1. WHAT IS
HISTORY?
"History is more or less bunk." Henry Ford
"What experience and history teach is this-that people and
governments never have learned anything from history, or
acted on principles deduced from it." G. W. F. Hegel
2. WHAT IS
HISTORY?
"History . . . is indeed little more than the register of the
crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind." Edward Gibbon
"The study of history is the best medicine for a sick mind; for
in history you have a record of the infinite variety of human
experience plainly set out for all to see; and in that record you
can find yourself and your country both examples and
warnings; fine things to take as models, base things rotten
through and through, to avoid." Livy
3. WHAT IS
HISTORY?
1. A usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those
events ( a history of the Vikings)2. The branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past events
3.a. The past events relating to a particular thing (The history of their rivalry is full of intrigue)b. The aggregate of past events or human affairs: basic tools used
throughout history.
The Free Online Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/history
4. A Historical
Event
✴ Particular aspect in relation to social and cultural events of the past
✴ Cause – Effect Relationship
✴ Being relevant
✴ Being placed in a certain context
✴ Being unique
✴ Impact on the whole community
✴ Happened considerably long ago
6. History Sources
• Sunday, 14th of October
• ...these people are very simple as regards the use of arms, as your Highnesses
will see from the seven that I caused to be taken, to bring home and learn our
language and return; unless your Highnesses should order them all to be
brought to Castile, or to be kept as captives on the same island; for with fifty
men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them....
• Christopher Columbus. Utilizing the Native Labor Force. 1492.
7. Primary Sources
• ―A primary source is a document or physical object which was
written or created during the time under study. These sources
were present during an experience or time period and offer an
inside view of a particular event‖.
• http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html
Diaries
Letters
Photographs
Art
Maps
8. History Sources
• Columbus initially had friendly relations with the Native Americans he
encountered in the West Indies on the first voyage. Beginning with the second
voyage, these relations began to sour, with some tribes more than others. The
Spanish had come to America as conquerors. In 1492, they had just
successfully finished a centuries-long war to evict the Moors from Spain, and
the idea of spreading Christianity (in general) and Spanish control (in
particular) was central to Spanish culture. The idea that one could arrive at a
new country with no strong central government, and not claim such lands for
the sovereigns one had sworn to support and defend, was simply unthinkable...
• Keith A. Pickering. Columbus and the destruction of Native peoples. 2004
9. Secondary Sources
• ―A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources.
These sources are one or more steps removed from the event.
Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of
primary sources in them‖.
• http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html
History textbooks
Biographies
Published stories
Movies of historical events
10. • The journey of a modern hero, to the island of Elba / 1814, Great Britain
12. OPVL
• Origin is where the source comes from
When was the document created?
Who created it?
Where did it first appear?
Is it a primary or secondary source?
13. OPVL
• Purpose: What do you think the author was trying to
communicate? What ideas/feelings was he/she trying to
express/evoke?
Why did the author create the document?
Who is the intended audience?
14. OPVL
• Value is how valuable this source is. Basically it's linked
to the amount of bias in the source: the more bias = the
less valuable (usually)
What can we tell about the author from the piece?
What can we tell about the time period from the piece?
Under what circumstances was the piece created and how does the
piece reflect those circumstances?
What can we tell about any controversies from the piece?
Does the author represent a particular ‗side‘ of a controversy or
event?
15. OPVL
• Limitations is also linked to bias, each source will be at
least a little biased and thus they are limited by that. If the
source has been translated from the original then the
language difference will be another source of inaccuracy
and a limitation.
Does the author have reasons to emphasize certain facts over others
to a particular audience? Might the author present the story differently
to different audience?
What specific information might the author have chosen to leave out?
Does the author concede a certain point that it is inconvenient for
him/her to admit to?
17. Holy Roman
Empire in 1050:
the most
centralized and
best governed
territory in Europe
18. Problems inside the Church
Illiteracy of the priests
Immorality of the priests
Indifference towards spirituality
Simony (selling Church positions)
19. Reorganization of Church
Papal Curia (advisers) was created
Canon law (marriage divorce, inheritance issues)
Pope‘s diplomats helped to restore Pope‘s authotity
―Tithes‖ were introduced (―10th part of something, paid as a
contribution to a religious organization‖)
New Religious Orders were created (Dominicans,
Benedictines, Franciscans)
21. CRUSADES. WHY?
Help Byzantine Empire from possible Muslim attack on
Constantinople
Christian pilgrims visiting the holy sites in Jerusalem
began experiencing increased harassment and danger
Hope to unite the entire eastern Mediterranean and the
divided Christian faith under the banner of the Latin
Church
Possibility to get rid of the Knight fighting each other and
disturbing the peace of the kingdoms
For merchants – possibility to control trade routes to
India, China
22. CRUSADES
1097 - Pope Urban promises ―a place in Heaven‖
Motivations of the Participants:
Men tired of hopeless poverty
Adventurers seeking action
Merchants looking for new markets
Lords whose enlisting serfs had left them laborless
Young sons looking for land and social position
Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of Christ
23. CRUSADES
The First Crusade (1096-1099) / Capture of Jerusalem
Second Crusade (1147-1149) / Christians defeated by
Saladin, Fall of Jerusalem
Third Crusade (1189-1192) / Truce between Richard
the Lion-Hearted and Saladin: Jerusalem under
Muslim control
24. EFFECTS OF CRUSADES
Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or spend too
much money on military, more power to the Kings
Trade and Explorations were enhanced / Spices, cotton,
linen, pearls, porcelain, silk, etc.; Improvements – Ships,
Maps, Explorers
The influence of the Catholic Church and the position of the
pope declined
The Muslim powers, once tolerant of religious diversity, had
been made intolerant by attack
25. MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
AGRICULTURE
Use of horses instead of oxen Three-field system
More and Better farm production
Better resistance to diseases / longer life expectancy
Increase in Population
26. MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
CREATION OF GUILDS
Establishment of working conditions, salaries, quality of
products
Better products / More money for the Guilds more
power over the Government
27. MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
Growth of Trade
No more self-sufficient societies
Growth of the cities
More money available
Merchants get more power - Burghers
29. RENAISSANCE
A time of renewed interest in things of this world
(REBIRTH).
Human beings and their conditions
Education, art, literature, and science
30. RENAISSANCE
Why Italy?
Existence of city-states (while the majority of Europe
is rural)
Heritage of Rome and Greece / Migration of Greek
scholars (fall of Constantinople)
Trading center
Merchants and Medici (patronage of arts)
31. RENAISSANCE
Humanism, a system of thought and action concerned
with human interests and values
Human beings have dignity and intelligence.
They (we) can change the world and make it
a better place for all.
32. RENAISSANCE
Renaissance man - successful in business, well-
mannered, educated, athletic, and brave.
The goal of education became making people
well-rounded.
Religion remained important, but the authority
and some practices of the church began to be
questioned.
33. RENAISSANCE
PERSPECTIVE
Creates the appearance of three dimensions
REALISM
That painting is the most to be praised which agrees
most exactly with the thing imitated.
39. Sistine Chapel
About a year after creating
David, Pope Julius II
summoned Michelangelo to
Rome to work on his most
famous project, the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel.
40. Creation of Eve Creation of Adam
Separation of Light and Darkness The Last Judgment
44. RENAISSANCE
LITERATURE
Use of Vernacular Language
Writing for self - expression
45. RENAISSANCE
NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI
THE PRINCE
“One can make this generalization about men: they are
ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun
danger and are greedy for profit”
46. RENAISSANCE
THE PRINCE
Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved
Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision
making
Ruler keeps power by any means necessary
The end justifies the means
Be good when possible, and evil when necessary
47. NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
Rooted in Medieval traditions rather than Greco-
Roman.
Very realistic /used ordinary objects to symbolize
religious subjects and truths.
Different than Italian Renaissance in that
use of oil produced vibrant, rich color
allowed painter to create a realistic painting with
overwhelming to create surface realism rather than an
emphasis on structure, perspective, and proportions
50. NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
CHRISTIAN HUMANISM
Erasmus (Holland)
“The Praise of Folly”: Christianity of the Heart, not of
the ceremonies or rules
Thomas More (England)
“Utopia”: an imaginary land without greed, anger,
corruption and war.
51. NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
GUTTENBERG BIBLE (1455)
Made information available to a much larger number of
the population
Libraries could store greater quantities of information at
much lower cost
Facilitation of the dissemination and preservation of
knowledge
Spread of new ideas quickly and with greater impact
Stimulation of literacy
52. RENAISSANCE LEGACY
New Conceptions of Life and the World (earthly life
is worth living for its own sake)
Reformed Education (both the Greek and Latin
languages and literatures were now established)
Development of the Vernacular Literatures
Impulse to Religious Reforms
Questioning political and religious authorities
Individual achievements are praised
53. PROtestant reformation
Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church that led to a religious
movement and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe.
54. Financial corruption
Abuse of power
Immorality (12-year old bishops)
Illiterate priests (no teachers)
catholic church, 16 century
55. Renaissance: Interest in humanism and rediscovery of ancient culture.
European rulers challenged the Church as the Supreme Power
European decentralization, rise of nation-states. Breakdown of medieval
centralization under Pope
Causes of reformation
56. Belief that selling indulgences is sinful
Indulgences had no power to remit sin
Criticism of power of pope, wealth of church
95 Theses
57. Pope and Church traditions are false authorities
Pope did not speak for God
Church and priesthood are not necessary for salvation
God’s grace is given to all who seek it
Individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture,
Christian practices should come only from Bible
Luther’s main ideas
58. 1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church
1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor
RESponse to Luther
Charles V
Edict of Worms (1521) declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic
60. ANGLICAN CHURCH
1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17
Devout Catholic
Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas
Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith”
By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary
61. Act of Supremacy
Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled
Act of Supremacy passed(1534); Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”
REFORMATION PARLIAMENT
62. AFter Henry VIII
Elizabeth I / 1559, new Supremacy Act, splitting
England from RomeProtestant priests could marry and
deliver sermons in EnglishElizabeth persecuted Catholics,
Mary returned England to authority of popeHundreds burned at state secured Church of England
for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary”
The Act of Uniformity (1558) forced people to attend
Sunday service in an Anglican church / a new version of
the Book of Common Prayers
63. JOHN CALVIN
Doctrine of predestination
Best form of Government - Theocracy
1540’s Geneva’s rule: obligated religious classes, no bright
clothes, no support for other doctrines
Presbyterians (John Knox) in Scotland
65. counter reformation
JESUITS /1534/ founded by Ignatius of Loyola, Basque nobleman, former soldier
Jesuits - military organization, emphasizing obedience to church above all
Main activities:
Focus on Education Convert non Christians to Catholics Fight Protestant(found
superb schools over Europe ) (Missionaries around the world)
66. Popes Paul III and Paul IV (1530’ - 1560’s)
COUNCIL OF TRENT ( 1546-1563)
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final
Faith is not enough for salvation. Need of good works
Bible and Church traditions are both important and powerful authoorities for any
Christian
Indulgences are valid expressions of faith
counter reformation
67. political effects of reformation
Rising sense of national identity
Formation of independent states, nations
Rulers, merchants both wanted church less involved in state, business affairs
Political power became separated from churches
68. SOCIAL effects of reformation
End of Christian Unity in Europe
Increase in Education (both Protestants and Catholics founded new schools and
Universities)
Base for Enlightenment (by challenging the authority and beliefs)
69. Luther with seven heads; identifying Luther
as a doctor, a monk, a Turk, a preacher, a
fanatic, a church visitor and a wild man with a
club.'Septiceps Lutherus', Leipzig: Valentin
Schumann, 1529. (t served as a title-page to a
pamphlet written by Johann Cochleus (1479-
1552)1. Analyze the following cartoon according
to its Origin, Purpose, value and Limitation. 2.
Explain what is the message of the cartoon
71. CAUSES
Competition among countries for wealth in Asia
• To Find a direct sea route to India
Desire to explore the unknown (Renaissance)
Spread Christianity
Desire for wealth, new territories
72. TREATY OF
TORDESILLAS
• The Portuguese wanted to protect their monopoly
on the trade route to Africa and felt threatened by
Columbus discovery
• In 1494 TREATY OF TORDESILLAS was signed,
that established an imaginary line running through
the mid-Atlantic
73. EFFECTS
• Finding New World gave new opportunities to
Europeans
77. EFFECTS
Influx of money and goods
Change of the economic systems in Europe
The Commercial Revolution (establishment of many types of new
businesses)
78. “Enlightened Despots”
Enlightened Monarchs
• Frederick II, Prussia
• Catherine the Great, Russia
• Maria Theresa, Austria
• Joseph II, Austria
• Gustav III, Sweden
• Napoleon I, France
81. Absolutism
Appeal to the ―Divine Right‖
Sovereignty rests within the Monarch
Economy has to serve the State (Mercantilism)
Large standing army (professional and financed
by the state)
82. Absolutism
Nobility with privileges but almost no political
power (Control of the land / Tax exempt)
State bureaucracies
83. Causes of Absolutism
Decline of Catholic Church and its influence
kings consolidate power
Decline of Feudal system. Lords lost its power
king gained it
Enormous expansion in trade and industry the
merchants and industrial-ists wanted peace and
order
84. Causes of Absolutism
Territorial and religious disputes created fear
and uncertainty among population
The decline of the empire and the Papacy led to
the growth of a number of nations where rulers
successfully asserted their authority and
established absolute rule
85. Strengths of Absolute Monarchies
Efficiency
Decisions are made by one person
Nationalism
Promoted a common culture and identity
Stability
The ruler stays in power until death
Wealth / No resistance means a large and powerful
empire
86. Weaknesses of Absolute
Monarchies
Undemocratic
No collaboration of ideas
Individual rights
Often violated
Stability
If the ruler was poor, it could affect the country for
decades
87. Ways to Increase the Power
Taxes
Increase overall power of the monarch and his
power
Strong armies
89. BUILDING ABSOLUTISM
Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) and Cardinal Richelieu
(1585-1642)
Reduced power of nobility / ordered to take
done their fortified castles
Huguenots / forbade protestant cities to have
walls
90. BUILDING ABSOLUTISM
Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) and Cardinal
Richelieu (1585-1642)
Placed Middle class in position of Authority
Intendants - Governmental Agents, extremely
loyal to the king
91. LOUIS XIV / NOBILITY
THE FRONDE (1648-1653)
•
The desire of Nobility to limit the power of the king and have
more voice in the government
LOUIS XIV
Excluded Nobility from Advisory Councils
Forces the Court to meet in Versailles, under the kings control
Intendants in power of local affairs (taxes and justice) instead
of Lords
92. LOUIS XIV / HUGENOTS
Many Protestant places of worship were closed (1659-1664)
1680 prohibition of conversions from Catholicism to
Protestantism
From 1681: billeting troops in Protestant homes /Protestant
women not being allowed to be midwives / Protestants being
forbidden to employ Catholic servants
93. LOUIS XIV / HUGENOTS
1685 - Edict of Fontainebleau revoking the Edict of Nantes
The Edit of Nantes shall be abolished in its entirety
The Protestant temples shall be destroyed without exception
The Reformed clergy who do not immediately renounce, must
leave the kingdom within two weeks
All Reformed schools shall be dissolved
The children born to Reformed parents are to be baptized
Catholic and sent to the Catholic churches
95. RUSSIA
Russia - 1/6 of the land for 1900
1460 - 430 000 km2
1530 - 2,8 mln km2
end of XVI cemtury - 5,5 mln km2
97. RUSSIA
Low density of population (6 per km2 / Europe - 40)
Low development of the State and society
Long lasting Serfdorm (untill 1861)
Two totally different words (educated rich nobility / poor,
uncivilized peasants)
98. RUSSIA
Mongol Invasion (1237 - 1480)
―major cause of "the East-West gap" - approximately 200
years delay in introducing major social, political and
economical reforms and scientific innovations in Russia‖
Russia was not involved in Renaissance, Protestant
Reformation, neither succeed to develop a middle class
99. RUSSIA
Extensive Families / Young marriage
Low level of urbanization
Low level of education / first printed book - 100 years later
than in Europe
100. RUSSIAN GOVERNORS
IVAN III (1440-1505):
Liberated Russia from the Mongols
Conquered new territories
Started centralization of government
101. RUSSIAN GOVERNORS
Time of Troubles (1598-1613)Famine (1601-1603) - 1/3 (2 mln) t of
population died
Russia‘s occupation by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Civil uprisings
Impostors
1613 – Mikhail Romanov – begining of the Romanov dynasty
102. PETER THE GREAT
REFORMS OF PETER THE GREAT:
Westernization of Russia
Beards were shaved off /western clothes were encouraged (for
nobility and high urban classes)
Division of society in a group with europeanized culture and the
one that saved the traditional lifestyle
104. PETER THE GREAT
WESTERNIZATION
Women in the society (populatization of balls and
other social events ) / western fashion dresses
(before - women - in relative seclusion) Importance
of education (technical colleges and academies,
school of navigation) First newspaper
105. PETER THE GREAT
Government
Changed his title from ―tsar‖ to ―emperor.‖
Eliminated the duma body, made up of boyars, and
replaced it with a Western-style senate (9 closest allies of
Peter)
the Table of Ranks, which allowed officials to be rewarded for
merit and loyalty
Military Creation of standing army (130 thousand)
Creation of Baltic Fleet
Up to 1725 - 2/3 of the Russian budget spent on military
106. PETER THE GREAT
Economy
Implemented mercantelism (protection and subsidies for
national production) / Special customs tariff - high tax on the
imported products if the same were produced n Russia
About 200 manufactures appeared
Religion Abolishment of Patriarch
Church under the control of Holy Governing Synod , composed
of bishops and bureaucrats appointed by the Emperor
107. RUSSIA‘S PROBLEMS
Russian people did not believe that change wasnecessary.
The Russian Orthodox Church was too strong.
The great landowners had too much power.
The Russian army was untrained and its tactics and weapons were
outdated.
Russian society had to change to compete with the modern states of
Europe.
To promote education andgrowth, Russia needed aseaport for travel to
the West.
The port needed to be built.
The new city needed to be settled
109. JAMES I
Authority—James I believed in divine right and absolutism;
Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament
Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to
finance government and life style
Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church
who wanted all Catholic rituals removed; Puritans were active
members of Parliament ( problem - when James I arranged
marriage of his son (Charles) to a Catholic princes
110. Always needed money for war
When parliament denied money requests, he
dissolved parliament
1628, parliament gets back together and asks
Charles to sign the Petition of Right
charles I
111. Petition of Right
No imprisonment without due cause
No taxation without parliament‘s consent
No putting soldiers in private homes
No martial law during peacetime
112. Causes of Civil war
Charles forces Scotland to follow anglican religion
scots united the army and threatened to invade England
Charles calls the parliament to raise money
Parliament raises the laws to limit royal power
Charles raises his army in the loyal to him north of england
113. War between Cavaliers (Royalists) vs
Roundheads (supporters of Parliament)
Civil war (1642-1649)
114. Civil War
Without Parliament‘s funding, king relied on contributions to pay
army
Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles
Parliament could back its army by voting for funding
Supporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short, bowl-
shaped haircuts
Roundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from upper
classes
115. Puritan‘s General Oliver Cromwell
1647 - Charles I hold prisoner
1649 - Execution of Charles I
Civil War
116. COMMONWEALTH
Commonwealth was created—type of
government with no king & ruled by Parliament
First Constitution destroyed
Oliver Cromwell - a military dictator
the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed
– 616,000 Irish were killed by war, plague and
famine
117. Puritan Morality
Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve
England‘s morality
Abolished all ―sinful‖ things: it was illegal to go
to the theaters & sporting events;
―merrymaking‖ & ―amusement‖ were
illegal
Cromwell was tolerant of other religions
despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT
CATHOLICS)
118. 1. Charles I‘s supporters were
known as the _____ (a.k.a.
Cavaliers).
a. Parliamentarians
3. the period during which the Stuarts
b. Puritans
were out of power in England (1649-
c. Roundheads 1660) and Cromwell was the one to
d. Royalists rules is known as:a. Act of Unionb.
Commonwealthc. Puritan Monarchyd.
Stuart Succession
2. The Petition of Right (1628)
included all of the following except
what? 4. Cromwell‘s New Model Army landed
a. no taxes without parliament in ____ in 1649, where it forcibly
approval evicted civilians and destroyed food
supplies, sparking a large famine.a.
b. No martial law during peacetime Franceb. Irelandc. Scotlandd. wales
c. Soldiers could not be quartered in
private homes
d. Universal manhood suffrage
5. After Charles I tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament and failed, he fled to the
north of England and raised an army.True / False
119. Restoration
1658 - Cromwell dies
1660 - Charles II (on the petition of
Parliament) becomes English KIng (1660-1685)
The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 - a writ ordering
a person to be brought before a court or a judge
120. Restoration
James II (Charles II brother / catholic) - Possible
successor of British throne
Separation of the Parliament
Whigs - opposition Tories - support
121. Glorious Revolution
James II (1685-1688)
Appoints Catholics to high positions (against the law)
Dissolves the Parliament
Parliament asks Mary (James daughter) and william of
orange (prince of netherlands) to overthrow james
122. Glorious Revolution
1689 - 1702
GB becomes the first Constitutional Monarchy
Bill of Rights (1689)
Act of Toleration (1689) / religious toleration, still restricting
Catholics
cabinet System
123. Bill of Rights 1689
The monarch no longer had powers to change, enact or
suspend laws / could only do so with the approval of
Parliament/
the king could no longer raise an army without the consent
of Parliament, neither could he levy taxes
Freedom of speech and debate in Parliament.
Rights of English subjects to keep arms for their defense.
Rights to trial by jury
124. Glorious Revolution
Thomas Hobbes: People are selfish / Social
Contract
John Locke: natural right to defend ―Life,
health, Liberty, or Possessions"
126. CAUSES
Spirit of Renaissance influenced the spirit of
creativity and curiosity
Reformation made it normal to question old beliefs
Discoveries made people believe there are new
truths to be found
Navigational problems of long sea voyages
128. Galileo Galilei
Early practitioner of the scientific method
Mathematical formula for acceleration of falling objects
Law of inertia
Dark spots on the Moon and the Sun
Supported the theory of Copernicus
130. Isaac Newton
―Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy‖ (1687)
Universal Gravitation: every object on Earth attracts other object / the
degree of attraction depends on the mass and the distance
131. Bacon / Descartes
• Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
The Inductive Method
Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge
• Rene Descartes (1596- 1650)
Significance of Doubt
The Deductive Method
132. Scientific Revolution
1590 - First microscope / red blood cells examined
1714 / 1742 - Gabriel Fahrenheit / Anders Celsius - mercury thermometers
A vaccine to prevent smallpox
134. main ideas
A belief in the existence of natural laws -"law like order of the natural
world"
A belief in the natural rights of individuals--including the right to be self-
governed
A belief in power of human reason--reason exalted over emotion and
divine revelation
Possibility of progressive improvement of human society--through
education and development of reason
Political, religious, and economic institutions should be reformed in a
social utilitarianism for happiness
135. John Locke
―Concerning Human Understanding‖, 1690
• Man is rational and born equal
• Virtue can be learned and practiced
• Environment & experience are the most important shapers of the human condition /the
character of people & societies can be changed through education
• This challenges role of divine providence--God has not "fixed" the character of
individuals and societies
136. John Locke
―Treatises on Government‖ 1690 ( justified constitutional monarchy)
Argued that the universe contained natural laws governing social relations:
life, liberty, & property / they are our inalienable natural rights we are born
with them, they are not granted by society
Political authority was not divinely ordained, but rather grew out of a "social
compact" between the government & the governed
Thus, the consent of governed is necessary to protect natural rights and
governments. can be changed thru majority decisions
137. Montesquieu
―On the Spirit of Laws‖ 1758
Separation of powers within the government / Checks and Balances
Saw 3 forms of government: monarchies [honor], republics [virtue], and
despotisms [fear]
Concluded climate, geography, religion, education, etc. account for
world‘s different types of laws and governments
138. Rousseau
Man is essentially good when in the "state of nature" (before the creation of civilization
and society) / good people are made unhappy and corrupted by their experiences in
society.
Society is seen as "artificial" and "corrupt" and the furthering of society results in the
continuing unhappiness of man.
―Social Contract‖ (1762): "The Social Contract" is the "compact" agreed to among men
that sets the conditions for membership in society
Questioned the assumption that the will of the majority is always correct. / The goal of
government should be to secure freedom, equality, and justice for all within the state,
regardless of the will of the majority
Serious attacks on the institution of private property
139. Voltaire
Religious toleration / Freedom of expression
People are born free and equal
Support of monarchy (without it the nations would fall apart) - government would never
succeed (with everyone equal) because everyone would have never-ending power
and there would be no structure
Critics of Church (all the power it exercises over the people)
140. Diderot
Chief editor of the Encyclopédie, intended as a compendium of all knowledge in the
arts, sciences, and crafts
Attacked conventional morality
Was summoned to Russia to meet with Catherine the Great, who had become his
patron
141. “Enlightened Despots”
Enlightened Monarchs
• Frederick II, Prussia
• Catherine the Great, Russia
• Maria Theresa, Austria
• Joseph II, Austria
• Gustav III, Sweden
• Napoleon I, France
142. Impact of the Philosophes
Believed the best form of
government was a monarchy in
which the ruler respected the
people’s rights
Tried to convince monarchs to
rule justly
Some thinkers ended up
corresponding with or advising
European monarchs
143. Enlightened Despots
Some monarch’s embraced the new ideas and
made reforms that reflected the enlightenment
ideals
No intention of giving up any power
The changes they were motivated by the desire:
to make their countries stronger
to make their own rule more effective
144. Frederick the Great
of Prussia (1740–1786)
• Enlightened Reforms
• Granted religious freedoms
• Reduced censorship
• Improved education
• Reformed the justice system
• Abolished the use of torture
145. Frederick the Great
of Prussia (1740–1786)
“The first servant of the state”
Considered serfdom wrong but did nothing to
end it since he needed the support of the
wealthy landowners
Never tried to changed the existing social order
146. Catherine the Great
Russia (1762–1796)
Determined to keep
“westernizing” Russia
Introduced Enlightened ideals to
the Russian elite
Backed efforts to modernize
industry and agriculture (the Free
Economic Society to encourage the
modernization of agriculture and
industry)
147. Catherine the Great
Russia (1762–1796)
1767 - a commission to review Russia’s laws
Proposed reforms to the legal code based on the
ideas of Montesquieu
Recommended allowing religious toleration and
abolishing torture and capital punishment
None of the goals were accomplished
148. Catherine the Great
Russia (1762–1796)
First Institute for Girls
Russian Academy of
Science (to promote
knowledge and study of
the Russian language, first
comprehensive dictionary
of the Russian language)
First Russian Theater group
Decreased censorship
149. Joseph II
Austria (1765–1790)
Most radical royal
reformer
Reforms
• Legal reforms
• Freedom of the press
• Freedom of worship
150. Joseph II
Austria (1765–1790)
Abolishment of serfdom
All peasants had to be paid for their work in cash
After his death, many of his reforms were
undone
151. Changing Relationship Between Ruler and
State
Old Idea New Idea
As Louis XIV reportedly As Fredrick the Great said,
said “I am the state.” a ruler is only “the first
servant of the state.”
The state and its citizens The monarch exists to
exist to serve the serve the state and
monarch. support citizen’s welfare.
153. JAMES I
Authority—James I believed in divine right and absolutism;
Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament
Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to finance
government and life style
Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church who
wanted all Catholic rituals removed; Puritans were active
members of Parliament ( problem - when James I arranged
marriage of his son (Charles) to a Catholic princes
154. charles I
Always needed money for war
When parliament denied money requests, he
dissolved parliament
1628, parliament gets back together and asks
Charles to sign the Petition of Right
155. Petition of Right
No imprisonment without due cause
No taxation without parliament‘s consent
No putting soldiers in private homes
No martial law during peacetime
156. Causes of Civil war
• Charles forces Scotland to follow anglican religion
• scots united the army and threatened to invade England
• Charles calls the parliament to raise money
• Parliament raises the laws to limit royal power
• Charles raises his army in the loyal to him north of england
157. Civil war (1642-1649)
War between Cavaliers (Royalists) vs Roundheads
(supporters of Parliament)
158. Civil War
Without Parliament‘s funding, king relied on contributions to pay army
Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles
Parliament could back its army by voting for funding
Supporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short, bowl-shaped
haircuts
Roundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from upper classes
159. Civil War
Puritan‘s General Oliver Cromwell
1647 - Charles I hold prisoner
1649 - Execution of Charles I
160. COMMONWEALTH
Commonwealth was created—type of government
with no king & ruled by Parliament
First Constitution destroyed
Oliver Cromwell - a military dictator
the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed –
616,000 Irish were killed by war, plague and famine
161. Puritan Morality
Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve
England‘s morality
Abolished all ―sinful‖ things: it was illegal to go to
the theaters & sporting events; ―merrymaking‖ &
―amusement‖ were illegal
Cromwell was tolerant of other religions despite his
deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS)
162. • 1. Charles I‘s supporters were
known as the _____ (a.k.a.
Cavaliers).
• a. Parliamentarians
• b. Puritans 3. the period during which the Stuarts
• c. Roundheads were out of power in England (1649-
1660) and Cromwell was the one to
• d. Royalists
rules is known as:a. Act of Unionb.
Commonwealthc. Puritan Monarchyd.
• 2. The Petition of Right (1628) Stuart Succession
included all of the following
except what?
4. Cromwell‘s New Model Army landed
• a. no taxes without parliament in ____ in 1649, where it forcibly
approval evicted civilians and destroyed food
• b. No martial law during supplies, sparking a large famine.a.
peacetime Franceb. Irelandc. Scotlandd. wales
• c. Soldiers could not be
quartered in private homes
• d. Universal manhood suffrage
5. After Charles I tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament and failed, he fled to the
north of England and raised an army.True / False
163. Restoration
1658 - Cromwell dies
1660 - Charles II (on the petition of Parliament)
becomes English KIng (1660-1685)
The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 - a writ ordering a
person to be brought before a court or a judge
164. Restoration
• James II (Charles II brother / catholic) - Possible
successor of British throne
• Separation of the Parliament
• Whigs - opposition Tories - support
165. Glorious Revolution
• James II (1685-1688)
Appoints Catholics to high positions (against the law)
Dissolves the Parliament
• Parliament asks Mary (James daughter) and william of
orange (prince of netherlands) to overthrow james
166. Glorious Revolution
1689 - 1702
GB becomes the first Constitutional Monarchy
Bill of Rights (1689)
Act of Toleration (1689) / religious toleration, still restricting
Catholics
cabinet System
167. Bill of Rights 1689
The monarch no longer had powers to change, enact or
suspend laws / could only do so with the approval of
Parliament/
the king could no longer raise an army without the consent of
Parliament, neither could he levy taxes
Freedom of speech and debate in Parliament.
Rights of English subjects to keep arms for their defense.
Rights to trial by jury
168. Glorious Revolution
Thomas Hobbes: People are selfish / Social
Contract
John Locke: natural right to defend ―Life, health,
Liberty, or Possessions"
169. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
May 1787 – Philadelphia Convention (to revise
Articles of Confederation) 12 states except Rhode
Island
170. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
Principal Debate
Representation in the Economic issues and
Congress (Small and big Slavery (North and South
states) States)
172. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
SLAVERY
5 slaves – same to 3 white persons / for tax paying
and representation in the Congress
Government promises not to intervene into slave
trade (for next 20 years)
173. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
DIVISION OF POWER
Legislative CONGRESS Judicial
Executive - PRESIDENT
174. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
CONGRESS is allowed to:
Levy taxes
Regulate trade between the states and other nations
Establish the national currency and its value
Establish army and declare war
Accept new states
175. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
USA became a Federal Republic
Each state is allowed to
Regulate internal trade
Conduct elections
Provide public security
177. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
Bill of Rights 1789
10 Amendments to the Constitution
Freedom of speech, press and assembly
Right to keep and bear arms
Trial by Jury
178. CONSTITUCION AMERICANA
George Washington (1789 – 1797)
Alexander Hamilton / Secretario del Tesoro / La
intervención gubernamental en favor de la industria y
el comercio nacionales; fomentar la industria con
medidas proteccionistas
Revenue tariff (impuesto sobre importaciones: 5%-8%)
Excise tax (impuesto sobre whiskey)
El Primer Banco de Estados Unidos
Alexander Hamilton
180. THOMAS JEFFERSON
Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809
Política de ―Laissez-faire‖
Necesidad de limitar al poder para
salvaguardar la libertad
/el gobierno federal se encargara de la
defensa y la política exterior, los Estados
- una amplia autonomía política interior/
181. THOMAS JEFFERSON
Compra de Luisiana
1804 – 2,140 mil km2 (estados de Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa,
Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska / partes de Minnesota, Dakota del
Sur y del Norte, Montana, Texas, Wyoming, Colorado)
Problemas: población católica / esclavitud muy fuerte
182. THOMAS JEFFERSON
1807 – Embargo Act
Miles de marineros sin trabajo
Bajan las importaciones e exportaciones (1807-198 mln/
1808 – 22 mln)
Comercio ilegal entre Canadá y los estados del Norte
1809 – Non-Intercouse Act
184. GUERRA DE 1812
Ataques británicos a los barcos americanos
Apoyo británico a los Nativos
Junio 1812, Congreso declara la Guerra a GB
185. GUERRA DE 1812
Ejercitopequeño (dependía de milicias de los estados)
Inexperiencia de los oficiales
Pocos barcos (necesidad de rentar barcos privados)
Campaña en Canadá
(1812-1814)
186. GUERRA DE 1812
1814 – ocupación de Washington (los británicos queman el
edificio de Casa Blanca y Capitolio)
Diciembre 1814 – Batalla de Nuevo Orleans
188. FRENCH REVOLUTION
―Little by little, the old world
crumbled, and not once did the
king imagine that some of the
pieces might fall on him.‖
Jennifer Donnelly, Revolution
189. First Estate (High-ranking members
of the Church)
1% of the total population/ control
over 10% of the land
Paid no taxes
Supported Monarchy
Society under the Old Regime
190. Second Estate / Nobility
2% of the total population/ control
over 20% of the land
Paid no taxes
Supported Monarchy
Monopolized military and state
appointments
Society under the Old Regime
191. Society under the Old Regime
What is the third estate?
Everything.
What has it been heretofore in the
political order? Nothing.
What does it demand? To become
something therein.
Abb Sieyès, What is the Third
Estate? (1789)
192. Third Estate / artisans,
bourgeoisie, city workers,
merchants, peasants
97% of the total population
No Church, army and government
positions open to Third Estate
Paid all taxes
Church tax / Tax on goods brought
into cities
Income tax / Old Regime /Land tax
Society under the Salt tax
193. Appointed
the
intendants
Appointed Controlled
who
the people justice by
governed
to collect appointing
France
his taxes judges
districts
Could Controlled
imprison Made all
the the laws
anyone, at military
any reason
Levied all Made all
the taxes the
and decisions
decided about
how to peace and
spend the war
money
WHat did king do
194. ECONOMIC SITUATION
France‘s economy was based primarily on
agriculture
Peasant farmers of France bore the
burden of taxation
Poor harvests meant that peasants had
trouble paying their regular taxes /
Certainly could not afford to have
their taxes raised
Bourgeoisie often managed to gather
wealth / But were upset that they paid
taxes while nobles did not
195. France is bankrupt
The king (Louis XVI) lavished money on
himself and residences like Versailles
Queen Marie Antoinette was seen as a wasteful
spender
Government found its funds depleted as a
result of wars
Deficit spending – a government spending more
money than it takes in from tax revenues
Privileged classes would not submit to being
taxed
196. LONG TERM CAUSES
Absolutism
Unjust socio-political system
(Old Regime)
Poor harvests which left
peasant farmers with little
money for taxes
Influence of Enlightenment
philosophes
Influence of other successful
revolutions (England’s Glorious
Revolution (1688-1689) /
American Revolution (1775-1783)
197. Bankruptcy Great Fear Estates-General
• Caused by deficit • Worst famine in • Louis XVI had no
spending memory choice but to
Short-term Causes
• Financial
ministers
• Hungry,
impoverished
call for a
meeting of the
(Turgot, Necker, peasants feared Estates-General
Calonne) proposed that nobles at to find a
changes Estates-General solution to the
• But these were were seeking bankruptcy
rejected greater problem
• Assembly of privileges • All three
Notables voted • Attacks on nobles estates
down taxation for occurred • Had not met since
the nobility in throughout the 1614
1787 country in 1789 • Set in motion a
series of events
which resulted in
the abolition of
the monarchy and
a completely new
socio-political
system for France
198. 1. Identify the
groups
represented in
the cartoon.
2. What do the
chains represent
in the cartoon?
3. Why did the
author portray
the three men on
the back of the
other?
4. Why would the
three men on the
back have a
facial expression
of indifference?
5. What was the
199. National Assembly (1789 -1791)
Legislative Assembly (1791-
1792)
National Convention (1792-
FRENCH REVOLUTION
1795)
Directory (1795-1799)
200. Changes under the National Assembly
Abolishment of
Abolition of special Constitution of
guilds and labor
privileges 1791
unions
Church under
Declaration of the Equality before the the Gov. control
Rights of Man law (for men) / sale of Church
lands
Taxes levied
based on the
ability to pay
201. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen - August, 1789
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of press
Right to a fair trial
Guaranteed property rights
NATIONAL Assembly
202. Democratic features
France became a limited monarchy
King became merely the head of state
All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly
Feudalism was abolished
Constitution of 1791
203. Undemocratic features
Voting was limited to taxpayers
Offices were reserved for property owners
Constitution of 1791
204. Legislative assembly
Royal family sought help from Austria
In June, 1791, they were caught trying to escape to Austria
Nobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as émigrés
They hoped that, with foreign help, the Old Regime could be restored in France
Church officials wanted Church lands, rights, and privileges
restored
Some devout Catholic peasants also supported the Church
Political parties, representing different interests, emerged
Girondists (moderates who represented the rich middle class of the
provinces)
Jacobins (led by Marat, Danton, and Robespierre) represented
workers)
205. Opposition to the new government
European monarchs feared that revolution would spread to their
own countries
France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops
In the uproar, the Commune took control of Paris
Commune was led by Danton, a member of the Jacobin political
party
Voters began electing representatives for a new convention
which would write a republican constitution for France
206. National convention
On September 22, 1792, the Convention met for the first time
Established the First French Republic
Faced domestic opposition: Girondists were moderates who
represented the rich middle class of the provinces
Faced opposition from abroad : Austria, England, Holland,
Prussia, Sardinia, and Spain formed a Coalition invading France
The Convention abolished the monarchy
Put the royal couple on trial for treason : Louis XVI was
guillotined on January 21, 1793 / Marie Antoinette was guillotined
on October 16, 1793
207. Reign of Terror:
September 5, 1793-July 27, 1794
Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate French
politics
Committee of Public Safety
Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre)
Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee‘s Revolutionary
Tribunal
Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine / 40 000 executed in
general
Guillotine became known as the ―National Razor‖
Changed the calendar / took away Sundays (as religious and old
fashioned)
Closed all the Churches
208. 4. Which of the following was responsible for the
1. Which of the following was a result of the Civil Constitution of
the Clergy?:
convening of the Estates General in 1789?:
a. the clergy were given a privileged position in the Estates- a. the storming of the Bastille.
General.
b. peasant discontent with the king.
b. the church was made a department of the French state.
c. royal abolition of guild restrictions.
QUIZ
c. the clergy were condemned to execution during the Reign of
Terror. d. the French government's near bankruptcy.
d. the church was made completely independent from the state.
2. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed?: The term "Great Fear" refers to
a. universal manhood suffrage. a. the horiffic retreat of the French Army from Russia in
1812.
b. abolition of the monarchy.
b. murder of thousands of enemies of the Revolution in
c. free education.
the prisons.
d. security of property.
c. panic in the countryside that fanned the flames of
3. he greatest number of victims under "The Terror" (1793-1794) rebellion.
were from which social group?:
d. the fear of an English invasion of France
a. clergy.
b. nobility.
c. foreigners.
d. peasants.
209. FRENCH REVOLUTION
"Any law which violates the inalienable rights of
man is essentially unjust and tyrannical; it is not a
law at all."
Robespierre
210. constitution 1791
Democratic features
France became a limited monarchy
King became merely the head of state
All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly
Feudalism was abolished
Undemocratic features
Voting was limited to taxpayers
Offices were reserved for property owners
211. FRENCH REVOLUTION
LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLY
Radicals Conservatists R
Moderates
212. legislative assemblu
Nobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as émigrés
Political parties, representing different interests, emerged
Girondists ( moderates who represented the rich
middle class of the provinces)
Jacobins (to limit the powers of the king /
republican tendencies)
213. opposition to french
government
European monarchs feared that revolution would spread to their own
countries
France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops
Commune, led by Danton (Jacobin) takes control
Voters began electing representatives for a National Convention
which would write a republican constitution for France
214. The National Convention (1792) :
Abolished the Monarchy
Put the royal couple on trial for treason (Louis XVI
was guillotined on January 21, 1793 / Marie Antoinette
was guillotined on October 16, 1793 /Daughter Marie-
Thérèse was allowed to go to Vienna in 1795 )
Established Republic (male adults received the right
to vote)
Set aside the Legislative Assembly
Abolishment of monarchy
215. Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate
French politics
Committee of Public Safety (1793) /
executive government in France during the Reign of Terror
Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre)
Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee‘s Revolutionary
Tribunal
Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine (Guillotine became
known as the ―National Razor‖)
New Calendar (no Sundays)
Reign of terror
All Churches are closed
216. By July 1794 NC understood that nobody was safe from
Robespierre
They made a conspiracy demanding his arrest
Robespierre lost his head on July 28, 1794
End of reign of terror
1795 NC drafted new plan of government:
New constitution placed power in hands of upper middle class
Two house legislature
Executive Directory of Five