGH, the isolation valve is closed. The isolation valve opens if either engine bleed air switch or air conditioning pack switch is positioned OFF. Isolation valve position is not affected by the APU bleed air switch.
  • 21. With the isolation valve in auto if any of the 4 corner switches are off the isolation valve will open The APU bleed air switch does not affect the isolation valve
  • 22. External Air Connection An external air cart/source provides an alternate air source for engine start or air conditioning. External air connects to the right side of the bleed air duct..
  • 23. APU Bleed Air Valve The APU bleed air valve permits APU bleed air to flow to the bleed air duct. The APU bleed air valve is DC controlled via the APU ECU and pressure operated. If the APU is not running the APU bleed valve will close. The APU check valve prevents engine bleed air flow into the APU load compressor. With both the APU and engine bleed air valves open, with the engines operating at idle thrust, there is a possibility of APU bleed air back pressuring the 9th stage modulating and shutoff valve. This would cause the 9th stage valve to close.
  • 24. DUAL BLEED Light The DUAL BLEED light illuminates whenever the APU bleed air valve is open and the position of the engine bleed air switches and isolation valve would permit possible back pressure of the APU. Therefore, thrust must be limited to idle with the DUAL BLEED light illuminated.
  • 25. ENGINE 2 5th or 9th stage air. ENGINE 1 5th or 9th stage air. ENGINE ANTI-ICE ENGINE START WING ANTI-ICE WING ANTI-ICE L PACK Valve Water tank Press APU Check valve APU SUPPLY R PACK Valve Ground Air ISOLATION VALVE Nitrogen Gas Generation Duct Pressure transmitters Hydraulic Reservoir Press ENGINE START ENGINE ANTI-ICE
  • 26. How are the engine bleed air valves operated? a) AC activated and pneumatically operated. b) DC activated and pneumatically operated. c) AC motor operated. d) DC motor operated.
  • 27. How are the engine bleed air valves operated? a) AC activated and pneumatically operated. b) DC activated and pneumatically operated. c) AC motor operated. d) DC motor operated.
  • 28. What is the position of the isolation valve when the switch is in AUTO? a) Valve is always open. b) Valve is always closed. c) Valve opens automatically when any bleed air switch or pack switch is OFF. d) Valve modulates automatically depending on pneumatic system loads.
  • 29. What is the position of the isolation valve when the switch is in AUTO? a) Valve is always open. b) Valve is always closed. c) Valve opens automatically when any bleed air switch or pack switch is OFF. d) Valve modulates automatically depending on pneumatic system loads.
  • 30. With the isolation valve in auto if any of the 4 corner switches are off the isolation valve will open The APU bleed air switch does not affect the isolation valve
  • 31. How many pneumatic duct pressure sensors are there?
  • 32. How many pneumatic duct pressure sensors are there? 2. One left duct and one right duct.
  • 33. What is the power source for the pneumatic duct pressure gage?
  • 34. What is the power source for the pneumatic duct pressure gage? AC Transfer bus 2..
  • 35. What is indicated by the bleed trip off light?
  • 36. What is indicated by the bleed trip off light? BLEED TRIP OFF Light Illuminated (amber) – excessive engine bleed air temperature (254 C) or pressure. (220 PSI in press regulator) • related engine bleed air valve closes automatically • requires reset.
  • 37. Wing-Body Overheat A wing-body overheat condition is caused by a bleed air duct leak. It is sensed by overheat sensors. The wing and body overheat detection system uses sensing elements adjacent to the pneumatic ducts. It monitors the pneumatic distribution system ducts for overheat conditions. When the system detects an overheat condition, the WING-BODY OVERHEAT lights illuminate.
  • 38. Wing-Body Overheat The Left Wing –Body Overheat light has sensors in the; Left engine pylon. Left wing leading edge. Left hand air-conditioning bay . The Keel beam. Along the APU bleed duct. Note; The keel beam is the strong structural member which crosses the centre of the main wheel well to provide structural strength. It is between the main wheels when retracted.
  • 39. Wing-Body Overheat The Right Wing –Body Overheat light has sensors in the; Right engine pylon. Right wing leading edge. Right hand air-conditioning bay .
  • 40. Wing–Body Overheat (OVHT) TEST Switch Push – • tests wing–body overheat detector circuits • illuminates both WING–BODY OVERHEAT lights. Wing–Body Overheat Test SP 2 Wing–body OVHT TEST switch .......................Push Hold for a minimum of 5 seconds. Both WING–BODY OVERHEAT lights – illuminated MASTER CAUTION – illuminated AIR COND system annunciator – illuminated Wing–body OVHT TEST switch ................. Release Both WING–BODY OVERHEAT lights – extinguished MASTER CAUTION lights – extinguished AIR COND system annunciator – extinguished
  • 41. AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM The air conditioning system provides temperature controlled air by processing bleed air from the engines, APU, or a ground air source in air conditioning packs. Conditioned air from the left pack, upstream of the mix manifold, flows directly to the flight deck. Excess air from the left pack, air from the right pack, and air from the recirculation system is combined in the mix manifold. The mixed air is then distributed through the left and right sidewall risers to the passenger cabin. Conditioned air for the cabin comes from either the airplane air conditioning system or a preconditioned ground source. Air from the preconditioned ground source enters the air conditioning system through the mix manifold.
  • 42. Air Conditioning Pack The flow of bleed air from the main bleed air duct through each air conditioning pack is controlled by the respective pack valve. Normally the left pack uses bleed air from engine No. 1 and the right pack uses bleed air from engine No. 2. A single pack in high flow is capable of maintaining pressurization and acceptable temperatures throughout the airplane up to the maximum certified ceiling. The APU is capable of supplying bleed air for two packs on the ground, or one pack in flight. Most external air carts are capable of supplying adequate bleed air for two pack operation. Do not operate more than one pack from one engine. AIR CYCLE COOLING. The Air-conditioning pack uses the principle of energy conversion and surface heat exchangers for its cooling operation. The heart of the system is the Air Cycle Machine (ACM) The ACM is a 3 wheel unit which decreases air temperature, by expansion through a turbine. The ACM is a high-speed rotating assembly. It has three sections connected by a common shaft. The Turbine section rapidly expands the air causing a large drop in temperature. This process is made more efficient by loading the turbine with a compressor and an impeller fan. The compressor causes a pressure rise and the impeller fan moves air through the ram air system when the aircraft is stationary or at low speed.
  • 43. Simplified Air Cycle cooling system Ram Air intake Pack Flow Control Valve Ram Air Exhaust Ram Air impeller fan ACM Temperature control valve ACM Compressor ACM Turbine Cold Air Out
  • 44. Air Conditioning Controls and Indicators Option 1 Option 2
  • 45. Air Conditioning/Bleed Air Controls Panel The air conditioning/bleed air controls panel gives control and indications of the cooling system. Controls and indications of the cooling system: * RAM DOOR FULL OPEN lights (Blue) * L/R PACK switches * PACK lights (Amber) * TRIP RESET button.
  • 46. 737 NG Air Conditioning Pack RAM AIR SYSTEM
  • 47. RAM AIR INTAKE RAM AIR EXHAUST
  • 48. RAM AIR INTAKE with Deflector door open. Deflector door open on the ground closed in flight Forward Ram Air modulating door
  • 49. Pack Switch controls flow into the pack.
  • 50. Airflow Control With both air conditioning pack switches in AUTO and both packs operating, the packs provide “normal air flow”. However, with one pack not operating, the other pack automatically switches to “high air flow” in order to maintain the necessary ventilation rate. This automatic switching is inhibited when the airplane is on the ground, or inflight with the flaps extended, to insure adequate engine power for single engine operation. Automatic switching to “high air flow” occurs if both engine bleed air switches are OFF and the APU bleed air switch is ON, regardless of flap position, air/ground status or number of packs operating. With the air conditioning pack switch in HIGH, the pack provides “high air flow”. Additionally, an “APU high air flow” rate is available when the airplane is on the ground, the APU bleed air switch is ON and either or both pack switches are positioned to HIGH. This mode is designed to provide the maximum airflow when the APU is the only source of bleed air.
  • 51. Ram Air modulating panels regulate the flow of ram air typically fully open on the ground. The Deflector door diverts any slush or snow thrown up by the nose wheels.
  • 52. Ram Air System The ram air system provides cooling air for the heat exchangers. Operation of the system is automatically controlled by the packs through operation of ram air inlet doors. On the ground, or during slow flight with the flaps not fully retracted, the ram air inlet doors move to the full open position for maximum cooling. In normal cruise, the doors modulate between open and closed. A RAM DOOR FULL OPEN light illuminates whenever a ram door is fully open. Deflector doors are installed forward of the ram air inlet doors to prevent slush ingestion prior to lift off and after touchdown. Deflector doors extend when activated electrically by the air–ground safety sensor.
  • 53. Cooling Cycle The flow through the cooling cycle starts with bleed air passing through the primary heat exchanger for cooling. The air then flows to the air cycle machine compressor. The air then passes through the secondary heat exchanger where the heat from compression is removed. The air then passes through 2 more heat exchangers which lower its temperature enough to produce condensation. This is followed by a water separator which removes moisture. The moisture is ejected into the ram air duct and overboard. The air then passes through the re-heater this raises the temperature of the now dry air and removes heat from the air before the condenser. After the re-heater the air enters the turbine of the ACM where it rapidly expands while driving the compressor and ram air fan. This produces very cold air. The processed cold air is then combined with hot air. The conditioned air flows into the mix manifold and distribution system. Overheat protection is provided by temperature sensors located in the cooling cycle. An overheat condition causes the pack valve to close and the PACK TRIP OFF light to illuminate.
  • 54. Air Mix Valves The two air mix valves for each pack control hot and cold air according to the setting of the CONT CABIN or PASS CABIN temperature selector. Air that flows through the cold air mix valve is processed through a cooling cycle and then combined with hot air flowing from the hot air mix valve. In the automatic temperature mode, the air mix valves are operated by the automatic temperature controller. The automatic temperature controller uses inputs from the respective temperature selector and cabin temperature sensor. The automatic temperature controller is bypassed when the temperature selector is positioned to OFF. Anytime the pack valve closes, the air mix valves are driven to the full cold position automatically. This aids start up of the cooling cycle and prevents nuisance hot air trips when the pack is first turned on.
  • 56. Zone Temperature Control There are three zones: flight deck, forward cabin and aft cabin. Desired zone temperature is set by adjusting the individual Temperature Selectors. The selector range is approximately 18°C (65°F) to 30°C (85°F). The packs produce an air temperature that satisfies the zone which requires the most cooling. Zone temperature is controlled by introducing the proper amount of trim air to the zone supply ducts. The quantity of trim air is regulated by individual trim air modulating valves. During single pack operation with the TRIM AIR selected ON, zone temperature is controlled the same as during two pack operation. During single pack operation with the TRIM AIR selected OFF, the pack attempts to produce an air temperature to satisfy the average temperature demands of all three zones. If air in a zone supply duct overheats, the associated amber ZONE TEMP light illuminates, and the associated trim air modulating valve closes. The trim air modulating valve may be reopened after the duct has cooled by pushing the TRIP RESET Switch.
  • 58. Temperature Control Master Trim Air Valve Zone Trim Air Valves
  • 59. Pack/Zone Temperature Controllers There are two pack/zone temperature controllers. They monitor system parameters and control the air conditioning temperatures for the three air conditioning zones. The pack/zone temperature controllers are part of a redundant, fault tolerant control system. The system reconfigures to give optimum performance when there are faults. The controllers process inputs from: * Zone temperature selectors * Zone cabin temperature sensors * Zone duct temperature sensors * Pack temperature sensors * Mix manifold sensors. The controllers modulate these valves in response to temperature control requirements: * Pack temperature control valves (normal and standby) * Zone trim air modulating valves.
  • 60. Zone Temperature Control Modes The left electronic controller controls the aft cabin zone and provides backup control for the flight deck. The right controller controls the forward cabin zone and provides primary control for the flight deck. Failure of the primary flight deck temperature control will cause an automatic switch to the back up control and will illuminate the CONT CAB amber ZONE TEMP light upon Master Caution Recall. Failure of both the primary and standby controls will illuminate the lights automatically. Failure of the forward or aft cabin temperature control will cause the associated trim air modulating valve to close. The Temperature Selectors operate normally, but the Temperature Selector settings of the two passenger cabin zones will be averaged. The amber ZONE TEMP light will illuminate upon Master Caution Recall to indicate failure of the associated zone control.
  • 61. Unbalanced Pack Temperature Control Mode Any failure affecting the supply of trim air will cause the temperature control system to control both packs independently. If flight deck trim air is lost, the left pack will provide conditioned air to the flight deck at the selected temperature and the right pack will satisfy the demand of the passenger zone which requires the most cooling. If a passenger cabin zone trim air, or all trim air is lost, the forward and aft zone temperature demands will be averaged for control of the right pack. If any individual zone is switched OFF, the Temperature Selector setting will be ignored by the temperature control system.
  • 62. Standby Pack Average Temperature If all zone controls and primary pack controls fail, the standby pack controls command the packs to produce air temperatures which will satisfy the average temperature demand of the two cabin zones. The trim air modulating valves will close. The flight deck zone Temperature Selector will have no effect on the standby pack controls. Fixed Cabin Temperature If all Temperature Selectors are positioned OFF, the pack controls will cause the left pack to maintain a fixed temperature of 24°C (75°F) and the right pack to maintain 18°C (65°F) as measured at the pack temperature sensor.
  • 63. Air Conditioning Distribution Conditioned air is collected in the mix manifold. The temperature of the air is directly related to the setting of the Temperature Selectors. Overheat detection is provided by temperature sensors located downstream of the packs and the mix manifold. An overheat condition causes the appropriate trim air modulating valve to close and the ZONE TEMP light to illuminate.
  • 64. Flight Deck Since the flight deck requires only a fraction of the air supply provided by the left pack, most of the left pack output is routed to the mix manifold. Conditioned air for the flight deck branches into several risers which end at the floor, ceiling and foot level outlets. Air diffusers on the floor under each seat deliver continuous air flow as long as the manifold is pressurized. Overhead diffusers are located on the flight deck ceiling, above and aft of the No. 3 windows. Each of these outlets can be opened or closed as desired by turning a slotted adjusting screw. There is also a dual purpose valve behind the rudder pedal of each pilot. These valves provide air for warming the pilots' feet and for defogging the inside of the No. 1 windshields. Each valve is controlled by knobs located on the Captain's and First Officer's panels. Foot heat and De-fog controls
  • 65. Passenger Cabin The passenger cabin air supply distribution system consists of the mix manifold, sidewall risers, and an overhead distribution duct. Sidewall risers go up the right and left wall of the passenger cabin to supply air to the overhead distribution duct. The overhead distribution duct routes conditioned air to the passenger cabin. It extends from the forward to the aft end of the ceiling along the airplane centerline and also supplies the sidewall diffusers.
  • 66. MIX MANIFOLD Left and Right riser ducts Overhead Distribution ducts
  • 67. MIX MANIFOLD Left and Right riser ducts Recirculation Fan The recirculation fan system reduces the air conditioning system pack load and the engine bleed air demand. Air from the passenger cabin and electrical equipment bay is drawn to the forward cargo bay where it is filtered and recirculated to the mix manifold. The fan is driven by an AC motor. The fan operates with the recirculation fan switch in AUTO except with both packs on and one or both in HIGH. Recirculation Fans
  • 69. Conditioned Air Source Connection A ground air conditioning source may be connected to the mix manifold to distribute preconditioned air throughout the airplane. Ground conditioned air connection
  • 70. Equipment Cooling The equipment cooling system cools electronic equipment in the flight deck and the E & E bay. The equipment cooling system consists of a supply duct and an exhaust duct. Each duct has a normal fan and an alternate fan. The supply duct supplies cool air to the flight deck displays and electronic equipment in the E & E bay. The exhaust duct collects and discards warm air from the flight deck displays, the overhead and aft electronic panels, circuit breaker panels in the flight deck, and electronic equipment in the E & E bay. Loss of airflow due to failure of an equipment cooling fan results in illumination of the related equipment cooling OFF light. Selecting the alternate fan should restore airflow and extinguish the OFF light within approximately 5 seconds. If an over temperature occurs on the ground, alerting is provided through the ground crew call horn in the nose wheel well, which will sound continually.
  • 73. FLOW SENSOR No flow from selected fan NORM or ALTN OFF light illuminated
  • 74. Normal exhaust fan failure low airflow detected. OFF light illuminates
  • 75. Selecting the Alternate Exhaust fan re-establishes airflow and the OFF light should extinguish within about 5 seconds.
  • 76. The overboard exhaust valve lets exhaust air go overboard when the airplane is on the ground. In flight the exhaust air adds to the heat in the forward cargo compartment. A check valve isolates the exhaust air from the cargo compartment when the airplane is in the air and the overboard exhaust valve is open..
  • 77. SMOKE OVERRIDE MODE When the aircrew carry out the forward cargo fire checklist they turn off the recirculation fans and select high flow for the packs. This puts the equipment cooling system into smoke override mode. The overboard exhaust valve opens and a check valve prevents air from the forward cargo area from being vented.
  • 78. Cabin Pressurisation Cabin pressurization is controlled during all phases of airplane operation by the cabin pressure control system. The cabin pressure control system includes two identical automatic controllers available by selecting AUTO or ALTN and a manual (MAN) pilot– controlled mode. The system uses bleed air supplied to and distributed by the air conditioning system. Pressurization and ventilation are controlled by modulating the outflow valve and the overboard exhaust valve. The overboard exhaust valve is open on the ground and closes when cabin differential pressure reaches 1 PSI except during smoke override mode.
  • 80. AUTO FAIL Light Illuminated (amber) – automatic pressurization system failure detected: • indicates a single controller failure when ALTN light is also illuminated • indicates a dual controller failure when illuminated alone.
  • 81. OFF Schedule (SCHED) DESCENT Light Illuminated (amber) – airplane descended before reaching the planned cruise altitude set in the FLT ALT indicator.
  • 82. Alternate (ALTN) Light Illuminated (green) – pressurization system operating in the alternate automatic mode: • Illumination of both ALTN and AUTO FAIL lights indicates a single controller failure and automatic transfer to ALTN mode • pressurization mode selector in ALTN position.
  • 83. MANUAL Light Illuminated (green) – pressurization system operating in the manual mode. Manual mode must be selected to illuminate this light.
  • 84. Flight Altitude Selector Rotate – set planned cruise altitude.(-1,000 ft. to 42,000 ft. in 500 ft. increments).
  • 85. Landing Altitude Selector Rotate – select planned landing field altitude. (-1,000 ft. to 14,000 ft. in 50 ft. increments).
  • 86. Outflow VALVE Position Indicator • indicates position of outflow valve • operates in all modes.
  • 88. CABIN Altimeter (ALT)/Differential Pressure (DIFF PRESS) Indicator Inner Scale – indicates cabin altitude in feet. Outer Scale – indicates differential pressure between cabin and ambient in psi.
  • 89. CABIN Rate of CLIMB Indicator Indicates cabin rate of climb or descent in feet per minute.
  • 90. Altitude (ALT) HORN CUTOUT Switch Push – • cuts out intermittent cabin altitude warning horn • altitude warning horn sounds when cabin reaches 10,000 feet altitude.
  • 91. High Altitude Landing Switch (OPTION) ON (white) – reprograms initiation of cabin altitude warning annunciation from 10,000 to 14,000 feet. Off – (ON not visible) • reprograms cabin pressurization from high altitude to normal operation • extinguishes INOP light High Altitude Landing INOP Light Illuminated (amber) – indicates high altitude landing system fault.
  • 92. Pressure Relief Valves Two pressure relief valves provide safety pressure relief by limiting the differential pressure to a maximum of 9.1 psi. A negative relief valve prevents external atmospheric pressure from exceeding internal cabin pressure. Outflow valve Open on the ground until T/O thrust set. Right rear door
  • 93. Cabin Pressure Controller Cabin altitude is normally rate–controlled by the cabin pressure controller up to a cabin altitude of 8,000 feet at the airplane maximum certified ceiling of 41,000 feet. The cabin pressure controller controls cabin pressure in the following modes: • AUTO – Automatic pressurization control; the normal mode of operation. Uses DC motor. (28 V DC BUS 1) • ALTN – Automatic pressurization control; the alternate mode of operation. Uses DC motor. (28 V DC BUS 2) • MAN – Manual control of the system using DC motor. (28 V DC Battery BUS) The air data inertial reference units (ADIRUs) provides ambient static pressure, barometric corrected altitude, non corrected altitude and calibrated airspeed to both automatic controllers. The ADIRUs receive barometric corrections from the Captain’s and First Officer’s BARO reference selectors. The automatic controllers also receive thrust lever position from both stall management computers and signals from the air/ground sensors.
  • 94. Pressurization Outflow Cabin air outflow is controlled by the outflow valve and the overboard exhaust valve. A small amount is also exhausted through toilet and galley vents, miscellaneous fixed vents, and by seal leakage. Outflow Valve The outflow valve is the overboard exhaust exit for the majority of the air circulated through the passenger cabin. Passenger cabin air is drawn through foot level grills, down around the aft cargo compartment, where it provides heating, and is discharged overboard through the outflow valve.
  • 95. Auto Mode Operation The AUTO system consists of two identical controllers, with one controller alternately sequenced as the primary operational controller for each new flight. The other automatic controller is immediately available as a backup. In the AUTO or ALTN mode, the pressurization control panel is used to pre-set two altitudes into the auto controllers: • FLT ALT (flight or cruise altitude). • LAND ALT (landing or destination airport altitude). Takeoff airport altitude (actually cabin altitude) is fed into the auto controllers at all times when on the ground. The air/ground safety sensor signals whether the airplane is on the ground or in the air. On the ground and at lower power settings, the cabin is depressurized by driving the outflow valve to the full open position. The cabin begins to pressurize on the ground at higher power settings. The controller modulates the outflow valve toward close, slightly pressurizing the cabin. (Approximately 0.1 psi 200 feet below field elevation) (Ground phase cabin rate is maximum of 350 FPM) This ground pressurization of the cabin makes the transition to pressurized flight more gradual for the passengers and crew, and also gives the system better response to ground effect pressure changes during takeoff.
  • 96. In the air, the auto controller maintains a proportional pressure differential between airplane and cabin altitude. By increasing the altitude at a rate proportional to the airplane climb rate, cabin altitude change is held to the minimum rate required. ( Maximum cabin climb rate 600 to 750 Sea Level Feet Per Minute (SLFPM) (different aircraft variations) ) An amber OFF SCHED DESCENT light illuminates if the airplane begins to descend without having reached the preset cruise altitude; for example, a flight aborted in climb and returning to the takeoff airport. The controller programs the cabin to land at the takeoff field elevation without further pilot inputs. If the FLT ALT indicator is changed, the automatic abort capability to the original takeoff field elevation is lost. The cruise mode is activated when the airplane outside pressure is within 0.25 psi of the selected FLT ALT. (Approximately 1,500 feet) During cruise the controller maintains the lowest possible cabin altitude based on the differential pressure limits. In certain circumstances the selected LAND ALT may exceed the target cabin altitude determined by the differential pressure limits. In these cases, the controller will maintain a cabin altitude slightly below the selected LAND ALT. Deviations from flight altitude can cause the pressure differential to vary as the controller modulates the outflow valve to maintain a constant cabin altitude. The descent mode is activated when the airplane descends 0.25 psi below the selected FLT ALT. (approximately 1,500 feet) (The maximum cabin rate in descent is 350 SLFPM) The cabin begins a proportional descent to slightly below the selected LAND ALT. The controller programs the cabin to land slightly pressurized (0.15 psi Approximately 250 feet below field elevation) so that rapid changes in altitude during approach result in minimum cabin pressure changes. While taxiing in, the controller drives the outflow valve slowly to the full open position depressurizing the cabin.
  • 98. An amber AUTO FAIL light illuminates if any of the following conditions occurs: • Loss of DC power • Controller fault • Outflow valve control fault • Excessive differential pressure (> 8.75 psi)* • Excessive rate of cabin pressure change (±2000 sea level feet/minute)* • High cabin altitude (above 15,800 feet).* *If controller is not responding properly With illumination of the AUTO FAIL light, the pressure control automatically transfers to the other auto controller (ALTN mode). Moving the pressurization mode selector to the ALTN position extinguishes the AUTO FAIL light, however the ALTN light remains illuminated to indicate single channel operation.
  • 99. High Altitude Landing (OPTION) The High Altitude Landing System is engaged by selecting the high altitude landing switch ON. This switch is located on the Cabin Altitude Panel. When the high altitude landing system is engaged and the actual landing altitude is set, the controller brings the cabin altitude to the landing airport elevation when the descent mode is activated. Upon departure from a high altitude airport, the system returns to normal operation as the cabin altitude descends through 8,500 feet.
  • 100. Manual Mode Operation A green MANUAL Light illuminates with the pressurization mode selector in the MAN position. Manual control of the cabin altitude is used if both the AUTO and ALTN modes are inoperative. In the MAN mode, the outflow valve position switch is used to modulate the outflow valve by monitoring the cabin altitude panel and valve position on the outflow valve position indicator. A separate DC motor, powered by the DC standby system, (Battery Bus) drives the outflow valve at a slower rate than the automatic modes. Outflow valve full range of motion takes up to 20 seconds.
  • 101. CABIN ALTITUDE/TAKEOFF CONFIG WARNING LIGHTS. Aircraft modification and installed position may vary.
  • 102. Cabin Altitude Warning Light Illuminated (red) – • illuminates when cabin altitude exceeds 10,000 feet • activation is simultaneous with aural warning intermittent horn for CABIN ALTITUDE alert • extinguishes when cabin altitude descends below 10,000 feet. Note: Operation of the High Altitude Landing Switch changes the altitude at which the cabin altitude warning light illuminates and extinguish. Takeoff Configuration Warning Light Illuminated (red) – • activates on the ground as the throttles are advanced if the airplane is not configured correctly for takeoff • activation is simultaneous with aural warning intermittent horn for TAKEOFF CONFIGURATION alert. Note: The intermittent warning horn is the same for both Cabin Alt and T/O Config. Not all aircraft are fitted with the lights to differentiate. Takeoff Config happens on the ground at application of T/O power. Cabin Alt happens at 10,000 feet!
  • 103. Altitude (ALT) HORN CUTOUT Switch Push – • cuts out intermittent cabin altitude warning horn • altitude warning horn sounds when cabin reaches 10,000 feet altitude. Note: Cutout switch also cancels the cabin Altitude warning light if installed.
  • 104. LIMITATIONS Pressurization The maximum cabin differential pressure (relief valves) is 9.1 psi. Non–AFM Operational Information Note: The following items are not AFM limitations, but are provided for flight crew information. With engine bleed air switches ON, do not operate the air conditioning packs in HIGH for takeoff, approach or landing. Note: The fire protection Non-Normal procedures takes precedence over the statement regarding no air conditioning pack in HIGH during takeoff, approach, or landing. The CARGO FIRE and SMOKE/ FUMES REMOVAL checklists require the Operating PACK switch(es) HIGH. Switch(es) need to be placed in HIGH in order to increase ventilation for smoke removal.
  • 105. Recirculation fans. How are the recirculation fans powered?
  • 106. Recirculation fans. How are the recirculation fans powered?
  • 107. Recirculation fans. What is the purpose of the Recirculation fans?
  • 108. MIX MANIFOLD Left and Right riser ducts Recirculation Fan The recirculation fan system reduces the air conditioning system pack load and the engine bleed air demand. Air from the passenger cabin and electrical equipment bay is drawn to the forward cargo bay where it is filtered and recirculated to the mix manifold. The fan is driven by an AC motor. The fan operates with the recirculation fan switch in AUTO except with both packs on and one or both in HIGH. Recirculation Fans
  • 109. The APU can power which PACKS; On the ground? In Flight?
  • 110. The APU can power which PACKS; On the ground? In Flight? The APU is capable of supplying bleed air for two packs on the ground, or one pack in flight. Most external air carts are capable of supplying adequate bleed air for two pack operation. Do not operate more than one pack from one engine.
  • 111. Failure of the forward cabin temperature control would have what effect? a) The cabin temperature standby controller will control pack temperature. b) The pack must be selected to OFF. c) The Trim air modulating valve for the forward cabin will close and the temperature selector settings for the 2 passenger cabin zones will be averaged. d) Pushing the pack trip reset switch will change the pack control to manual allowing manual temperature control.
  • 112. Failure of the forward cabin temperature control would have what effect? a) The cabin temperature standby controller will control pack temperature. b) The pack must be selected to OFF. c) The Trim air modulating valve for the forward cabin will close and the temperature selector settings for the 2 passenger cabin zones will be averaged. d) Pushing the pack trip reset switch will change the pack control to manual allowing manual temperature control. Failure of the forward or aft cabin temperature control will cause the associated trim air modulating valve to close. The Temperature Selectors operate normally, but the Temperature Selector settings of the two passenger cabin zones will be averaged. The amber ZONE TEMP light will illuminate upon Master Caution Recall to indicate failure of the associated zone control.
  • 113. The ZONE TEMP light illuminates for the control cabin: a) Indicates that a duct overheat has occurred and the left pack valve has closed. b) Indicates that the control cabin primary and secondary controllers have failed. c) Indicates that the left pack out let temperature is too high. d) Indicates that the control cabin temperature is warmer than commanded.
  • 114. The ZONE TEMP light illuminates for the control cabin: a) Indicates that a duct overheat has occurred and the left pack valve has closed. b) Indicates that the control cabin primary and secondary controllers have failed. * c) Indicates that the left pack out let temperature is too high. d) Indicates that the control cabin temperature is warmer than commanded. Failure of the primary flight deck temperature control will cause an automatic switch to the back up control and will illuminate the CONT CAB amber ZONE TEMP light upon Master Caution Recall. Failure of both the primary and standby controls will illuminate the lights automatically.
  • 115. What is the primary source of air for the cockpit? a) The right pack. b) The left pack c) The mix manifold. d) The recirculation system.
  • 116. What is the primary source of air for the cockpit? a) The right pack. b) The left pack c) The mix manifold. d) The recirculation system.
  • 117. The ZONE TEMP light for the FWD CAB illuminates: a) The associated trim air valve is closed. b) The associated zone temperature controller has failed. c) Both the primary and secondary zone temperature controllers have failed. d) Both packs should be selected to a lower temperature to reduce duct temperature.
  • 118. The ZONE TEMP light for the FWD CAB illuminates: a) The associated trim air valve is closed. b) The associated zone temperature controller has failed. c) Both the primary and secondary zone temperature controllers have failed. d) Both packs should be selected to a lower temperature to reduce duct temperature. Overheat detection is provided by temperature sensors located downstream of the packs and the mix manifold. An overheat condition causes the appropriate trim air modulating valve to close and the ZONE TEMP light to illuminate.
  • 119. How do you reset a duct overheat condition?
  • 120. TRIP RESET Switch Push (if fault condition is corrected) – • resets BLEED TRIP OFF, PACK TRIP OFF and ZONE TEMP lights • related engine bleed valve opens, or related pack valve opens, or related air mix valve opens • lights remain illuminated until reset.
  • 121. Which positions does the pressurisation mode selector have? a) ON and OFF. b) AUTO, ALTN, MAN. c) AUTO, ALTN, MAN, OFF. d) AUTO, MAN, STBY.
  • 122. Which positions does the pressurisation mode selector have? a) ON and OFF. b) AUTO, ALTN, MAN. c) AUTO, ALTN, MAN, OFF. d) AUTO, MAN, STBY.
  • 123. Just prior to takeoff the cabin altitude will be: a) The same as the airfield elevation. b) 200 feet below the airfield elevation. c) 300 feet below the airfield elevation. d) 300 feet above airfield elevation.
  • 124. Just prior to takeoff the cabin altitude will be: a) The same as the airfield elevation. b) 200 feet below the airfield elevation. c) 300 feet below the airfield elevation. d) 300 feet above airfield elevation. The cabin begins to pressurize on the ground at higher power settings. The controller modulates the outflow valve toward close, slightly pressurizing the cabin. (Approximately 0.1 psi 200 feet below field elevation) (Ground phase cabin rate is maximum of 350 FPM) This ground pressurization of the cabin makes the transition to pressurized flight more gradual for the passengers and crew, and also gives the system better response to ground effect pressure changes during takeoff.
  • 125. What is indicated if the pressurisation system is operating in the manual mode?
  • 126. What is indicated if the pressurisation system is operating in the manual mode?
  • 127. Manual Mode Operation A green MANUAL Light illuminates with the pressurization mode selector in the MAN position. Manual control of the cabin altitude is used if both the AUTO and ALTN modes are inoperative. In the MAN mode, the outflow valve position switch is used to modulate the outflow valve by monitoring the cabin altitude panel and valve position on the outflow valve position indicator. A separate DC motor, powered by the DC standby system, (Battery Bus) drives the outflow valve at a slower rate than the automatic modes. Outflow valve full range of motion takes up to 20 seconds.
  • 128. How many outflow valves are utilised by the pressurisation system?
  • 129. How many outflow valves are utilised by the pressurisation system? One in the RIGHT rear Fuselage.
  • 130. At what pressure do the pressurisation relief valves open?
  • 131. At what pressure do the pressurisation relief valves open? 9.1 PSI
  • 132. At what pressure do the pressurisation relief valves open? 9.1 PSI The maximum cabin differential pressure is?
  • 133. At what pressure do the pressurisation relief valves open? 9.1 PSI The maximum cabin differential pressure is?
  • 134. •The END of AUTO FLIGHT Part 1 The END of AIR SYSTEMS. Now take the test at www.theorycentre.com For more information info@theorycentre.com