Draft learning matrix

Walden University
Prof. Dr. Shirley Weaver Behaviorist Theory
EDUC 6115-2

by
Cognitive Theory
Tina Nkobi

Constructivist Theory

Interactive Social Learning Theory

Learning
Theory Connectivism

Matrix Adult Learning

How does
learning occur?

How is
What factors
technology used
influence
for learning in
learning?
your industry?

Behaviorist
Theory

What types of
learning are best What is the role
explained by this of memory?
theory?

How does
transfer occur?

Behaviorist Theory
How does learning occur?
How does learning occur?
What factors influence
learning?

What is the role of memory?
Behaviorism focuses on the importance of consequences of the
How does transfer occur? performances and contends that responses that are followed by
What types of learning are
reinforcement are more likely to occur in the future. (Ertmer &
best explained by this theory? Newby1993) The theory of behaviorism concentrates on the study of
How is technology used for
overt behaviors that can be observed and measured. (Good & Brophy,
learning in your industry? 1990)
(I am at an educational
institution.)

Go to:
>>Behaviorist Theory
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Constructivist Theory One needs to differentiate between the classical conditioning (Pavlov)
>>Social Learning Theory and the operant (instrumental) conditioning (Skinner).
>>Connectivism In the classical conditioning a neutral stimulus - ringing of the bell in
>>Adult Learning Pavlov’s Experiment with the dog - is associated with a reflex such as
salivation.
Return to Main Menu In operant conditioning the learner operates on his environment and
Matrix Summary receives a certain reward for a certain behavior (operations). The link
References between the operation – the rat pressing the lever in Skinner’s
experiment and the reward stimulus (food) is established.

Behaviorist Theory
How does learning occur? What factors influence learning?
learning?


How does transfer occur?
The most critical factor however is the arrangement of stimuli and
consequences within the environment. (Ertmer & Newby1993)
best explained by this theory? Positive Reinforcement or reward: Responses that are rewarded are
likely to be repeated.
learning in your industry?
institution.) Negative Reinforcement: Responses that allow escape from painful or
unpleasant situations are likely to be repeated
Go to:
Extinction or Non-Reinforcement: Responses that are not reinforced
are not likely to be repeated
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Constructivist Theory
>>Social Learning Theory
Punishment: Responses that bring painful or undesirable
consequences will be suppressed, but may reappear if reinforcement
>>Connectivism
contingencies change. (Good & Brophy, 1990)
>>Adult Learning

Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary
References

Behaviorist Theory
How does learning occur? What is the role of memory?
learning?


Behaviorism does not study the memory, the acquisition of habits is
best explained by this theory? discussed but lacks an explanation as to how these habits are stored or
retrieved for future use. Memory is developed in form of habits or
learning in your industry? automated responses when a stimulus and its response occurs
(I am at an educational repeatedly.
institution.)

Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning

Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary
References

Behaviorist Theory
How does learning occur? How does transfer occur?
learning?


How does transfer occur? The transfer occurs in the conditioning process until the behavior
becomes automatic. The transfer is a result of generalization which is
best explained by this theory?
conclusion inferred from a set of descriptions or observations.

learning in your industry? Situations involving identical or similar features will all behavior to
institution.)
transfer across common elements. The recognition is part of the
transfer process. Reinforcing behavior pattern can result in the transfer
Go to: as well as evaluation and assessment.
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning

Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary
References

Behaviorist Theory What types of learning are best explained
by this theory?
learning?


How does transfer occur? The use of instructional cues (word, phrase, or sentence that describes
a particular aspect of a concept or skill) practice, repletion and
reinforcement can strengthen stimulus-response associations.
Recalling facts, defining and illustrating concepts, applying
explanations and forming a specified procedure automatically is the
(I am at an educational result of this process. Behaviorism cannot however fully explain the
institution.) acquisition of higher level skills where greater depth of processing is
Go to:
required.
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning

Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary
References

Behaviorist Theory
How is technology used for learning in your
industry?
learning? (I am at an educational institution.)

How does transfer occur? Behaviorist learning theorists include Edward Watson, John
Thorndike, and B.F. Skinner. These theoretical ideas led directly to
instructional designs and interventions such as the Keller Plan (Keller
& Sherman, 1974), computer-assisted instruction, and instructional
systems designs. For example, Gagne’s (1965) events of instruction
(I am at an educational proceed through linear and structured phases, including to
institution.)
1. gain learners attention - multimedia
Go to: 2. inform learner of objectives - multimedia
>>Behaviorist Theory 3. stimulate recall of previous information – online resources,
>>Cognitive Theory video and audio
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning
4. present stimulus material - video and audio
5. provide learner guidance online resources
Return to Main Menu 6. elicit performance – virtual performance measuring tools
Matrix Summary 7. provide feedback and reinforcement - multimedia
References 8. assess performance - virtual performance measuring tools

How does
learning occur?

How is
What factors
technology used
influence
for learning in
learning?
your industry?

Cognitive
Theory

What types of
learning are best What is the role
explained by this of memory?
theory?

How does
transfer occur?

Cognitive Theory
How does learning occur? How does learning occur?
learning?


The learning occurs with the changes in the probability of response.

Acquiring knowledge is processed through mental structure changes, rather than
How is technology used for through responses through stimuli. The mind is used as reference tool to process
(I am at an educational past information and create new knowledge (Ertmer & Newby, 1993).
institution.)

Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning

The focus lies in of how the learnt is acquired rather than what is learnt. The
Return to Main Menu information processing thus creates new knowledge
Matrix Summary
References

Cognitive Theory
learning?


Like in behaviorism environmental changes play a role. Instructional
explanations, demonstration and illustrative examples can influence the
What types of learning are learning.

(I am at an educational The role of practice and correct feedback will
institution.) influence the learning. The cognitive approach
focuses on the mental processing activities and
Go to: acknowledges the process of planning, goal-
>>Behaviorist Theory setting and organizational strategies.
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning

The encoding process of the information will create new knowledge.
Return to Main Menu
Motivation, attention and perception are key factors that will influence the
Matrix Summary
learning.
References

Cognitive Theory
How does learning occur? What is the role of the memory?
learning?


Information is received, organized, stored in memory and then retrieved in an
organized and meaningful manner. Techniques such as analogies, hierarchical
What types of learning are relationships and matrices help to relate the new information to prior
best explained by this theory? knowledge. Rehearsal plays an important factor.
learning in your industry? The information going in as sensory input and processes through short-term-
institution.) memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) and is then encoded for later
retrieval.
Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory Metacognition refers to one's knowledge
>>Constructivist Theory concerning one's own cognitive processes or
>>Social Learning Theory anything related to them, e.g., the learning-
relevant properties of information or data
>>Connectivism
(Flavell, 1976).
>>Adult Learning

Return to Main Menu Metacognition refers to deliberate, conscious control of mental activities.
Matrix Summary Metacognition includes knowledge and monitoring activities designed to ensure
References that tasks are completed successfully (Schunk, 2011).

Cognitive Theory
learning?


Transfer is not a unitary phenomenon but rather is complex. Transfer refers to
knowledge being applied in new ways, in new situations, or in familiar situations
What types of learning are with different content.

How is technology used for When a learner understands how to apply knowledge in a different set of
learning in your industry? circumstances and when irrelevant information is eliminated, transfer occurs
institution.) more easily (Ertmer & Newby, 1993). Specific instructional or relevant events will
trigger responses. The learner needs to understand the connection between the
Go to: usefulness of the information before accessing the knowledge. Humans select
>>Behaviorist Theory and pick out relevant information, they rehearse the information and start
putting this gained information into context from previous acquired knowledge
>>Cognitive Theory
and constructing a meaning to the information being processed.
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning

Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary
References

Cognitive Theory What types of learning are best
explained by this theory?
learning?


Complex forms of learning, such as problem solving or greater levels of critical
thinking or analysis Feedback for results of knowledge, rather than observable
What types of learning are behavior; to relate new information to existing information; analogies and
best explained by this theory? metaphors are used (Ertmer & Newby, 1993).
learning in your industry? Problem solving involves the acquisition, retention, and use of production
institution.) systems, which are networks of condition–action sequences (rules) in which the
conditions are the sets of circumstances that activate the system and the actions
Go to: are the sets of activities that occur (Anderson, 1990; Andre, 1986).
>>Cognitive Theory Reasoning refers to the mental processes involved in generating and evaluating
>>Constructivist Theory logical arguments(Anderson, 1990).
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning Homework is a mechanism for
transfer because students practice
and refine, at home, skills learned in school.
Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary
References

Cognitive Theory How is technology used for learning in your
industry?
learning? (I am at an educational institution.)

Students increasingly are learning in computer-based environments.

Functions of technology.

learning in your industry? Tool to support knowledge construction. Information vehicle for exploring
(I am at an educational knowledge to support learning by constructing
institution.)

Go to:
Context to support learning by doing
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism Social medium to support learning by conversing
>>Adult Learning
Intellectual partner to support learning by reflecting
(Jonassen et al., 1999)
Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary
References

How does
learning occur?

How is
What factors
technology used
influence
for learning in
learning?
your industry?

Constructivist
Theory

What types of
learning are What is the role
best explained of memory?
by this theory?

How does
transfer occur?

learning?


The learning occurs in this theory through the interaction. The information is
received through the guidance of a peer or instructor and the learner creates the
What types of learning are knowledge through the exchange of knowledge with his peers. The engagement
best explained by this theory? in applying existing knowledge and real world experience, learning to
hypothesize and testing theories can result in developing conclusions from their
learning in your industry? findings and creating meaning through social engagement and collaboration.
institution.)

Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning

The individual creates knowledge and develops concepts – it recognizes a
Return to Main Menu relationship between prior knowledge/experience and sensory input. The
internal representation of knowledge is at all times open to change. Hence in
Matrix Summary
order to understand a learning that has taken place within an individual, the
References
actual experience must be examined (Bednar et a., 1991)

learning?


Situations co-produce knowledge along with cognition through activity. Every
action is viewed as an interpretation of the current situation based on an entire
What types of learning are history of previous interactions. The interaction between the learner and
best explained by this theory? environmental factors „construct“ the knowledge.
learning in your industry? Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZDP) for any learner is this range of
institution.) activities that are difficult but not impossible and which you can do if you have
assisted by a peer or instructor. With this in mind it is critical that learning
Go to: should occur in realistic settings and that the selected learning tasks are related
>>Behaviorist Theory to the learners lived experience.
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning

Return to Main Menu
The social interactions contribute to the construction of knowledge it being
Matrix Summary
cultural or social. Knowledge can be achieved by sharing and solving other
References
defined tasks with other peers or under the guidance of an instructor.

learning?


Learning is not only about the learner’s knowledge about specific facts but rather
an interpretation about the information, “Understanding is developed through
What types of learning are continued, situated use… and does not crystallize into a categorical definition”
best explained by this theory? that can be called up from memory. (Ertmer & Newby1993)
institution.)
Memory is always “under construction” as a continuous
Go to: process of information which is cumulative history of
>>Behaviorist Theory interactions and representative experience. It is not a
>>Cognitive Theory specific piece of knowledge of pre-packed information
>>Constructivist Theory stored in the brain, but a flexible use of knowledge
from pre-existing experiences as well as the interaction
through peers that will construct new knowledge.
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning

Return to Main Menu According to Brown et al. there are three vital factors to facilitate a meaningful
Matrix Summary long-lasting learning: activity (practice), concept (knowledge) and culture
References (context).

learning?


In the constructivist view the transfer occurs by the actual doing authentic
activities anchored in meaningful contexts. (Ertmer & Newby1993)
What types of learning are Students actively participate in problem-solving and critical thinking regarding a
learning activity. They are "constructing" their own knowledge by testing ideas
How is technology used for and approaches based on their prior knowledge and experience, applying these
learning in your industry? to a new situation, and integrating the new knowledge gained with pre-existing
(I am at an educational intellectual constructs. The social dimension of learning is also central to the idea
institution.)
of situated learning and communities of practice.
Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning

The transfer in cognitive constructivism is about how the individual learner
Return to Main Menu understands things, in terms of developmental stages and learning styles (Piaget)
Matrix Summary whereas the social constructivism, emphasizes how meanings and
References understandings evolve out of social interactions (Vygotsky).

How does learning occur? What types of learning are best
learning?

What types of learning are best explained by this theory?
Constructivism is most effective for advanced knowledge acquisition, where
What types of learning are initial misconceptions and biases can be discovered, negotiated, modified or
removed (Ertmer & Newby, 1993). While it is likely that introductory knowledge
How is technology used for can be supported by the objectivist approaches, as learners acquire that
learning in your industry? knowledge they can begin to deal will complex and ill-structured problems,
(I am at an educational which can be addressed well with constructivists approaches to learning.
institution.)

Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning

Use of problem-solving skills that allow learners to go beyond what's given
Return to Main Menu (developing pattern-recognition skills, presenting alternative ways of
representing problems)
Matrix Summary
Examples: group work, scaffolding, case studies, discovery learning
References

Constructivist Theory How is technology used for learning in your
How does learning occur? industry?
learning?
(I am at an educational institution.)
The growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web, in particular, are attracting the
How does transfer occur? attention of tertiary educational institutions worldwide. Constructivist distance
education pedagogies moved distance learning beyond the narrow type of knowledge
transmission that could be encapsulated easily in media through the use of
synchronous and asynchronous, human communications-based learning.
How is technology used for From an instructional point of view in regards to an educational setting the roots of the
learning in your industry? constructivist model most commonly applied today originate from the work of
(I am at an educational Vygotsky and Dewey, joined together in the broad category of social constructivism.
institution.) Social-constructivist pedagogies, perhaps not coincidently, developed in conjunction
with the development of two-way communication technologies. At this time, rather
Go to: than transmitting information, technology became widely used to create opportunities
for both synchronous and asynchronous interactions between and among students
and teachers. (Bednar, et. A, 1991)
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Social Learning Theory E-learning environments should be Internet or web platform,
>>Connectivism learners can access the learning environment in their embedded
and situated contexts – anywhere and anytime
>>Adult Learning
E-learning environments should be portable as far as possible
so that they can be used in the context.
Return to Main Menu E-learning environments can use the social communicative
and collaborative dimensions
Matrix Summary E-learning environments should have scaffolding structures which
References contain the genres and common expressions used by the community.
(Hung, D. W. L., & Der-Thanq, C. 2001).

How does
learning occur?

How is
What factors
technology used
influence
for learning in
learning?
your industry?

Social
Learning
Theory

What types of
by this theory?

How does
transfer occur?

Social Learning
Theory How does learning occur?

learning?

What is the role of memory? Learning occurs actively - by doing and vicariously - by observing, reading, and
listening. Observational learning consists of four processes:
attention, retention, production, and motivation.

institution.)

Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning
Social cognitive theory is its emphasis on learning from your social environment.
Meaningful learning occurs when learners engage in social activities.
(Ormrod, 1999)
Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary
References

Social Learning
Theory What factors influence learning?

learning?

What is the role of memory? Individuals are more likely to adopt a modeled behavior if the model is
similar to the observer and has admired status and the behavior has
functional value. Individuals are more likely to adopt a modeled behavior
What types of learning are if it results in outcomes they value.

How is technology used for Stages of cognitive development identified by Piaget are associated with
learning in your industry? characteristic age spans, they vary for every individual. Furthermore,
each stage has many detailed structural forms. The information processing
institution.)
is influenced through imitating and modeling.
Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning Values reflect what persons find self-satisfying.
There are two types of expectations. Outcome expectations refer to the
expected outcomes of actions. Efficacy expectations, or self-efficacy, refer to
Return to Main Menu
one’s perceived capabilities for learning or performing tasks at specific levels.
Matrix Summary
References

Social Learning
Theory What is the role of memory?

learning?

What is the role of memory? The role of the memory has not been investigated in depth. Social cognitive
theory assumes that memory includes information stored as images or symbols.
The environment can reinforce modeling. Human activity and the environment in
What types of learning are which one lives influence learning. Historical developments inherited by the
best explained by this theory? learner in their culture. (Ormrod, 1999)
institution.)
One of the key components of Social Learning
Go to: Theory is learning through modeling and/or
>>Behaviorist Theory observation. Accordingly, memory has to do with
>>Cognitive Theory the conditions necessary for effective modeling
to occur or be repeated. These conditions are
reflective of the blending between behaviorist
and cognitive theories: Attention, Retention
>>Connectivism through rehearsal, memory coding, motor
>>Adult Learning reproduction strategy and Motivation (Ormrod,
2008)
Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary
References

Social Learning
Theory How does transfer occur?

learning?

What is the role of memory? Transfer is a cognitive process and depends on the assumption that certain
actions in new or different situations are socially acceptable and will be met with
favorable outcomes. The learner's self-efficacy also can facilitate transfer.
What types of learning are (Schunk, D. H., 2011)

institution.)

Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning
Social cognitive principles also are reflected in worked examples, tutoring, and
mentoring. Symbolic coding and rehearsal, mental images, and cognitive
Return to Main Menu organization play a part in processing the information (Bandura, 1977).
Matrix Summary
References

Social Learning
Theory
What types of learning are best

learning?

What is the role of memory? We internalize some of the processes from a social environment, eventually use
them independently, and then begin thinking of complex issues on our own.
Structure is provided and a knowledgeable person helps a learner expand their
What types of learning are Zone of Proximal Development into more challenging activities (Ormrod, 2008).
best explained by this theory? Vygotsky's theory was an attempt to explain consciousness as the end product of
socialization. For example, in the learning of language, our first utterances with
How is technology used for peers or adults are for the purpose of communication but once mastered they
become internalized.
institution.)
Attention - an individual’s characteristics
Go to: such as sensory capacities, arousal level, perceptual set,
>>Behaviorist Theory past reinforcement affect attention.
>>Cognitive Theory
Retention - Ways to increase attention is though
symbolic coding, mental images, cognitive organization,
>>Social Learning Theory symbolic rehearsal, and motor rehearsal.
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning Motor Reproduction or the ability to replicate a behavior.

Motivation means having a good reason to imitate or learners must demonstrate
Return to Main Menu what they have learned.
Matrix Summary
References

Social Learning How is technology used for learning in your
Theory
industry?

learning?

What is the role of memory? Interactive learning, collaborative learning, facilitating learning, authentic
learning, learner-centered learning to achieve high quality learning. Utilizing

What types of learning are Course Management Systems (CMS) tools to interact with other learners as well
as monitoring learners own progress. Technology tools can extend memory and
How is technology used for make thinking visible. Internet, web, and social media have given education in an
learning in your industry? e-learning setting a new tool to facilitate learning.
institution.)
The virtual platform enables cross-cultural contacts as well as collaborative
Go to: learning, apprenticeships, problem-based instruction, reciprocal teaching, and
>>Behaviorist Theory other learning that involves learners with others (Kim, 2001).
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning

Return to Main Menu The use of modeling is highly recommended in instruction. The key is to begin
Matrix Summary
with social influences, such as models, and gradually shift to self-influence as the
learner internalizes skills and strategies. (Schunk, 2011).
References

How does
learning occur?

How is
What factors
technology used
influence
for learning in
learning?
your industry?

Connectivism

What types of
by this theory?

How does
transfer occur?

Connectivism
learning?


The factor that influences learning in connectivism is the diversity of
network, strength of ties and context of occurrence (Davis, Edmunds, & Kelly-
What types of learning are Bateman, 2008).

institution.)

Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory
Learning is a process that occurs within nebulous environments of shifting core
elements – not entirely under the control of the individual. Learning (defined as
actionable knowledge) can reside outside of ourselves (within an organization or
>>Connectivism a database), is focused on connecting specialized information sets, and the
>>Adult Learning connections that enable us to learn more are more important than our current
state of knowing (Siemens, 2005).
Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary
References

Connectivism
learning?


“George Siemens’ theory of Connectivism is the combined effect of three
different components: chaos theory, importance of networks, and the interplay
What types of learning are of complexity and self-organization” (Davis et al., 2008)

institution.) Siemens principles of connectivism:

Go to:
Learning and knowledge rest in diversity of opinions.
Learning is a process of connecting specialized nodes or information sources.
>>Cognitive Theory
Learning may reside in non-human appliances.
Capacity to know more is more critical than what is currently known.
Nurturing and maintaining connections is needed to facilitate continual
>>Connectivism
learning.
>>Adult Learning
Ability to see connections between fields, ideas, and concepts is a core skill
and interpret them correctly
Return to Main Menu Currency (accurate, up-to-date knowledge) is the intent of all learning
Matrix Summary activities.
References Decision making will influence the learning process.

Connectivism
learning?


Adaptive patterns, representative of current state, existing in networks (Davis, et
al., 2008).
Essentially, there is more value in knowing how to acquire knowledge, interpret
How is technology used for the value of knowledge, and distribution of knowledge than in maintaining
learning in your industry? knowledge facts that are continuously evolving and changing.
institution.)
Memory is defined by connection of
Go to: nodes-networking. The nodes
>>Behaviorist Theory are endlessly dissolving and resolving,
>>Cognitive Theory the connections are endlessly forming,
>>Constructivist Theory and what is important is not the
connection, the bridge or the node,
but the ways, contexts, conditions in
>>Connectivism
which they form, coalesce, emerge or
>>Adult Learning disappear or are constructed.
That is where the learning is.
Return to Main Menu (Davis, Edmunds, & Kelly-Bateman, 2008).
Matrix Summary
References

Connectivism
learning?


Transfer occurs through connecting to information (by adding nodes) and
growing the network via social/conceptual/biological connections (Davis, et al.,
What types of learning are 2008)

How is technology used for The brain does not hold chunks of information/knowledge, it is networked.
(I am at an educational Conceptual connections generate meanings.
institution.) Internet, web, and social media have raised the profile of networks because
we now experience them in our daily life.
Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Connectivism
Connecting to adding nodes. The nodes are endlessly dissolving and resolving,
>>Adult Learning
the connections are endlessly forming, and what is important is not the
connection, the bridge or the node, but the ways, contexts, conditions in
Return to Main Menu which they form, coalesce, emerge or disappear or are constructed.
Matrix Summary Transfer per se, of isolated facts is unnecessary as long as the individual has
the technological skills to find the information necessary (Davis, et al., 2008)
References

Connectivism
learning?

Complex learning, learning which has a rapid changing core and learning
occurring from diverse knowledge sources (Davis, et al., 2008)

institution.)

Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Constructivist Theory Technology has impacted and evolved the
education system and how instructions should
be delivered. Today, our networks are explicit in tools like
>>Connectivism
Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Email, and LinkedIn. These services provide users
>>Adult Learning the ability to analyze how they are connected to others and share the
information.
Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary Connectivism emphasizes on distribution and connectivity of knowledge and
learning within a collaborative network. Social networks, technological and
References
informational networks distribute the information.

Connectivism How is technology used for learning in your
learning?
Learning Management System (LMS) enable administrators and instructors in the corporate
How does transfer occur? training world to track employee/staff learning progress,
manage content, and roster students.
best explained by this theory? These systems help learners take control of and
manage their own learning.
learning in your industry? Socially-based tools comprise of blogs, wikis, social bookmarking sites, social networking
(I am at an educational sites, content aggregation through RSS and Atom, podcast and video cast tools, search
institution.) engines, emails, and voice over IP.

Go to: Technology tools provide the means through which individuals engage and manipulate both
resources and their own ideas. Examples include brainstorming and concept mapping
>>Behaviorist Theory software. Others help to represent knowledge and facilitate communication. For instance, the
Collaborative Visualization provides visualization software designed to help students collect,
>>Cognitive Theory analyze data and visualize effects. Tools, like simulations enable learners to experiment with
modeling complex ideas.

>>Social Learning Theory Computer-Supported Intentional Learning Environment (CSILE) is software that supports a
>>Connectivism networked, multimedia environment in which students collaborate on learning activities. They
do this by creating “posts” to express their ideas or integrate outside information about a
>>Adult Learning topic. This builds a communal database producing shared knowledge about the topic or
problem. CSILE also facilitates connections between schools and the scientific community,
allowing practicing scientists to serve as mentors to students.
Return to Main Menu The Horizon Report, “introduces six emerging technologies or practices that are likely to enter
Matrix Summary mainstream use in learning-focused organizations within three adoption horizons over the
next one to five years” (Johnson, Levine, & Smith, 2009, p. 3) in the areas of “mobiles, cloud
References computing, geo-tagging, personal web, semantic aware applications and smart objects.

How does
learning occur?

How is
What factors
technology used
influence
for learning in
learning?
your industry?

Adult
Learning

What types of
by this theory?

How does
transfer occur?

Adult Learning
learning?


The term andragogy was originally formulated by a German teacher, Alexander
Kapp, in 1833 (Nottingham Andragogy Group 1983: v). He used it to describe
What types of learning are elements of Plato's education theory. Andragogy (andr- meaning 'man') could be
best explained by this theory? contrasted with pedagogy (paid- meaning 'child' and agogos meaning 'leading')
(Davenport, 1993).
institution.)

Go to:
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Constructivist Theory The term was later used by the American educator Malcom Knowles in the mid
>>Social Learning Theory 20th century. Knowles’ research had an emphasis on the difference between the
>>Connectivism education of adults and children.
>>Adult Learning While pedagogy defined the science of teaching children, the science of teaching
adults was not highly researched until Knowles. Knowles' term andragogy defines
a philosophy of adult learning processes rather than an entire theory. Andragogy
Return to Main Menu holds a set of assumptions about how adults learn.
Matrix Summary
Andragogy emphasizes the value of the process of learning. Adult learning is
References problem-centered rather than content-oriented.

Adult Learning
learning?

Life-Experience - Adult have experiences that they bring with them into new learning
How does transfer occur? situations. This enables a rich contribution of how the information will be
acknowledged and interpreted. Unfortunately this may cause misinformation or biases
related to the new learning and can be counterproductive.
Readiness to learn - As a person matures his readiness to learn becomes oriented
How is technology used for increasingly to the developmental tasks of his social roles. Whether or not an adult is
learning in your industry? ready to learn depends on what they need to know in order to deal with life
(I am at an educational situations.
institution.)
Problem centered focus - As a person grows older the time perspective changes from
Go to: one of postponed application of knowledge to
>>Behaviorist Theory immediacy of application. Adults need to see
the immediate application of learning.
>>Cognitive Theory
The learning opportunities will enable them to solve
>>Constructivist Theory problems. We assume that maturity leads to a shift
>>Social Learning Theory from subject centre learning towards problem solving learning.
>>Connectivism
Internal motivation. Adults will seek learning
>>Adult Learning opportunities due to some external motivators
(teachers, applications), but the motivators such
as self-esteem, quality of life, self-actualization, etc. are internal.
Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary Adults need to know why they need to learn something. Adults need to know what’s
References in it for them – how this new knowledge will solve a problem or how it can be applied.

Adult Learning
learning?


Adults integrate new knowledge with existing related knowledge, ensuring high
levels of recall. The activation of existing knowledge in the long-term-memory
What types of learning are enable the retrieval of meaningful information enabling the learner to elaborate
best explained by this theory? and integrate the new information into a memorable whole thus creating new
knowledge.
institution.) Memory is a function of cognition, encoding
and retrieval. Adults face additional challenges
Go to: as they get older resulting in memory decay
>>Behaviorist Theory and retrieval issues.
>>Cognitive Theory
>>Social Learning Theory Older adults may face processing deficits.
This may lead to inaccurate processing of
>>Connectivism
the information that is being recognized
>>Adult Learning
or interpreted.

Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary Structural deficit in adults leads to speed and capacity limitations associated with
References age-related changes in the central nervous system.

Adult Learning
learning?


Adult learners are most interested in immediate application of their learning
(Conlan, Graboswski, & Smith, 2003).
What types of learning are Adults observe and grasp information from their educational setting and use
previous knowledge to process the new information. They apply it immediately
How is technology used for to everyday situations on the job, at home, or in a different educational setting
learning in your industry? from where the information was obtained.
institution.) Transfer for adults is not automatic and must be facilitated in the form of
coaching, revision exercises. This assists the adult learners to transfer learning
Go to: into daily practice so that it is sustained.
>>Behaviorist Theory Transference is most likely to occur in the
>>Cognitive Theory following situations:
>>Constructivist Theory Association — participants can associate the
new information with something that they already
know.
>>Connectivism
>>Adult Learning
Similarity — the information is similar to material that participants already know;
that is, it revisits a logical framework or pattern.
Return to Main Menu
Matrix Summary Critical attribute element — the information learned
contains elements that are extremely beneficial
References
(critical) on the job” (Lieb, 1991).

Adult Learning
learning?
I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.
(Confucius, 551BC - 479BC)
What types of learning are Action Learning: Learners work in small groups on a given scenario and create
best explained by this theory? new knowledge through activities and tasks.
Experiential learning: Experiential learning is a learning theory that is learner-
learning in your industry? centered and operates on the premise that individuals learn best by experience.
(I am at an educational A good way to describe this theory is “learning by doing”. Experiential learning
institution.) thus has the learner directly involved with the material being studied instead of
just thinking and talking about that material (Conlan, et al., 2003).
Go to: Project Based learning: In Project Based Learning, students work in groups to
>>Behaviorist Theory solve challenging problems that are authentic and often interdisciplinary.
Learners decide how to approach a problem and what activities to pursue
>>Cognitive Theory
(Conlan, et al., 2003).
>>Constructivist Theory Self-Directed Learning: Defined as the process in which individuals take on the
>>Social Learning Theory responsibility for their own learning process by diagnosing their personal
>>Connectivism learning needs, setting goals, identifying resources, implementing strategies and
evaluating the outcomes(Conlan, et al., 2003).
>>Adult Learning
Transformational Learning: Transformative, or transformational, learning occurs
when the individual is forced to encounter an event or situation that is
Return to Main Menu inconsistent with his or her existing perspective. This shift in perspective can be
gradual or sudden, and the individual moves through a series of stages in the
Matrix Summary
cognitive restructuring and reconciliation of experience and action (Stansberry &
References Kymes, 2007).

Adult Learning How is technology used for learning in your
learning?
In the respective of instructional design and concept of adult learning many
factors play key roles. Prensky defines generational differences in how people
What types of learning are learn and differentiates between the "digital immigrant," and the "digital
best explained by this theory? natives". The first group takes to technology as a means of survival in the
business world but did not grow up with technology as a primary source of
How is technology used for production or information. The latter have an advanced technological skill set
learning in your industry? and always connected.
institution.)
Learning Management System (LMS), training coordinators and learning
Go to:
facilitators enable collaborative learning through a learning platform. Individual
learning plans and learning assessments, linked to the overall development of
>>Behaviorist Theory any learner.
>>Cognitive Theory Web based trainings for personal development.
>>Constructivist Theory Courses can be accessed through a learning
platform or a LMS. Resources can be used online and
can be downloaded as an offline resource.
>>Connectivism Social networking, such as Facebook, Blogs, Podcasts,
>>Adult Learning etc allows learners to collaborate, converse, provide
input, create content and share it.

Return to Main Menu Adult learners will be successful in online courses when instructors utilize the
Matrix Summary tools available to create effective online learning communities that promote
References
dialogue, discussion, and reflection, all of which allow learners to develop
deeper understandings and to gain knowledge.

References
• Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2011). Three Generations of Distance Education Pedagogy. Internationa, Review of Research in Open
and Distance Learning, 12.3

• Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press.

• Bednar, A.K., Cunningham, D., Duffy, T.M., & Perry, J.D. (1991). Theory into practice: How do we link? In G.L. Anglin (Ed.),
Instructional technology: Past, present, and future (pp. 88-101). Englewood

• Cercone, K. (2008, April). Characteristics of adult learners with implications for online learning design. AACE Journal, 16(2), 137-
159. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EJ805727). Retrieved April 4, 2009, from Education Research Complete
database.

• Ertmer, P. A., Newby, T. J. (1993). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional
design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly.

• Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American
Psychologist, 34

• Good, T. L., Brophy, J. E. (1990). Educational psychology: A realistic approach. (4th ed.).White Plains, NY: Longman

• Hung, D. W. L., & Der-Thanq, C. (2001). Situated Cognition, Vygotskian Thought and Learning from the Communities of Practice
Perspective: Implications for the Design of Web-Based E-Learning. Educational Media International, 38(1), p. 3-12.

• Jonassen, D., Tessmer, M., & Hannum, W. H. (1999). Task analysis methods for instructional design. Mahwah, New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

• Keller, F. S., and Sherman, J. G. (1974). The Keller Plan Handbook. Menlo Park, CA.: W. A. Benjamin.

• Ormrod, J. (2008). Human Learning (5th ed.). New Jersey, NY: Pearson Education, Inc.

• Schunk, D. H. (2011). Learning Theories an Educational Perspective. (Publishing as A. & B. Pearson Education, Inc., Ed.)Learning
(6th ed.). Boston

• Stansberry, S. & Kymes, A. (2007). Transformative learning through “Teaching with technology” electronic portfolios. Journal of
Adolescent and Adult Literature, 50(6), (pp. 488-496).
Main Menu Matrix Summary References continued 

References - Web articles
• Davis, C., Edmunds, E., & Kelly-Bateman, V. (2008). Connectivism. In M. Orey (Ed.), Emerging
perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology (p. ). Retrieved from Retrieved from
http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Connectivism

• Johnson, L., Levine, A., & Smith, R. (2009). The Horizon Report (2009 ed.). Retrieved from
http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/CSD5612.pdf

• Kim, B. (2001). Social Constructivism. In M. Orey (Ed.), Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching,
and technology. Retrieved from http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/

• Lieb, S. (1991, Fall). Principles of adult learning. Vision. Retrieved from
http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/adults-2.htm

• Conlan, J., Grabowski, S., & Smith, K. (2003). Adult learning. In M. Orey (Ed.),Emerging perspectives
on learning, teaching, and technology. Retrieved December 2, 2010, Retrieved from
http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Adult_Learning

• Emerging theories and online learning environments for adults. (2002). In Theories of Educational
Technology. Retrieved November 24l, 2010, Retrieved from
https://sites.google.com/a/boisestate.edu/edtechtheories/

• Lieb, S. (1991, Fall). Principles of adult learning. Vision. Retrieved from
http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/adults-2.htm

Main Menu Matrix Summary  Back to References

Matrix Summary
Social Learning
Questions Behaviorism Cognitivism Constructivism Connectivism Adult Learning
Theory
Distributed within a
Material is learner
Learning occurs network, social,
How does learning Observable behavior Structured, Social, meaning created by centered and
actively - by doing technologically enhanced,
occur? main focus computational each learner (personal) learner is self-
and vicariously recognizing and
directed
interpreting patterns
Prior knowledge
Human activity and experience;
What factors Nature of reward, Existing schema, Engagement, participation, and the biological and
Diversity of network
influence learning? punishment, stimuli previous experiences social, cultural environment in psychological
which one lives development;
socio-cultural views
Information is
Memory is hardwiring Symbolic coding more likely to be
of repeated experiences and rehearsal, Adaptive patterns, stored in memory
What is the role of Encoding, storage, Prior knowledge remixed to
- where reward and mental images, representative of current when it has greater
memory? retrieval current context
punishment are most and cognitive state, existing in networks meaning or
influential organization application to the
learner
The use of knowledge Internalization Co-emergent
is stored in memory. A Socialization some of the process, is relevant
How does transfer
Stimulus, response learner understands Group Learning, processes from a Connecting to nodes and applicable to
occur?
how to apply Collaboration social the learner’s
knowledge environment experiences
Collaborative
learning;
What types of
Reasoning, clear apprenticeships; Complex learning, rapid Transfer concepts
learning are best
Task-based learning objectives, problem Social group Learning problem-based changing core, diverse and knowledge to
explained by this
solving instruction; knowledge sources new circumstances
theory?
reciprocal
teaching
Interactive Reflections and
How is technology learning, feedback on the
By expanding the
used for learning in Audio-video materials; Relate new To help learners actively collaborative relevance of their
capacity to create an
your industry? computer assisted information to existing explore complex topics. learning, learning; facilitate
external network
(I am at an instruction Computer information; analogies Interactive problem based facilitating self-direction; use
consisting of people,
educational games and metaphors software package learning, learner’s
information and content
institution.) authentic knowledge and
learning, learner experience

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