This document discusses different models and perspectives for conducting research. It outlines linear, cyclic, and complex models of the research process. The linear model involves defining a problem, setting up questions, developing a theory/model and hypotheses, operationalizing concepts, gathering and evaluating data, evaluating hypotheses, explaining results, and considering implications for theory. The cyclic model involves iterative research, evaluation, and comparison of examples. The complex model includes additional steps like defining the social problem, exploring contexts, isolating indicators, determining evaluation criteria, and considering applications and presentations of findings. The document also references sources for further reading on qualitative and quantitative research methodologies in German and English.

1. forschungsmethodik FOSE 2010

2. Theoretisierungsperspektive Strukturblick Kulturblick Kognitivismus Konstruktivismus Struktur und Grenze Welt der Bedeutung Innensicht Umweltsicht Reduktion von Dekonstruktion von Komplexität Komplexität Problemlösung Problemproduktion Leistung / Funktion Werte/Sinn Isolierte Objekte Zusammenhänge Sektorale Betrachtung Kontextuelle Betrachtung Ressource Regel Ressource Möglichkeit Organisation d. Wiss. Ökologie d. Wissens Harte Daten Weiche Daten Berechnung Erfahrung

3. 3 Research Process II 1. PROJECT FRAMEWORK + problems to be clarified (what) + interest of knowlege(why) + research fields (where) + tools (how) 2. SECONDARY ANALYSIS + theory (books. articles) + research (books, reports) 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK + working hypothesis + arguing hypothesis + indicators of problems to be analyzed 4. RESEARCH FRAMEWORK + decide qualitative or quantitative research + decide research object (people, institutes,…) + decide question / tools 5. TOOLS + develop tool structure (for interview, questionnaire….) + program (plan – when, who,…) + description – protocol 6. EVALUATION + Important (what was important) + Application (in order to verify or falsify the hypothesis 7. CONCLUSION (re-connect to starting, interests of knowledge questions: research, theories, society, education thomas.bauer@univie.ac.at

4. thomas.bauer@univie.ac.at 4 How to do the research? I(a)The Linear Model PROBLEM define the problem! From the list of problems select the right one. SETTING UP THE QUESTIONS What are you trying to discover? From the main, leading question you have to go in to depth. brainstorming A PLAN, THEORY, MODEL At thebeginningyouhave to decidewitchmodel and theoryshallyoutake – withtheargumentation.Youneed a theory also withreason to improve it. HYPOTHESIS prove, thatthereis link betweentwo different meanings, elements, subjects,.. From 20 different hypothesisselect5. Withthehelp of thetheorydefinethehypothesis.

5. thomas.bauer@univie.ac.at 5 How to do the research? I(b)The Linear Model OPERATIONALISATION of the MAIN CONCEPT definethecategories and variables and studythoroughlythecausal – consecutiveconnection.examinecloselythefield of study. DATA GATHERING DATA EVALUATION youneed toconnec to theleadingtheorlyoihavechosenbefore. HYPOTHESIS - EVALUATION confirmation or falsification, to confirm or refuse our hypothesis EXPLANATION We can change the hypothesis THEORY – RESULTS based on theresearch

6. thomas.bauer@univie.ac.at 6 How to do the research? IIThe Cyclic Model comparison Assumption about the problem IMPLEMENTATION Example x RESEARCH EVALUATION Example 1 RESEARCH EVALUATION VALUE of THEORY comparison comparison Example 2 RESEARCH EVALUATION

7. thomas.bauer@univie.ac.at 7 How to do the research? IIIAComplex Model of Research Procedure social problem theory order social problem discovery context problem exploration theory (+existing research) hypothesis definition of terms relevant methods isolation of relevant indicators sample statistical evaluation criteria and tests argumentationcontext (pretest) operationalisation survey (data collection) codes indicators evaluation and statisitical check interpretation (description analysis explanation) hypothesis theory lectures application and action context presentation publications social problem

8. thomas.bauer@univie.ac.at 8 How to do the research? IVASimple Model of Research choice of the problem problem definition theory- & hypothesis construction determination of methods term definitions & operationalisation determination of sources messuring data collection data interpretation data analysis presentation

9. thomas.bauer@univie.ac.at 9 References Used References (in German): Friedrich, Jürgen (1990): Methoden empirischer Sozialforschung. Opladen: West.dt. Verlag Hitzler, R. / Honer, A.: Sozialwissenschaftliche Hermeneutik. Eine Einführung Lamnek, Siegfried (1995) Qualitative Sozialforschung. Weinheim: Beltz Volume 1: Methodologie Volume 2: Methoden und Techniken OtherPossible References (in English): Bryman, A. (1984):Thedebateabout Quantitative and Qualitative Research: A Question of MethodorEpistemoloy? In: Britisch Journal of Sociology, Vol. 35, S. 75-92 Denzin, Norman / Lincoln, Yvonna (eds.) (1998):The Landscape of Qualitative Research. Theories and Issues. ThousandOaks: Sage Douglas, J.D. (1976):InvestigativeSocial Research, London Gergen, Kenneth (2000): An Invitation to Social Construction. London: Sage Miller, Gale / Dingwall, Roberts (eds.) (1997):Context and Method in Qualitative Researche. London: Sage Seale, Clive (1999):TheQuality of Qualiativeresearch. London: Sage Bohnsack, Ralf (2007): Rekonstruktive Sozialforschung. Einführung in qualitative Methoden. Opladenutb