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WHAT IS
      HISTORY?
     "History is more or less bunk." Henry Ford



"What experience and history teach is this-that people and
governments never have learned anything from history, or
  acted on principles deduced from it." G. W. F. Hegel
WHAT IS
         HISTORY?
   "History . . . is indeed little more than the register of the
crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind." Edward Gibbon



 "The study of history is the best medicine for a sick mind; for
  in history you have a record of the infinite variety of human
experience plainly set out for all to see; and in that record you
     can find yourself and your country both examples and
  warnings; fine things to take as models, base things rotten
               through and through, to avoid." Livy
WHAT IS
                            HISTORY?
1. A usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those
events ( a history of the Vikings)2. The branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past events

3.a. The past events relating to a particular thing (The history of their rivalry is full of intrigue)b. The aggregate of past events or human affairs: basic tools used
throughout history.

                                                                                                                                              The Free Online Dictionary
                                                                                                                                 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/history
A Historical
             Event
✴ Particular aspect in relation to social and cultural events of the past

✴ Cause – Effect Relationship

✴ Being relevant

✴ Being placed in a certain context

✴ Being unique

✴ Impact on the whole community

✴ Happened considerably long ago
Source Analysis
History Sources
•   Sunday, 14th of October

•   ...these people are very simple as regards the use of arms, as your Highnesses
    will see from the seven that I caused to be taken, to bring home and learn our
    language and return; unless your Highnesses should order them all to be
    brought to Castile, or to be kept as captives on the same island; for with fifty
    men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them....

                 •   Christopher Columbus. Utilizing the Native Labor Force. 1492.
Primary Sources
•   ―A primary source is a document or physical object which was
    written or created during the time under study. These sources
    were present during an experience or time period and offer an
    inside view of a particular event‖.

                               •   http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html

    Diaries

    Letters

    Photographs

    Art

    Maps
History Sources
•   Columbus initially had friendly relations with the Native Americans he
    encountered in the West Indies on the first voyage. Beginning with the second
    voyage, these relations began to sour, with some tribes more than others. The
    Spanish had come to America as conquerors. In 1492, they had just
    successfully finished a centuries-long war to evict the Moors from Spain, and
    the idea of spreading Christianity (in general) and Spanish control (in
    particular) was central to Spanish culture. The idea that one could arrive at a
    new country with no strong central government, and not claim such lands for
    the sovereigns one had sworn to support and defend, was simply unthinkable...

•   Keith A. Pickering. Columbus and the destruction of Native peoples. 2004
Secondary Sources
•   ―A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources.
    These sources are one or more steps removed from the event.
    Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of
    primary sources in them‖.

                                  •   http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html

    History textbooks

    Biographies

    Published stories

    Movies of historical events
•   The journey of a modern hero, to the island of Elba / 1814, Great Britain
OPVL

O- origin

P- purpose

V- value

L- limitation
OPVL

•   Origin is where the source comes from

    When was the document created?

    Who created it?

    Where did it first appear?

    Is it a primary or secondary source?
OPVL

•   Purpose: What do you think the author was trying to
    communicate? What ideas/feelings was he/she trying to
    express/evoke?



    Why did the author create the document?

    Who is the intended audience?
OPVL

•   Value is how valuable this source is. Basically it's linked
    to the amount of bias in the source: the more bias = the
    less valuable (usually)

    What can we tell about the author from the piece?

    What can we tell about the time period from the piece?

    Under what circumstances was the piece created and how does the
    piece reflect those circumstances?

    What can we tell about any controversies from the piece?

    Does the author represent a particular ‗side‘ of a controversy or
    event?
OPVL
•   Limitations is also linked to bias, each source will be at
    least a little biased and thus they are limited by that. If the
    source has been translated from the original then the
    language difference will be another source of inaccuracy
    and a limitation.

    Does the author have reasons to emphasize certain facts over others
    to a particular audience? Might the author present the story differently
    to different audience?

    What specific information might the author have chosen to leave out?

    Does the author concede a certain point that it is inconvenient for
    him/her to admit to?
MIDDLE AGES
CHURCH, CRUSADES AND SOCIETY
Holy Roman
Empire in 1050:
the most
centralized and
best governed
territory in Europe
Problems inside the Church
 Illiteracy of the priests

 Immorality of the priests

 Indifference towards spirituality

 Simony (selling Church positions)
Reorganization of Church
 Papal Curia (advisers) was created

 Canon law (marriage divorce, inheritance issues)

 Pope‘s diplomats helped to restore Pope‘s authotity

 ―Tithes‖ were introduced (―10th part of something, paid as a
  contribution to a religious organization‖)

 New Religious Orders were created (Dominicans,
  Benedictines, Franciscans)
CRUSADES
CRUSADES. WHY?
 Help Byzantine Empire from possible Muslim attack on
  Constantinople
 Christian pilgrims visiting the holy sites in Jerusalem
  began experiencing increased harassment and danger
 Hope to unite the entire eastern Mediterranean and the
  divided Christian faith under the banner of the Latin
  Church
 Possibility to get rid of the Knight fighting each other and
  disturbing the peace of the kingdoms
 For merchants – possibility to control trade routes to
  India, China
CRUSADES
1097 - Pope Urban promises ―a place in Heaven‖
Motivations of the Participants:
 Men tired of hopeless poverty
 Adventurers seeking action
 Merchants looking for new markets
 Lords whose enlisting serfs had left them laborless
 Young sons looking for land and social position
 Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of Christ
CRUSADES
 The First Crusade (1096-1099) / Capture of Jerusalem

 Second Crusade (1147-1149) / Christians defeated by
  Saladin, Fall of Jerusalem

 Third Crusade (1189-1192) / Truce between Richard
  the Lion-Hearted and Saladin: Jerusalem under
  Muslim control
EFFECTS OF CRUSADES
 Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or spend too
  much money on military, more power to the Kings
 Trade and Explorations were enhanced / Spices, cotton,
  linen, pearls, porcelain, silk, etc.; Improvements – Ships,
  Maps, Explorers
 The influence of the Catholic Church and the position of the
  pope declined
 The Muslim powers, once tolerant of religious diversity, had
  been made intolerant by attack
MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

AGRICULTURE
Use of horses instead of oxen Three-field system


More and Better farm production


Better resistance to diseases / longer life expectancy


Increase in Population
MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
CREATION OF GUILDS



Establishment of working conditions, salaries, quality of
products



Better products / More money for the Guilds         more
power over the Government
MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION


 Growth of Trade
 No more self-sufficient societies
 Growth of the cities
 More money available
 Merchants get more power - Burghers
1350 -1600
RENAISSANCE
              
A time of renewed interest in things of this world
(REBIRTH).

 Human beings and their conditions
    Education, art, literature, and science
RENAISSANCE
              
Why Italy?
 Existence of city-states (while the majority of Europe
  is rural)
 Heritage of Rome and Greece / Migration of Greek
  scholars (fall of Constantinople)
 Trading center
 Merchants and Medici (patronage of arts)
RENAISSANCE
              
Humanism, a system of thought and action concerned
with human interests and values

 Human beings have dignity and intelligence.

 They (we) can change the world and make it
     a better place for all.
RENAISSANCE
              
Renaissance man - successful in business, well-
mannered, educated, athletic, and brave.

 The goal of education became making people
     well-rounded.

     Religion remained important, but the authority
      and some practices of the church began to be
      questioned.
RENAISSANCE
              
 PERSPECTIVE

Creates the appearance of three dimensions

 REALISM

That painting is the most to be praised which agrees
most exactly with the thing imitated.
RENAISSANCE
              
LEONARDO DA VINCI

1452-1519
Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer
Mona Lisa
            
The Last Supper
      
Notebooks

            
Michelangelo

Sistine Chapel
      About a year after creating

       David, Pope Julius II
     summoned Michelangelo to
      Rome to work on his most
    famous project, the ceiling of
         the Sistine Chapel.
Creation of Eve              Creation of Adam




Separation of Light and Darkness   The Last Judgment
La Pieta 1499
Marble Sculpture

                   
Raphael
1483-1520
  
The School of Athens
        
RENAISSANCE
             
LITERATURE

 Use of Vernacular Language

 Writing for self - expression
RENAISSANCE
                  
NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI
THE PRINCE

“One can make this generalization about men: they are
ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun
danger and are greedy for profit”
RENAISSANCE
              
THE PRINCE
 Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved
 Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision
  making
 Ruler keeps power by any means necessary
 The end justifies the means
 Be good when possible, and evil when necessary
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
                           
 Rooted in Medieval traditions rather than Greco-
  Roman.
 Very realistic /used ordinary objects to symbolize
  religious subjects and truths.
 Different than Italian Renaissance in that
 use of oil produced vibrant, rich color
 allowed painter to create a realistic painting with
  overwhelming to create surface realism rather than an
  emphasis on structure, perspective, and proportions
Pieter Bruegel the Elder

          
Pieter Bruegel the Elder

          
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
                         
CHRISTIAN HUMANISM

 Erasmus (Holland)
“The Praise of Folly”: Christianity of the Heart, not of
the ceremonies or rules

 Thomas More (England)
“Utopia”: an imaginary land without greed, anger,
corruption and war.
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
                    
GUTTENBERG BIBLE (1455)

 Made information available to a much larger number of
  the population
 Libraries could store greater quantities of information at
  much lower cost
 Facilitation of the dissemination and preservation of
  knowledge
 Spread of new ideas quickly and with greater impact
 Stimulation of literacy
RENAISSANCE LEGACY
                        
 New Conceptions of Life and the World (earthly life
  is worth living for its own sake)
 Reformed Education (both the Greek and Latin
  languages and literatures were now established)
 Development of the Vernacular Literatures
 Impulse to Religious Reforms
 Questioning political and religious authorities
 Individual achievements are praised
PROtestant reformation
    Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church that led to a religious
movement and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe.
Financial corruption
              Abuse of power
     Immorality (12-year old bishops)
      Illiterate priests (no teachers)


catholic church, 16 century
Renaissance: Interest in humanism and rediscovery of ancient culture.
    European rulers challenged the Church as the Supreme Power
European decentralization, rise of nation-states. Breakdown of medieval
                      centralization under Pope

               Causes of reformation
Belief that selling indulgences is sinful
   Indulgences had no power to remit sin
Criticism of power of pope, wealth of church




                        95 Theses
Pope and Church traditions are false authorities
                 Pope did not speak for God
   Church and priesthood are not necessary for salvation
            God’s grace is given to all who seek it
Individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture,
      Christian practices should come only from Bible

         Luther’s main ideas
1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church
 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor
               RESponse to Luther
                           Charles V

Edict of Worms (1521) declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic
German Princes, supporting Luther, - Protesting Princes

                   PROTESTANTS




                            REsponse to Luther
ANGLICAN CHURCH

    1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17
              Devout Catholic
 Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas
Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith”
  By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary
Act of Supremacy


    Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled
Act of Supremacy passed(1534); Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”

     REFORMATION PARLIAMENT
AFter Henry VIII
                                                                      Elizabeth I / 1559, new Supremacy Act, splitting
                                                                      England from RomeProtestant priests could marry and
                                                                      deliver sermons in EnglishElizabeth persecuted Catholics,
Mary returned England to authority of popeHundreds burned at state   secured Church of England
for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary”


                                                                      The Act of Uniformity (1558) forced people to attend
                                                                      Sunday service in an Anglican church / a new version of
                                                                      the Book of Common Prayers
JOHN CALVIN
 Doctrine of predestination

 Best form of Government - Theocracy

1540’s Geneva’s rule: obligated religious classes, no bright
clothes, no support for other doctrines




Presbyterians (John Knox) in Scotland
reformation in europe
counter reformation
JESUITS /1534/ founded by Ignatius of Loyola, Basque nobleman, former soldier
   Jesuits - military organization, emphasizing obedience to church above all
                                 Main activities:

Focus on Education          Convert non Christians to Catholics            Fight Protestant(found
                 superb schools over Europe )   (Missionaries around the world)
Popes Paul III and Paul IV (1530’ - 1560’s)
                  COUNCIL OF TRENT ( 1546-1563)
               The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final
             Faith is not enough for salvation. Need of good works
Bible and Church traditions are both important and powerful authoorities for any
                                  Christian
                   Indulgences are valid expressions of faith

                 counter reformation
political effects of reformation
                     Rising sense of national identity
                 Formation of independent states, nations
Rulers, merchants both wanted church less involved in state, business affairs
            Political power became separated from churches
SOCIAL effects of reformation
                      End of Christian Unity in Europe
Increase in Education (both Protestants and Catholics founded new schools and
                               Universities)
      Base for Enlightenment (by challenging the authority and beliefs)
Luther with seven heads; identifying Luther
as a doctor, a monk, a Turk, a preacher, a
fanatic, a church visitor and a wild man with a
club.'Septiceps Lutherus', Leipzig: Valentin
Schumann, 1529. (t served as a title-page to a
pamphlet written by Johann Cochleus (1479-
1552)1. Analyze the following cartoon according
to its Origin, Purpose, value and Limitation. 2.
Explain what is the message of the cartoon
AGE OF DIsCOVERY
CAUSES
Competition among countries for wealth in Asia


•   To Find a direct sea route to India



Desire to explore the unknown (Renaissance)
Spread Christianity
Desire for wealth, new territories
TREATY OF
                  TORDESILLAS
•   The Portuguese wanted to protect their monopoly
    on the trade route to Africa and felt threatened by
    Columbus discovery



•   In 1494 TREATY OF TORDESILLAS was signed,
    that established an imaginary line running through
    the mid-Atlantic
EFFECTS



•   Finding New World gave new opportunities to
    Europeans
EFFECTS
Age of Imperialism




              •   Before 1750
EFFECTS
Slave trade
EFFECTS
Columbian Exchange
EFFECTS

Influx of money and goods



Change of the economic systems in Europe



The Commercial Revolution (establishment of many types of new
businesses)
“Enlightened Despots”


                   Enlightened Monarchs
             • Frederick II, Prussia
             • Catherine the Great, Russia
             • Maria Theresa, Austria
             • Joseph II, Austria
             • Gustav III, Sweden
             • Napoleon I, France
ABSOLUTISM
―L‘etat, c‘est moi (I am the state)‖ –Louis XIV
Absolutism in Europe



     Oscar Alzaga.
Absolutism

   Appeal to the ―Divine Right‖

   Sovereignty rests within the Monarch

   Economy has to serve the State (Mercantilism)

   Large standing army (professional and financed
    by the state)
Absolutism

   Nobility with privileges but almost no political
    power (Control of the land / Tax exempt)

   State bureaucracies
Causes of Absolutism

   Decline of Catholic Church and its influence
    kings consolidate power

   Decline of Feudal system. Lords lost its power
    king gained it

   Enormous expansion in trade and industry     the
    merchants and industrial-ists wanted peace and
    order
Causes of Absolutism

   Territorial and religious disputes created fear
    and uncertainty among population

   The decline of the empire and the Papacy led to
    the growth of a number of nations where rulers
    successfully asserted their authority and
    established absolute rule
Strengths of Absolute Monarchies

    Efficiency

     Decisions are made by one person

    Nationalism

     Promoted a common culture and identity

    Stability

     The ruler stays in power until death

    Wealth / No resistance means a large and powerful
     empire
Weaknesses of Absolute
              Monarchies

   Undemocratic

    No collaboration of ideas

   Individual rights

    Often violated

   Stability

    If the ruler was poor, it could affect the country for
    decades
Ways to Increase the Power

 Taxes

 Increase overall power of the monarch and his
 power

 Strong   armies
ABSOLUTISM: PEOPLE
BUILDING ABSOLUTISM


   Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) and Cardinal Richelieu
    (1585-1642)

   Reduced power of nobility / ordered to take
    done their fortified castles

   Huguenots / forbade protestant cities to have
    walls
BUILDING ABSOLUTISM


   Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) and Cardinal
    Richelieu (1585-1642)

   Placed Middle class in position of Authority

   Intendants - Governmental Agents, extremely
    loyal to the king
LOUIS XIV / NOBILITY
                     THE FRONDE (1648-1653)
                                      •



       The desire of Nobility to limit the power of the king and have
                                        more voice in the government



LOUIS XIV

   Excluded Nobility from Advisory Councils

   Forces the Court to meet in Versailles, under the kings control

   Intendants in power of local affairs (taxes and justice) instead
    of Lords
LOUIS XIV / HUGENOTS


   Many Protestant places of worship were closed (1659-1664)

   1680 prohibition of conversions from Catholicism to
    Protestantism

   From 1681: billeting troops in Protestant homes /Protestant
    women not being allowed to be midwives / Protestants being
    forbidden to employ Catholic servants
LOUIS XIV / HUGENOTS

1685 - Edict of Fontainebleau revoking the Edict of Nantes

   The Edit of Nantes shall be abolished in its entirety

   The Protestant temples shall be destroyed without exception

   The Reformed clergy who do not immediately renounce, must
    leave the kingdom within two weeks

   All Reformed schools shall be dissolved

   The children born to Reformed parents are to be baptized
    Catholic and sent to the Catholic churches
History
RUSSIA

Russia - 1/6 of the land for 1900
1460 - 430 000 km2
1530 - 2,8 mln km2
end of XVI cemtury - 5,5 mln km2
RUSSIA
RUSSIA

   Low density of population (6 per km2 / Europe - 40)


Low development of the State and society


   Long lasting Serfdorm (untill 1861)


Two totally different words (educated rich nobility / poor,
uncivilized peasants)
RUSSIA
 Mongol   Invasion (1237 - 1480)



―major cause of "the East-West gap" - approximately 200
  years delay in introducing major social, political and
  economical reforms and scientific innovations in Russia‖

Russia was not involved in Renaissance, Protestant
 Reformation, neither succeed to develop a middle class
RUSSIA


 Extensive   Families / Young marriage

 Low   level of urbanization

 Low level of education / first printed book - 100 years later
 than in Europe
RUSSIAN GOVERNORS


IVAN III (1440-1505):


 Liberated Russia from the Mongols
 Conquered new territories
 Started centralization of government
RUSSIAN GOVERNORS


Time      of Troubles (1598-1613)Famine (1601-1603) - 1/3 (2 mln) t of
population died

Russia‘s    occupation by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Civil   uprisings

Impostors

1613 – Mikhail Romanov – begining of the Romanov dynasty
PETER THE GREAT

REFORMS OF PETER THE GREAT:
 Westernization of Russia


Beards were shaved off /western clothes were encouraged (for
nobility and high urban classes)


Division of society in a group with europeanized culture and the
one that saved the traditional lifestyle
PETER THE GREAT
PETER THE GREAT


WESTERNIZATION


 Women in the society (populatization of balls and
other social events ) / western fashion dresses
(before - women - in relative seclusion) Importance
of education (technical colleges and academies,
school of navigation) First newspaper
PETER THE GREAT
Government
 Changed his title from ―tsar‖ to ―emperor.‖
 Eliminated the duma body, made up of boyars, and
replaced it with a Western-style senate (9 closest allies of
Peter)
the Table of Ranks, which allowed officials to be rewarded for
merit and loyalty
Military Creation of standing army (130 thousand)
Creation of Baltic Fleet
 Up to 1725 - 2/3 of the Russian budget spent on military
PETER THE GREAT

Economy
 Implemented mercantelism (protection and subsidies for
national production) / Special customs tariff - high tax on the
imported products if the same were produced n Russia
 About 200 manufactures appeared


Religion Abolishment of Patriarch
Church under the control of Holy Governing Synod , composed
of bishops and bureaucrats appointed by the Emperor
RUSSIA‘S PROBLEMS
Russian people did not believe that change wasnecessary.

The Russian Orthodox Church was too strong.

The great landowners had too much power.

The Russian army was untrained and its tactics and weapons were
outdated.

Russian society had to change to compete with the modern states of
Europe.

To promote education andgrowth, Russia needed aseaport for travel to
the West.

The port needed to be built.

The new city needed to be settled
English monarchy
   and parliament
JAMES I
  Authority—James I believed in divine right and absolutism;
          Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament
        Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to
                             finance government and life style
   Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church
who wanted all Catholic rituals removed; Puritans were active
 members of Parliament ( problem - when James I arranged
           marriage of his son (Charles) to a Catholic princes
Always needed money for war
 When parliament denied money requests, he
                          dissolved parliament
1628, parliament gets back together and asks
           Charles to sign the Petition of Right

                             charles I
Petition of Right
    No imprisonment without due cause
No taxation without parliament‘s consent
    No putting soldiers in private homes
        No martial law during peacetime
Causes of Civil war
         Charles forces Scotland to follow anglican religion
 scots united the army and threatened to invade England
               Charles calls the parliament to raise money
             Parliament raises the laws to limit royal power
Charles raises his army in the loyal to him north of england
War between Cavaliers (Royalists) vs
   Roundheads (supporters of Parliament)




Civil war (1642-1649)
Civil War
Without Parliament‘s funding, king relied on contributions to pay
                                                            army
      Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles
           Parliament could back its army by voting for funding
   Supporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short, bowl-
                                                shaped haircuts
  Roundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from upper
                                                         classes
Puritan‘s General Oliver Cromwell
    1647 - Charles I hold prisoner
     1649 - Execution of Charles I
                Civil War
COMMONWEALTH
           Commonwealth was created—type of
government with no king & ruled by Parliament
                      First Constitution destroyed
              Oliver Cromwell - a military dictator
  the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed
 – 616,000 Irish were killed by war, plague and
                                            famine
Puritan Morality
Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve
                              England‘s morality
Abolished all ―sinful‖ things: it was illegal to go
             to the theaters & sporting events;
  ―merrymaking‖ &            ―amusement‖ were
                                             illegal
      Cromwell was tolerant of other religions
    despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT
                                    CATHOLICS)
1. Charles I‘s supporters were
         known as the _____ (a.k.a.
                         Cavaliers).
                  a. Parliamentarians
                                        3. the period during which the Stuarts
                            b. Puritans
                                        were out of power in England (1649-
                       c. Roundheads 1660) and Cromwell was the one to
                           d. Royalists rules is known as:a. Act of Unionb.
                                        Commonwealthc. Puritan Monarchyd.
                                        Stuart Succession
       2. The Petition of Right (1628)
  included all of the following except
                                 what? 4. Cromwell‘s New Model Army landed
       a. no taxes without parliament in ____ in 1649, where it forcibly
                              approval evicted civilians and destroyed food
                                        supplies, sparking a large famine.a.
 b. No martial law during peacetime Franceb. Irelandc. Scotlandd. wales
c. Soldiers could not be quartered in
                        private homes
     d. Universal manhood suffrage
5. After Charles I tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament and failed, he fled to the
north of England and raised an army.True / False
Restoration
                          1658 - Cromwell dies
             1660 - Charles II (on the petition of
   Parliament) becomes English KIng (1660-1685)
  The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 - a writ ordering
a person to be brought before a court or a judge
Restoration
James II (Charles II brother / catholic) - Possible
                      successor of British throne

                    Separation of the Parliament

     Whigs - opposition           Tories - support
Glorious Revolution
                                 James II (1685-1688)
 Appoints Catholics to high positions (against the law)
                             Dissolves the Parliament

Parliament asks Mary (James daughter) and william of
     orange (prince of netherlands) to overthrow james
Glorious Revolution
1689 - 1702
             GB becomes the first Constitutional Monarchy
                                          Bill of Rights (1689)
Act of Toleration (1689) / religious toleration, still restricting
                                                        Catholics
                                                cabinet System
Bill of Rights 1689
   The monarch no longer had powers to change, enact or
       suspend laws / could only do so with the approval of
                                                Parliament/
the king could no longer raise an army without the consent
                  of Parliament, neither could he levy taxes
             Freedom of speech and debate in Parliament.
  Rights of English subjects to keep arms for their defense.
                                       Rights to trial by jury
Glorious Revolution
Thomas Hobbes: People are selfish / Social
                                    Contract
   John Locke: natural right to defend ―Life,
           health, Liberty, or Possessions"
Scientificrevolution
CAUSES

Spirit of Renaissance influenced the spirit of
creativity and curiosity

Reformation made it normal to question old beliefs

Discoveries made people believe there are new
truths to be found

Navigational problems of long sea voyages
ASTRONOMY

 PTOLEMY: Geocentricism




NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543): Heliocentrisim




JOHANNES KEPLER, (1571-1630): Elliptical planetary
movement
Galileo Galilei
Early practitioner of the scientific method

Mathematical formula for acceleration of falling objects

Law of inertia

Dark spots on the Moon and the Sun

Supported the theory of Copernicus
Scientific Method
Isaac Newton




―Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy‖ (1687)

Universal Gravitation: every object on Earth attracts other object / the
degree of attraction depends on the mass and the distance
Bacon / Descartes
•   Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

    The Inductive Method

    Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge



                                              •   Rene Descartes (1596- 1650)

                                                         Significance of Doubt

                                                        The Deductive Method
Scientific Revolution



1590 - First microscope / red blood cells examined

1714 / 1742 - Gabriel Fahrenheit / Anders Celsius - mercury thermometers

A vaccine to prevent smallpox
enlightenment
main ideas
 A belief in the existence of natural laws -"law like order of the natural
  world"

 A belief in the natural rights of individuals--including the right to be self-
  governed

 A belief in power of human reason--reason exalted over emotion and
 divine revelation

 Possibility of progressive improvement of human society--through
  education and development of reason

 Political, religious, and economic institutions should be reformed in a
  social utilitarianism for happiness
John Locke
 ―Concerning Human Understanding‖, 1690

•   Man is rational and born equal

•   Virtue can be learned and practiced

•   Environment & experience are the most important shapers of the human condition /the
    character of people & societies can be changed through education




•   This challenges role of divine providence--God has not "fixed" the character of
    individuals and societies
John Locke

 ―Treatises on Government‖ 1690 ( justified constitutional monarchy)

 Argued that the universe contained natural laws governing social relations:
  life, liberty, & property / they are our inalienable natural rights we are born
  with them, they are not granted by society

 Political authority was not divinely ordained, but rather grew out of a "social
  compact" between the government & the governed

 Thus, the consent of governed is necessary to protect natural rights and
  governments. can be changed thru majority decisions
Montesquieu
 ―On the Spirit of Laws‖ 1758

 Separation of powers within the government / Checks and Balances

 Saw 3 forms of government: monarchies [honor], republics [virtue], and
  despotisms [fear]

 Concluded climate, geography, religion, education, etc. account for
  world‘s different types of laws and governments
Rousseau
 Man is essentially good when in the "state of nature" (before the creation of civilization
  and society) / good people are made unhappy and corrupted by their experiences in
  society.

 Society is seen as "artificial" and "corrupt" and the furthering of society results in the
  continuing unhappiness of man.

 ―Social Contract‖ (1762): "The Social Contract" is the "compact" agreed to among men
  that sets the conditions for membership in society

 Questioned the assumption that the will of the majority is always correct. / The goal of
  government should be to secure freedom, equality, and justice for all within the state,
  regardless of the will of the majority

 Serious attacks on the institution of private property
Voltaire

 Religious toleration / Freedom of expression

 People are born free and equal

 Support of monarchy (without it the nations would fall apart) - government would never
  succeed (with everyone equal) because everyone would have never-ending power
  and there would be no structure

 Critics of Church (all the power it exercises over the people)
Diderot

 Chief editor of the Encyclopédie, intended as a compendium of all knowledge in the
  arts, sciences, and crafts

 Attacked conventional morality

 Was summoned to Russia to meet with Catherine the Great, who had become his
  patron
“Enlightened Despots”


                   Enlightened Monarchs
             • Frederick II, Prussia
             • Catherine the Great, Russia
             • Maria Theresa, Austria
             • Joseph II, Austria
             • Gustav III, Sweden
             • Napoleon I, France
Impact of the Philosophes
 Believed the best form of
  government was a monarchy in
  which the ruler respected the
  people’s rights

 Tried to convince monarchs to
  rule justly

 Some thinkers ended up
  corresponding with or advising
  European monarchs
Enlightened Despots

 Some monarch’s embraced the new ideas and
  made reforms that reflected the enlightenment
  ideals
 No intention of giving up any power
 The changes they were motivated by the desire:
    to make their countries stronger
    to make their own rule more effective
Frederick the Great
                  of Prussia (1740–1786)

• Enlightened Reforms
   • Granted religious freedoms
   • Reduced censorship
   • Improved education
   • Reformed the justice system
   • Abolished the use of torture
Frederick the Great
       of Prussia (1740–1786)
 “The first servant of the state”
 Considered serfdom wrong but did nothing to
  end it since he needed the support of the
  wealthy landowners
 Never tried to changed the existing social order
Catherine the Great
Russia (1762–1796)

      Determined to keep
       “westernizing” Russia
      Introduced Enlightened ideals to
       the Russian elite
      Backed efforts to modernize
       industry and agriculture (the Free
      Economic Society to encourage the
      modernization of agriculture and
      industry)
Catherine the Great
           Russia (1762–1796)

 1767 - a commission to review Russia’s laws
 Proposed reforms to the legal code based on the
  ideas of Montesquieu
 Recommended allowing religious toleration and
  abolishing torture and capital punishment
 None of the goals were accomplished
Catherine the Great
                  Russia (1762–1796)
 First Institute for Girls
 Russian Academy of
  Science (to promote
  knowledge and study of
  the Russian language, first
  comprehensive dictionary
  of the Russian language)
 First Russian Theater group
 Decreased censorship
Joseph II
                   Austria (1765–1790)


 Most radical royal
  reformer
 Reforms
 •   Legal reforms
 •   Freedom of the press
 •   Freedom of worship
Joseph II
              Austria (1765–1790)

 Abolishment of serfdom
 All peasants had to be paid for their work in cash


 After his death, many of his reforms were
 undone
Changing Relationship Between Ruler and
                   State
Old Idea                       New Idea
 As Louis XIV reportedly       As Fredrick the Great said,
  said “I am the state.”         a ruler is only “the first
                                 servant of the state.”
 The state and its citizens    The monarch exists to
  exist to serve the             serve the state and
  monarch.                       support citizen’s welfare.
English monarchy
   and parliament
JAMES I
Authority—James I believed in divine right and absolutism;
Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament

Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to finance
government and life style

Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church who
wanted all Catholic rituals removed; Puritans were active
members of Parliament ( problem - when James I arranged
marriage of his son (Charles) to a Catholic princes
charles I
 Always needed money for war

 When parliament denied money requests, he
 dissolved parliament

 1628, parliament gets back together and asks
 Charles to sign the Petition of Right
Petition of Right

 No imprisonment without due cause

 No taxation without parliament‘s consent

 No putting soldiers in private homes

 No martial law during peacetime
Causes of Civil war
•   Charles forces Scotland to follow anglican religion

•   scots united the army and threatened to invade England

•   Charles calls the parliament to raise money

•   Parliament raises the laws to limit royal power

•   Charles raises his army in the loyal to him north of england
Civil war (1642-1649)

 War between Cavaliers (Royalists) vs Roundheads
 (supporters of Parliament)
Civil War
 Without Parliament‘s funding, king relied on contributions to pay army

 Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles

 Parliament could back its army by voting for funding

 Supporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short, bowl-shaped
 haircuts

 Roundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from upper classes
Civil War
 Puritan‘s General Oliver Cromwell

 1647 - Charles I hold prisoner

 1649 - Execution of Charles I
COMMONWEALTH
Commonwealth was created—type of government
with no king & ruled by Parliament

First Constitution destroyed

Oliver Cromwell - a military dictator

the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed –
616,000 Irish were killed by war, plague and famine
Puritan Morality
 Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve
 England‘s morality

 Abolished all ―sinful‖ things: it was illegal to go to
 the theaters & sporting events; ―merrymaking‖ &
 ―amusement‖ were illegal

 Cromwell was tolerant of other religions despite his
 deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS)
•     1. Charles I‘s supporters were
      known as the _____ (a.k.a.
      Cavaliers).
•     a. Parliamentarians
•     b. Puritans                             3. the period during which the Stuarts
•     c. Roundheads                           were out of power in England (1649-
                                              1660) and Cromwell was the one to
•     d. Royalists
                                              rules is known as:a. Act of Unionb.
                                              Commonwealthc. Puritan Monarchyd.
•     2. The Petition of Right (1628)         Stuart Succession
      included all of the following
      except what?
                                              4. Cromwell‘s New Model Army landed
•     a. no taxes without parliament          in ____ in 1649, where it forcibly
      approval                                evicted civilians and destroyed food
•     b. No martial law during                supplies, sparking a large famine.a.
      peacetime                               Franceb. Irelandc. Scotlandd. wales
•     c. Soldiers could not be
      quartered in private homes
•     d. Universal manhood suffrage
    5. After Charles I tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament and failed, he fled to the
    north of England and raised an army.True / False
Restoration

 1658 - Cromwell dies

 1660 - Charles II (on the petition of Parliament)
 becomes English KIng (1660-1685)

 The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 - a writ ordering a
 person to be brought before a court or a judge
Restoration
• James II (Charles II brother / catholic) - Possible
  successor of British throne



• Separation of the Parliament




• Whigs - opposition            Tories - support
Glorious Revolution
• James II (1685-1688)

  Appoints Catholics to high positions (against the law)

  Dissolves the Parliament




• Parliament asks Mary (James daughter) and william of
  orange (prince of netherlands) to overthrow james
Glorious Revolution


     1689 - 1702
 GB becomes the first Constitutional Monarchy

 Bill of Rights (1689)

 Act of Toleration (1689) / religious toleration, still restricting
 Catholics

 cabinet System
Bill of Rights 1689
The monarch no longer had powers to change, enact or
suspend laws / could only do so with the approval of
Parliament/

the king could no longer raise an army without the consent of
Parliament, neither could he levy taxes

Freedom of speech and debate in Parliament.

Rights of English subjects to keep arms for their defense.

Rights to trial by jury
Glorious Revolution

 Thomas Hobbes: People are selfish / Social
 Contract

 John Locke: natural right to defend ―Life, health,
 Liberty, or Possessions"
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION




May 1787 – Philadelphia Convention (to revise
Articles of Confederation) 12 states except Rhode
Island
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION




                 Principal Debate




Representation in the        Economic issues and
Congress (Small and big      Slavery (North and South
states)                      States)
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION




―Great Compromise‖

House of Representatives (according to the
population of each state) and Senate (same
representation for each state)
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION




SLAVERY



5 slaves – same to 3 white persons / for tax paying
and representation in the Congress

Government     promises not to intervene into slave
trade (for next 20 years)
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION




           DIVISION OF POWER




Legislative CONGRESS               Judicial

           Executive - PRESIDENT
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION




CONGRESS is allowed to:

Levy taxes
Regulate trade between the states and other nations
Establish the national currency and its value
Establish army and declare war
Accept new states
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION




USA became a Federal Republic

Each state is allowed to

Regulate internal trade
Conduct elections
Provide public security
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
AMERICAN CONSTITUTION




Bill of Rights 1789

10 Amendments to the Constitution

Freedom   of speech, press and assembly
Right to keep and bear arms
Trial by Jury
CONSTITUCION AMERICANA




George Washington (1789 – 1797)

Alexander Hamilton / Secretario del Tesoro / La
intervención gubernamental en favor de la industria y
el comercio nacionales; fomentar la industria con
medidas proteccionistas

Revenue   tariff (impuesto sobre importaciones: 5%-8%)
Excise tax (impuesto sobre whiskey)
El Primer Banco de Estados Unidos


Alexander Hamilton
CONSTITUCION AMERICANA



Partido Federalista        Anti Federalistas /Partido
                           Demócrata-Republicano/
THOMAS JEFFERSON



     Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809

Política   de ―Laissez-faire‖

Necesidad    de limitar al poder para
salvaguardar la libertad
/el gobierno federal se encargara de la
defensa y la política exterior, los Estados
- una amplia autonomía política interior/
THOMAS JEFFERSON




                    Compra de Luisiana

1804  – 2,140 mil km2 (estados de Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa,
Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska / partes de Minnesota, Dakota del
Sur y del Norte, Montana, Texas, Wyoming, Colorado)
Problemas: población católica / esclavitud muy fuerte
THOMAS JEFFERSON




1807 – Embargo Act

Miles de marineros sin trabajo
Bajan las importaciones e exportaciones (1807-198 mln/
1808 – 22 mln)
Comercio ilegal entre Canadá y los estados del Norte


1809 – Non-Intercouse Act
CONSTITUCION AMERICANA
GUERRA DE 1812




Ataques   británicos a los barcos americanos

Apoyo   británico a los Nativos



Junio 1812, Congreso declara la Guerra a GB
GUERRA DE 1812



Ejercitopequeño (dependía de milicias de los estados)
Inexperiencia de los oficiales
Pocos barcos (necesidad de rentar barcos privados)




            Campaña en Canadá
            (1812-1814)
GUERRA DE 1812




1814   – ocupación de Washington (los británicos queman el
edificio de Casa Blanca y Capitolio)
Diciembre 1814 – Batalla de Nuevo Orleans
GUERRA DE 1812




Tratado   de Gante - 24 de diciembre de 1814
FRENCH REVOLUTION
         ―Little by little, the old world
           crumbled, and not once did the
            king imagine that some of the
                pieces might fall on him.‖
            Jennifer Donnelly, Revolution
First Estate (High-ranking members
of the Church)
1% of the total population/ control
over 10% of the land
Paid no taxes
Supported Monarchy

Society under the Old Regime
Second Estate / Nobility
2% of the total population/ control
over 20% of the land
Paid no taxes
Supported Monarchy
Monopolized military and state
appointments
Society under the Old Regime
Society under the Old Regime
What is the third estate?
 Everything.
What has it been heretofore in the
 political order? Nothing.
What does it demand? To become
 something therein.
       Abb Sieyès, What is the Third
                      Estate? (1789)
Third Estate / artisans,
bourgeoisie, city workers,
merchants, peasants
97% of the total population
No Church, army and government
positions open to Third Estate
Paid all taxes
Church tax / Tax on goods brought
into cities
Income tax / Old Regime /Land tax
Society under the Salt tax
Appointed
   the
   intendants
                Appointed     Controlled
   who
                the people    justice by
   governed
                to collect    appointing
   France
                his taxes     judges
   districts

    Could        Controlled
    imprison                   Made all
                 the           the laws
    anyone, at   military
    any reason
         Levied all      Made all
         the taxes       the
         and             decisions
         decided         about
         how to          peace and
         spend the       war
         money




WHat did king do
ECONOMIC SITUATION
France‘s economy was based primarily on
 agriculture
Peasant farmers of France bore the
 burden of taxation
Poor harvests meant that peasants had
 trouble paying their regular taxes /
 Certainly could not afford to have
 their taxes raised
Bourgeoisie often managed to gather
 wealth / But were upset that they paid
 taxes while nobles did not
France is bankrupt
The king (Louis XVI) lavished money on
 himself and residences like Versailles
Queen Marie Antoinette was seen as a wasteful
 spender
Government found its funds depleted as a
 result of wars
Deficit spending – a government spending more
 money than it takes in from tax revenues
Privileged classes would not submit to being
 taxed
LONG TERM CAUSES
  Absolutism
  Unjust socio-political system
  (Old Regime)
  Poor harvests which left
  peasant farmers with little
  money for taxes
  Influence of Enlightenment
  philosophes
  Influence of other successful
  revolutions (England’s Glorious
  Revolution (1688-1689) /
  American Revolution (1775-1783)
Bankruptcy            Great Fear         Estates-General

• Caused by deficit   • Worst famine in     • Louis XVI had no
  spending              memory                choice but to
Short-term Causes
• Financial
  ministers
                      • Hungry,
                        impoverished
                                              call for a
                                              meeting of the
  (Turgot, Necker,      peasants feared     Estates-General
  Calonne) proposed     that nobles at        to find a
  changes               Estates-General       solution to the
  • But these were      were seeking          bankruptcy
    rejected            greater               problem
• Assembly of           privileges            • All three
  Notables voted      • Attacks on nobles       estates
  down taxation for     occurred            • Had not met since
  the nobility in       throughout the        1614
  1787                  country in 1789     • Set in motion a
                                              series of events
                                              which resulted in
                                              the abolition of
                                              the monarchy and
                                              a completely new
                                              socio-political
                                              system for France
1. Identify the
groups
represented in
the cartoon.
2. What do the
chains represent
in the cartoon?
3. Why did the
author portray
the three men on
the back of the
other?
4. Why would the
three men on the
back have a
facial expression
of indifference?
5. What was the
 National Assembly (1789 -1791)
  Legislative Assembly (1791-
   1792)
   National Convention (1792-
FRENCH REVOLUTION
   1795)
   Directory (1795-1799)
Changes under the National Assembly


 Abolishment of
                      Abolition of special    Constitution of
 guilds and labor
                          privileges             1791
      unions


                                              Church under
 Declaration of the   Equality before the    the Gov. control
  Rights of Man         law (for men)        / sale of Church
                                                   lands


                       Taxes levied
                       based on the
                       ability to pay
 Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen - August, 1789
    Freedom of Religion
     Freedom of Speech
     Freedom of press
     Right to a fair trial
     Guaranteed property rights




NATIONAL Assembly
Democratic features
  France became a limited monarchy
  King became merely the head of state
  All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly
  Feudalism was abolished




Constitution of 1791
Undemocratic features
  Voting was limited to taxpayers
  Offices were reserved for property owners

Constitution of 1791
Legislative assembly
   Royal family sought help from Austria

  In June, 1791, they were caught trying to escape to Austria

   Nobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as émigrés

  They hoped that, with foreign help, the Old Regime could be restored in France

   Church officials wanted Church lands, rights, and privileges
    restored
  Some devout Catholic peasants also supported the Church

   Political parties, representing different interests, emerged

    Girondists (moderates who represented the rich middle class of the
    provinces)

            Jacobins (led by Marat, Danton, and Robespierre) represented
    workers)
Opposition to the new government
   European monarchs feared that revolution would spread to their
    own countries



  France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops

   In the uproar, the Commune took control of Paris

   Commune was led by Danton, a member of the Jacobin political
    party

   Voters began electing representatives for a new convention
    which would write a republican constitution for France
National convention
   On September 22, 1792, the Convention met for the first time

   Established the First French Republic

   Faced domestic opposition: Girondists were moderates who
    represented the rich middle class of the provinces

   Faced opposition from abroad : Austria, England, Holland,
    Prussia, Sardinia, and Spain formed a Coalition invading France

   The Convention abolished the monarchy

   Put the royal couple on trial for treason : Louis XVI was
    guillotined on January 21, 1793 / Marie Antoinette was guillotined
    on October 16, 1793
Reign of Terror:
September 5, 1793-July 27, 1794
 Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate French
  politics

 Committee of Public Safety

   Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre)

   Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee‘s Revolutionary
    Tribunal

   Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine / 40 000 executed in
    general

   Guillotine became known as the ―National Razor‖

   Changed the calendar / took away Sundays (as religious and old
    fashioned)

   Closed all the Churches
4. Which of the following was responsible for the
1. Which of the following was a result of the Civil Constitution of
the Clergy?:
                                                                      convening of the Estates General in 1789?:

a. the clergy were given a privileged position in the Estates-        a. the storming of the Bastille.
General.
                                                                      b. peasant discontent with the king.
b.   the church was made a department of the French state.
                                                                      c. royal abolition of guild restrictions.

QUIZ
c.   the clergy were condemned to execution during the Reign of
     Terror.                                                          d. the French government's near bankruptcy.
d. the church was made completely independent from the state.
2. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed?:      The term "Great Fear" refers to
a.   universal manhood suffrage.                                      a.   the horiffic retreat of the French Army from Russia in
                                                                           1812.
b.   abolition of the monarchy.
                                                                      b.   murder of thousands of enemies of the Revolution in
c. free education.
                                                                           the prisons.
d. security of property.
                                                                      c. panic in the countryside that fanned the flames of
3. he greatest number of victims under "The Terror" (1793-1794)       rebellion.
were from which social group?:
                                                                      d. the fear of an English invasion of France
a.   clergy.
b.   nobility.
c. foreigners.
d. peasants.
FRENCH REVOLUTION
 "Any law which violates the inalienable rights of
man is essentially unjust and tyrannical; it is not a
                                        law at all."
                                      Robespierre
constitution 1791
           Democratic features
       France became a limited monarchy

     King became merely the head of state

All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly

            Feudalism was abolished
          Undemocratic features
         Voting was limited to taxpayers

   Offices were reserved for property owners
FRENCH REVOLUTION
           LEGISLATIVE
           ASSEMBLY


Radicals                 Conservatists   R



            Moderates
legislative assemblu
 Nobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as émigrés

Political parties, representing different interests, emerged
      Girondists ( moderates who represented the rich
              middle class of the provinces)
         Jacobins (to limit the powers of the king /
                 republican tendencies)
opposition to french
                   government
European monarchs feared that revolution would spread to their own
                           countries



       France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops



         Commune, led by Danton (Jacobin) takes control



  Voters began electing representatives for a National Convention
       which would write a republican constitution for France
The National Convention (1792) :
               Abolished the Monarchy
Put the royal couple on trial for treason (Louis XVI
was guillotined on January 21, 1793 / Marie Antoinette
was guillotined on October 16, 1793 /Daughter Marie-
   Thérèse was allowed to go to Vienna in 1795 )
Established Republic (male adults received the right
                       to vote)
        Set aside the Legislative Assembly




       Abolishment of monarchy
Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate
                     French politics
             Committee of Public Safety (1793) /
        executive government in France during the Reign of Terror
           Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre)
Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee‘s Revolutionary
                             Tribunal
Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine (Guillotine became
                  known as the ―National Razor‖)
                  New Calendar (no Sundays)

                  Reign of terror
                     All Churches are closed
By July 1794 NC understood that nobody was safe from
                     Robespierre
    They made a conspiracy demanding his arrest
      Robespierre lost his head on July 28, 1794
        End of reign of terror
          1795 NC drafted new plan of government:

 New constitution placed power in hands of upper middle class

                   Two house legislature

                 Executive Directory of Five

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History

  • 1. WHAT IS HISTORY? "History is more or less bunk." Henry Ford "What experience and history teach is this-that people and governments never have learned anything from history, or acted on principles deduced from it." G. W. F. Hegel
  • 2. WHAT IS HISTORY? "History . . . is indeed little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind." Edward Gibbon "The study of history is the best medicine for a sick mind; for in history you have a record of the infinite variety of human experience plainly set out for all to see; and in that record you can find yourself and your country both examples and warnings; fine things to take as models, base things rotten through and through, to avoid." Livy
  • 3. WHAT IS HISTORY? 1. A usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events ( a history of the Vikings)2. The branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past events 3.a. The past events relating to a particular thing (The history of their rivalry is full of intrigue)b. The aggregate of past events or human affairs: basic tools used throughout history. The Free Online Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/history
  • 4. A Historical Event ✴ Particular aspect in relation to social and cultural events of the past ✴ Cause – Effect Relationship ✴ Being relevant ✴ Being placed in a certain context ✴ Being unique ✴ Impact on the whole community ✴ Happened considerably long ago
  • 6. History Sources • Sunday, 14th of October • ...these people are very simple as regards the use of arms, as your Highnesses will see from the seven that I caused to be taken, to bring home and learn our language and return; unless your Highnesses should order them all to be brought to Castile, or to be kept as captives on the same island; for with fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them.... • Christopher Columbus. Utilizing the Native Labor Force. 1492.
  • 7. Primary Sources • ―A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event‖. • http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html Diaries Letters Photographs Art Maps
  • 8. History Sources • Columbus initially had friendly relations with the Native Americans he encountered in the West Indies on the first voyage. Beginning with the second voyage, these relations began to sour, with some tribes more than others. The Spanish had come to America as conquerors. In 1492, they had just successfully finished a centuries-long war to evict the Moors from Spain, and the idea of spreading Christianity (in general) and Spanish control (in particular) was central to Spanish culture. The idea that one could arrive at a new country with no strong central government, and not claim such lands for the sovereigns one had sworn to support and defend, was simply unthinkable... • Keith A. Pickering. Columbus and the destruction of Native peoples. 2004
  • 9. Secondary Sources • ―A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them‖. • http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html History textbooks Biographies Published stories Movies of historical events
  • 10. The journey of a modern hero, to the island of Elba / 1814, Great Britain
  • 11. OPVL O- origin P- purpose V- value L- limitation
  • 12. OPVL • Origin is where the source comes from When was the document created? Who created it? Where did it first appear? Is it a primary or secondary source?
  • 13. OPVL • Purpose: What do you think the author was trying to communicate? What ideas/feelings was he/she trying to express/evoke? Why did the author create the document? Who is the intended audience?
  • 14. OPVL • Value is how valuable this source is. Basically it's linked to the amount of bias in the source: the more bias = the less valuable (usually) What can we tell about the author from the piece? What can we tell about the time period from the piece? Under what circumstances was the piece created and how does the piece reflect those circumstances? What can we tell about any controversies from the piece? Does the author represent a particular ‗side‘ of a controversy or event?
  • 15. OPVL • Limitations is also linked to bias, each source will be at least a little biased and thus they are limited by that. If the source has been translated from the original then the language difference will be another source of inaccuracy and a limitation. Does the author have reasons to emphasize certain facts over others to a particular audience? Might the author present the story differently to different audience? What specific information might the author have chosen to leave out? Does the author concede a certain point that it is inconvenient for him/her to admit to?
  • 17. Holy Roman Empire in 1050: the most centralized and best governed territory in Europe
  • 18. Problems inside the Church  Illiteracy of the priests  Immorality of the priests  Indifference towards spirituality  Simony (selling Church positions)
  • 19. Reorganization of Church  Papal Curia (advisers) was created  Canon law (marriage divorce, inheritance issues)  Pope‘s diplomats helped to restore Pope‘s authotity  ―Tithes‖ were introduced (―10th part of something, paid as a contribution to a religious organization‖)  New Religious Orders were created (Dominicans, Benedictines, Franciscans)
  • 21. CRUSADES. WHY?  Help Byzantine Empire from possible Muslim attack on Constantinople  Christian pilgrims visiting the holy sites in Jerusalem began experiencing increased harassment and danger  Hope to unite the entire eastern Mediterranean and the divided Christian faith under the banner of the Latin Church  Possibility to get rid of the Knight fighting each other and disturbing the peace of the kingdoms  For merchants – possibility to control trade routes to India, China
  • 22. CRUSADES 1097 - Pope Urban promises ―a place in Heaven‖ Motivations of the Participants:  Men tired of hopeless poverty  Adventurers seeking action  Merchants looking for new markets  Lords whose enlisting serfs had left them laborless  Young sons looking for land and social position  Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of Christ
  • 23. CRUSADES  The First Crusade (1096-1099) / Capture of Jerusalem  Second Crusade (1147-1149) / Christians defeated by Saladin, Fall of Jerusalem  Third Crusade (1189-1192) / Truce between Richard the Lion-Hearted and Saladin: Jerusalem under Muslim control
  • 24. EFFECTS OF CRUSADES  Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or spend too much money on military, more power to the Kings  Trade and Explorations were enhanced / Spices, cotton, linen, pearls, porcelain, silk, etc.; Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers  The influence of the Catholic Church and the position of the pope declined  The Muslim powers, once tolerant of religious diversity, had been made intolerant by attack
  • 25. MEDIEVAL SOCIETY AGRICULTURE Use of horses instead of oxen Three-field system More and Better farm production Better resistance to diseases / longer life expectancy Increase in Population
  • 26. MEDIEVAL SOCIETY CREATION OF GUILDS Establishment of working conditions, salaries, quality of products Better products / More money for the Guilds more power over the Government
  • 27. MEDIEVAL SOCIETY COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION  Growth of Trade  No more self-sufficient societies  Growth of the cities  More money available  Merchants get more power - Burghers
  • 29. RENAISSANCE  A time of renewed interest in things of this world (REBIRTH).  Human beings and their conditions  Education, art, literature, and science
  • 30. RENAISSANCE  Why Italy?  Existence of city-states (while the majority of Europe is rural)  Heritage of Rome and Greece / Migration of Greek scholars (fall of Constantinople)  Trading center  Merchants and Medici (patronage of arts)
  • 31. RENAISSANCE  Humanism, a system of thought and action concerned with human interests and values  Human beings have dignity and intelligence.  They (we) can change the world and make it a better place for all.
  • 32. RENAISSANCE  Renaissance man - successful in business, well- mannered, educated, athletic, and brave.  The goal of education became making people well-rounded.  Religion remained important, but the authority and some practices of the church began to be questioned.
  • 33. RENAISSANCE   PERSPECTIVE Creates the appearance of three dimensions  REALISM That painting is the most to be praised which agrees most exactly with the thing imitated.
  • 34. RENAISSANCE  LEONARDO DA VINCI 1452-1519 Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer
  • 35. Mona Lisa
  • 37. Notebooks
  • 39. Sistine Chapel About a year after creating  David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
  • 40. Creation of Eve Creation of Adam Separation of Light and Darkness The Last Judgment
  • 41. La Pieta 1499 Marble Sculpture 
  • 43. The School of Athens 
  • 44. RENAISSANCE  LITERATURE  Use of Vernacular Language  Writing for self - expression
  • 45. RENAISSANCE  NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI THE PRINCE “One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit”
  • 46. RENAISSANCE  THE PRINCE  Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved  Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making  Ruler keeps power by any means necessary  The end justifies the means  Be good when possible, and evil when necessary
  • 47. NORTHERN RENAISSANCE   Rooted in Medieval traditions rather than Greco- Roman.  Very realistic /used ordinary objects to symbolize religious subjects and truths.  Different than Italian Renaissance in that  use of oil produced vibrant, rich color  allowed painter to create a realistic painting with overwhelming to create surface realism rather than an emphasis on structure, perspective, and proportions
  • 48. Pieter Bruegel the Elder 
  • 49. Pieter Bruegel the Elder 
  • 50. NORTHERN RENAISSANCE  CHRISTIAN HUMANISM  Erasmus (Holland) “The Praise of Folly”: Christianity of the Heart, not of the ceremonies or rules  Thomas More (England) “Utopia”: an imaginary land without greed, anger, corruption and war.
  • 51. NORTHERN RENAISSANCE  GUTTENBERG BIBLE (1455)  Made information available to a much larger number of the population  Libraries could store greater quantities of information at much lower cost  Facilitation of the dissemination and preservation of knowledge  Spread of new ideas quickly and with greater impact  Stimulation of literacy
  • 52. RENAISSANCE LEGACY   New Conceptions of Life and the World (earthly life is worth living for its own sake)  Reformed Education (both the Greek and Latin languages and literatures were now established)  Development of the Vernacular Literatures  Impulse to Religious Reforms  Questioning political and religious authorities  Individual achievements are praised
  • 53. PROtestant reformation Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church that led to a religious movement and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe.
  • 54. Financial corruption Abuse of power Immorality (12-year old bishops) Illiterate priests (no teachers) catholic church, 16 century
  • 55. Renaissance: Interest in humanism and rediscovery of ancient culture. European rulers challenged the Church as the Supreme Power European decentralization, rise of nation-states. Breakdown of medieval centralization under Pope Causes of reformation
  • 56. Belief that selling indulgences is sinful Indulgences had no power to remit sin Criticism of power of pope, wealth of church 95 Theses
  • 57. Pope and Church traditions are false authorities Pope did not speak for God Church and priesthood are not necessary for salvation God’s grace is given to all who seek it Individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible Luther’s main ideas
  • 58. 1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor RESponse to Luther Charles V Edict of Worms (1521) declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic
  • 59. German Princes, supporting Luther, - Protesting Princes PROTESTANTS REsponse to Luther
  • 60. ANGLICAN CHURCH 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17 Devout Catholic Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith” By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary
  • 61. Act of Supremacy Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled Act of Supremacy passed(1534); Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England” REFORMATION PARLIAMENT
  • 62. AFter Henry VIII Elizabeth I / 1559, new Supremacy Act, splitting England from RomeProtestant priests could marry and deliver sermons in EnglishElizabeth persecuted Catholics, Mary returned England to authority of popeHundreds burned at state secured Church of England for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary” The Act of Uniformity (1558) forced people to attend Sunday service in an Anglican church / a new version of the Book of Common Prayers
  • 63. JOHN CALVIN  Doctrine of predestination  Best form of Government - Theocracy 1540’s Geneva’s rule: obligated religious classes, no bright clothes, no support for other doctrines Presbyterians (John Knox) in Scotland
  • 65. counter reformation JESUITS /1534/ founded by Ignatius of Loyola, Basque nobleman, former soldier Jesuits - military organization, emphasizing obedience to church above all Main activities: Focus on Education Convert non Christians to Catholics Fight Protestant(found superb schools over Europe ) (Missionaries around the world)
  • 66. Popes Paul III and Paul IV (1530’ - 1560’s) COUNCIL OF TRENT ( 1546-1563) The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final Faith is not enough for salvation. Need of good works Bible and Church traditions are both important and powerful authoorities for any Christian Indulgences are valid expressions of faith counter reformation
  • 67. political effects of reformation Rising sense of national identity Formation of independent states, nations Rulers, merchants both wanted church less involved in state, business affairs Political power became separated from churches
  • 68. SOCIAL effects of reformation End of Christian Unity in Europe Increase in Education (both Protestants and Catholics founded new schools and Universities) Base for Enlightenment (by challenging the authority and beliefs)
  • 69. Luther with seven heads; identifying Luther as a doctor, a monk, a Turk, a preacher, a fanatic, a church visitor and a wild man with a club.'Septiceps Lutherus', Leipzig: Valentin Schumann, 1529. (t served as a title-page to a pamphlet written by Johann Cochleus (1479- 1552)1. Analyze the following cartoon according to its Origin, Purpose, value and Limitation. 2. Explain what is the message of the cartoon
  • 71. CAUSES Competition among countries for wealth in Asia • To Find a direct sea route to India Desire to explore the unknown (Renaissance) Spread Christianity Desire for wealth, new territories
  • 72. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS • The Portuguese wanted to protect their monopoly on the trade route to Africa and felt threatened by Columbus discovery • In 1494 TREATY OF TORDESILLAS was signed, that established an imaginary line running through the mid-Atlantic
  • 73. EFFECTS • Finding New World gave new opportunities to Europeans
  • 74. EFFECTS Age of Imperialism • Before 1750
  • 77. EFFECTS Influx of money and goods Change of the economic systems in Europe The Commercial Revolution (establishment of many types of new businesses)
  • 78. “Enlightened Despots” Enlightened Monarchs • Frederick II, Prussia • Catherine the Great, Russia • Maria Theresa, Austria • Joseph II, Austria • Gustav III, Sweden • Napoleon I, France
  • 79. ABSOLUTISM ―L‘etat, c‘est moi (I am the state)‖ –Louis XIV
  • 80. Absolutism in Europe Oscar Alzaga.
  • 81. Absolutism  Appeal to the ―Divine Right‖  Sovereignty rests within the Monarch  Economy has to serve the State (Mercantilism)  Large standing army (professional and financed by the state)
  • 82. Absolutism  Nobility with privileges but almost no political power (Control of the land / Tax exempt)  State bureaucracies
  • 83. Causes of Absolutism  Decline of Catholic Church and its influence kings consolidate power  Decline of Feudal system. Lords lost its power king gained it  Enormous expansion in trade and industry the merchants and industrial-ists wanted peace and order
  • 84. Causes of Absolutism  Territorial and religious disputes created fear and uncertainty among population  The decline of the empire and the Papacy led to the growth of a number of nations where rulers successfully asserted their authority and established absolute rule
  • 85. Strengths of Absolute Monarchies  Efficiency Decisions are made by one person  Nationalism Promoted a common culture and identity  Stability The ruler stays in power until death  Wealth / No resistance means a large and powerful empire
  • 86. Weaknesses of Absolute Monarchies  Undemocratic No collaboration of ideas  Individual rights Often violated  Stability If the ruler was poor, it could affect the country for decades
  • 87. Ways to Increase the Power  Taxes Increase overall power of the monarch and his power  Strong armies
  • 89. BUILDING ABSOLUTISM  Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) and Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)  Reduced power of nobility / ordered to take done their fortified castles  Huguenots / forbade protestant cities to have walls
  • 90. BUILDING ABSOLUTISM  Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) and Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)  Placed Middle class in position of Authority  Intendants - Governmental Agents, extremely loyal to the king
  • 91. LOUIS XIV / NOBILITY THE FRONDE (1648-1653) • The desire of Nobility to limit the power of the king and have more voice in the government LOUIS XIV  Excluded Nobility from Advisory Councils  Forces the Court to meet in Versailles, under the kings control  Intendants in power of local affairs (taxes and justice) instead of Lords
  • 92. LOUIS XIV / HUGENOTS  Many Protestant places of worship were closed (1659-1664)  1680 prohibition of conversions from Catholicism to Protestantism  From 1681: billeting troops in Protestant homes /Protestant women not being allowed to be midwives / Protestants being forbidden to employ Catholic servants
  • 93. LOUIS XIV / HUGENOTS 1685 - Edict of Fontainebleau revoking the Edict of Nantes  The Edit of Nantes shall be abolished in its entirety  The Protestant temples shall be destroyed without exception  The Reformed clergy who do not immediately renounce, must leave the kingdom within two weeks  All Reformed schools shall be dissolved  The children born to Reformed parents are to be baptized Catholic and sent to the Catholic churches
  • 95. RUSSIA Russia - 1/6 of the land for 1900 1460 - 430 000 km2 1530 - 2,8 mln km2 end of XVI cemtury - 5,5 mln km2
  • 97. RUSSIA  Low density of population (6 per km2 / Europe - 40) Low development of the State and society  Long lasting Serfdorm (untill 1861) Two totally different words (educated rich nobility / poor, uncivilized peasants)
  • 98. RUSSIA  Mongol Invasion (1237 - 1480) ―major cause of "the East-West gap" - approximately 200 years delay in introducing major social, political and economical reforms and scientific innovations in Russia‖ Russia was not involved in Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, neither succeed to develop a middle class
  • 99. RUSSIA  Extensive Families / Young marriage  Low level of urbanization  Low level of education / first printed book - 100 years later than in Europe
  • 100. RUSSIAN GOVERNORS IVAN III (1440-1505):  Liberated Russia from the Mongols  Conquered new territories  Started centralization of government
  • 101. RUSSIAN GOVERNORS Time of Troubles (1598-1613)Famine (1601-1603) - 1/3 (2 mln) t of population died Russia‘s occupation by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Civil uprisings Impostors 1613 – Mikhail Romanov – begining of the Romanov dynasty
  • 102. PETER THE GREAT REFORMS OF PETER THE GREAT:  Westernization of Russia Beards were shaved off /western clothes were encouraged (for nobility and high urban classes) Division of society in a group with europeanized culture and the one that saved the traditional lifestyle
  • 104. PETER THE GREAT WESTERNIZATION  Women in the society (populatization of balls and other social events ) / western fashion dresses (before - women - in relative seclusion) Importance of education (technical colleges and academies, school of navigation) First newspaper
  • 105. PETER THE GREAT Government  Changed his title from ―tsar‖ to ―emperor.‖  Eliminated the duma body, made up of boyars, and replaced it with a Western-style senate (9 closest allies of Peter) the Table of Ranks, which allowed officials to be rewarded for merit and loyalty Military Creation of standing army (130 thousand) Creation of Baltic Fleet  Up to 1725 - 2/3 of the Russian budget spent on military
  • 106. PETER THE GREAT Economy  Implemented mercantelism (protection and subsidies for national production) / Special customs tariff - high tax on the imported products if the same were produced n Russia  About 200 manufactures appeared Religion Abolishment of Patriarch Church under the control of Holy Governing Synod , composed of bishops and bureaucrats appointed by the Emperor
  • 107. RUSSIA‘S PROBLEMS Russian people did not believe that change wasnecessary. The Russian Orthodox Church was too strong. The great landowners had too much power. The Russian army was untrained and its tactics and weapons were outdated. Russian society had to change to compete with the modern states of Europe. To promote education andgrowth, Russia needed aseaport for travel to the West. The port needed to be built. The new city needed to be settled
  • 108. English monarchy and parliament
  • 109. JAMES I Authority—James I believed in divine right and absolutism; Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to finance government and life style Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church who wanted all Catholic rituals removed; Puritans were active members of Parliament ( problem - when James I arranged marriage of his son (Charles) to a Catholic princes
  • 110. Always needed money for war When parliament denied money requests, he dissolved parliament 1628, parliament gets back together and asks Charles to sign the Petition of Right charles I
  • 111. Petition of Right No imprisonment without due cause No taxation without parliament‘s consent No putting soldiers in private homes No martial law during peacetime
  • 112. Causes of Civil war Charles forces Scotland to follow anglican religion scots united the army and threatened to invade England Charles calls the parliament to raise money Parliament raises the laws to limit royal power Charles raises his army in the loyal to him north of england
  • 113. War between Cavaliers (Royalists) vs Roundheads (supporters of Parliament) Civil war (1642-1649)
  • 114. Civil War Without Parliament‘s funding, king relied on contributions to pay army Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles Parliament could back its army by voting for funding Supporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short, bowl- shaped haircuts Roundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from upper classes
  • 115. Puritan‘s General Oliver Cromwell 1647 - Charles I hold prisoner 1649 - Execution of Charles I Civil War
  • 116. COMMONWEALTH Commonwealth was created—type of government with no king & ruled by Parliament First Constitution destroyed Oliver Cromwell - a military dictator the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed – 616,000 Irish were killed by war, plague and famine
  • 117. Puritan Morality Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve England‘s morality Abolished all ―sinful‖ things: it was illegal to go to the theaters & sporting events; ―merrymaking‖ & ―amusement‖ were illegal Cromwell was tolerant of other religions despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS)
  • 118. 1. Charles I‘s supporters were known as the _____ (a.k.a. Cavaliers). a. Parliamentarians 3. the period during which the Stuarts b. Puritans were out of power in England (1649- c. Roundheads 1660) and Cromwell was the one to d. Royalists rules is known as:a. Act of Unionb. Commonwealthc. Puritan Monarchyd. Stuart Succession 2. The Petition of Right (1628) included all of the following except what? 4. Cromwell‘s New Model Army landed a. no taxes without parliament in ____ in 1649, where it forcibly approval evicted civilians and destroyed food supplies, sparking a large famine.a. b. No martial law during peacetime Franceb. Irelandc. Scotlandd. wales c. Soldiers could not be quartered in private homes d. Universal manhood suffrage 5. After Charles I tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament and failed, he fled to the north of England and raised an army.True / False
  • 119. Restoration 1658 - Cromwell dies 1660 - Charles II (on the petition of Parliament) becomes English KIng (1660-1685) The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 - a writ ordering a person to be brought before a court or a judge
  • 120. Restoration James II (Charles II brother / catholic) - Possible successor of British throne Separation of the Parliament Whigs - opposition Tories - support
  • 121. Glorious Revolution James II (1685-1688) Appoints Catholics to high positions (against the law) Dissolves the Parliament Parliament asks Mary (James daughter) and william of orange (prince of netherlands) to overthrow james
  • 122. Glorious Revolution 1689 - 1702 GB becomes the first Constitutional Monarchy Bill of Rights (1689) Act of Toleration (1689) / religious toleration, still restricting Catholics cabinet System
  • 123. Bill of Rights 1689 The monarch no longer had powers to change, enact or suspend laws / could only do so with the approval of Parliament/ the king could no longer raise an army without the consent of Parliament, neither could he levy taxes Freedom of speech and debate in Parliament. Rights of English subjects to keep arms for their defense. Rights to trial by jury
  • 124. Glorious Revolution Thomas Hobbes: People are selfish / Social Contract John Locke: natural right to defend ―Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions"
  • 126. CAUSES Spirit of Renaissance influenced the spirit of creativity and curiosity Reformation made it normal to question old beliefs Discoveries made people believe there are new truths to be found Navigational problems of long sea voyages
  • 127. ASTRONOMY PTOLEMY: Geocentricism NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543): Heliocentrisim JOHANNES KEPLER, (1571-1630): Elliptical planetary movement
  • 128. Galileo Galilei Early practitioner of the scientific method Mathematical formula for acceleration of falling objects Law of inertia Dark spots on the Moon and the Sun Supported the theory of Copernicus
  • 130. Isaac Newton ―Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy‖ (1687) Universal Gravitation: every object on Earth attracts other object / the degree of attraction depends on the mass and the distance
  • 131. Bacon / Descartes • Francis Bacon (1561-1626) The Inductive Method Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge • Rene Descartes (1596- 1650) Significance of Doubt The Deductive Method
  • 132. Scientific Revolution 1590 - First microscope / red blood cells examined 1714 / 1742 - Gabriel Fahrenheit / Anders Celsius - mercury thermometers A vaccine to prevent smallpox
  • 134. main ideas  A belief in the existence of natural laws -"law like order of the natural world"  A belief in the natural rights of individuals--including the right to be self- governed  A belief in power of human reason--reason exalted over emotion and divine revelation  Possibility of progressive improvement of human society--through education and development of reason  Political, religious, and economic institutions should be reformed in a social utilitarianism for happiness
  • 135. John Locke  ―Concerning Human Understanding‖, 1690 • Man is rational and born equal • Virtue can be learned and practiced • Environment & experience are the most important shapers of the human condition /the character of people & societies can be changed through education • This challenges role of divine providence--God has not "fixed" the character of individuals and societies
  • 136. John Locke  ―Treatises on Government‖ 1690 ( justified constitutional monarchy)  Argued that the universe contained natural laws governing social relations: life, liberty, & property / they are our inalienable natural rights we are born with them, they are not granted by society  Political authority was not divinely ordained, but rather grew out of a "social compact" between the government & the governed  Thus, the consent of governed is necessary to protect natural rights and governments. can be changed thru majority decisions
  • 137. Montesquieu  ―On the Spirit of Laws‖ 1758  Separation of powers within the government / Checks and Balances  Saw 3 forms of government: monarchies [honor], republics [virtue], and despotisms [fear]  Concluded climate, geography, religion, education, etc. account for world‘s different types of laws and governments
  • 138. Rousseau  Man is essentially good when in the "state of nature" (before the creation of civilization and society) / good people are made unhappy and corrupted by their experiences in society.  Society is seen as "artificial" and "corrupt" and the furthering of society results in the continuing unhappiness of man.  ―Social Contract‖ (1762): "The Social Contract" is the "compact" agreed to among men that sets the conditions for membership in society  Questioned the assumption that the will of the majority is always correct. / The goal of government should be to secure freedom, equality, and justice for all within the state, regardless of the will of the majority  Serious attacks on the institution of private property
  • 139. Voltaire  Religious toleration / Freedom of expression  People are born free and equal  Support of monarchy (without it the nations would fall apart) - government would never succeed (with everyone equal) because everyone would have never-ending power and there would be no structure  Critics of Church (all the power it exercises over the people)
  • 140. Diderot  Chief editor of the Encyclopédie, intended as a compendium of all knowledge in the arts, sciences, and crafts  Attacked conventional morality  Was summoned to Russia to meet with Catherine the Great, who had become his patron
  • 141. “Enlightened Despots” Enlightened Monarchs • Frederick II, Prussia • Catherine the Great, Russia • Maria Theresa, Austria • Joseph II, Austria • Gustav III, Sweden • Napoleon I, France
  • 142. Impact of the Philosophes  Believed the best form of government was a monarchy in which the ruler respected the people’s rights  Tried to convince monarchs to rule justly  Some thinkers ended up corresponding with or advising European monarchs
  • 143. Enlightened Despots  Some monarch’s embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the enlightenment ideals  No intention of giving up any power  The changes they were motivated by the desire:  to make their countries stronger  to make their own rule more effective
  • 144. Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740–1786) • Enlightened Reforms • Granted religious freedoms • Reduced censorship • Improved education • Reformed the justice system • Abolished the use of torture
  • 145. Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740–1786)  “The first servant of the state”  Considered serfdom wrong but did nothing to end it since he needed the support of the wealthy landowners  Never tried to changed the existing social order
  • 146. Catherine the Great Russia (1762–1796)  Determined to keep “westernizing” Russia  Introduced Enlightened ideals to the Russian elite  Backed efforts to modernize industry and agriculture (the Free Economic Society to encourage the modernization of agriculture and industry)
  • 147. Catherine the Great Russia (1762–1796)  1767 - a commission to review Russia’s laws  Proposed reforms to the legal code based on the ideas of Montesquieu  Recommended allowing religious toleration and abolishing torture and capital punishment  None of the goals were accomplished
  • 148. Catherine the Great Russia (1762–1796)  First Institute for Girls  Russian Academy of Science (to promote knowledge and study of the Russian language, first comprehensive dictionary of the Russian language)  First Russian Theater group  Decreased censorship
  • 149. Joseph II Austria (1765–1790)  Most radical royal reformer  Reforms • Legal reforms • Freedom of the press • Freedom of worship
  • 150. Joseph II Austria (1765–1790)  Abolishment of serfdom  All peasants had to be paid for their work in cash  After his death, many of his reforms were undone
  • 151. Changing Relationship Between Ruler and State Old Idea New Idea  As Louis XIV reportedly  As Fredrick the Great said, said “I am the state.” a ruler is only “the first servant of the state.”  The state and its citizens  The monarch exists to exist to serve the serve the state and monarch. support citizen’s welfare.
  • 152. English monarchy and parliament
  • 153. JAMES I Authority—James I believed in divine right and absolutism; Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to finance government and life style Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church who wanted all Catholic rituals removed; Puritans were active members of Parliament ( problem - when James I arranged marriage of his son (Charles) to a Catholic princes
  • 154. charles I Always needed money for war When parliament denied money requests, he dissolved parliament 1628, parliament gets back together and asks Charles to sign the Petition of Right
  • 155. Petition of Right No imprisonment without due cause No taxation without parliament‘s consent No putting soldiers in private homes No martial law during peacetime
  • 156. Causes of Civil war • Charles forces Scotland to follow anglican religion • scots united the army and threatened to invade England • Charles calls the parliament to raise money • Parliament raises the laws to limit royal power • Charles raises his army in the loyal to him north of england
  • 157. Civil war (1642-1649) War between Cavaliers (Royalists) vs Roundheads (supporters of Parliament)
  • 158. Civil War Without Parliament‘s funding, king relied on contributions to pay army Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles Parliament could back its army by voting for funding Supporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short, bowl-shaped haircuts Roundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from upper classes
  • 159. Civil War Puritan‘s General Oliver Cromwell 1647 - Charles I hold prisoner 1649 - Execution of Charles I
  • 160. COMMONWEALTH Commonwealth was created—type of government with no king & ruled by Parliament First Constitution destroyed Oliver Cromwell - a military dictator the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed – 616,000 Irish were killed by war, plague and famine
  • 161. Puritan Morality Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve England‘s morality Abolished all ―sinful‖ things: it was illegal to go to the theaters & sporting events; ―merrymaking‖ & ―amusement‖ were illegal Cromwell was tolerant of other religions despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS)
  • 162. 1. Charles I‘s supporters were known as the _____ (a.k.a. Cavaliers). • a. Parliamentarians • b. Puritans 3. the period during which the Stuarts • c. Roundheads were out of power in England (1649- 1660) and Cromwell was the one to • d. Royalists rules is known as:a. Act of Unionb. Commonwealthc. Puritan Monarchyd. • 2. The Petition of Right (1628) Stuart Succession included all of the following except what? 4. Cromwell‘s New Model Army landed • a. no taxes without parliament in ____ in 1649, where it forcibly approval evicted civilians and destroyed food • b. No martial law during supplies, sparking a large famine.a. peacetime Franceb. Irelandc. Scotlandd. wales • c. Soldiers could not be quartered in private homes • d. Universal manhood suffrage 5. After Charles I tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament and failed, he fled to the north of England and raised an army.True / False
  • 163. Restoration 1658 - Cromwell dies 1660 - Charles II (on the petition of Parliament) becomes English KIng (1660-1685) The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 - a writ ordering a person to be brought before a court or a judge
  • 164. Restoration • James II (Charles II brother / catholic) - Possible successor of British throne • Separation of the Parliament • Whigs - opposition Tories - support
  • 165. Glorious Revolution • James II (1685-1688) Appoints Catholics to high positions (against the law) Dissolves the Parliament • Parliament asks Mary (James daughter) and william of orange (prince of netherlands) to overthrow james
  • 166. Glorious Revolution 1689 - 1702 GB becomes the first Constitutional Monarchy Bill of Rights (1689) Act of Toleration (1689) / religious toleration, still restricting Catholics cabinet System
  • 167. Bill of Rights 1689 The monarch no longer had powers to change, enact or suspend laws / could only do so with the approval of Parliament/ the king could no longer raise an army without the consent of Parliament, neither could he levy taxes Freedom of speech and debate in Parliament. Rights of English subjects to keep arms for their defense. Rights to trial by jury
  • 168. Glorious Revolution Thomas Hobbes: People are selfish / Social Contract John Locke: natural right to defend ―Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions"
  • 169. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION May 1787 – Philadelphia Convention (to revise Articles of Confederation) 12 states except Rhode Island
  • 170. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION Principal Debate Representation in the Economic issues and Congress (Small and big Slavery (North and South states) States)
  • 171. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION ―Great Compromise‖ House of Representatives (according to the population of each state) and Senate (same representation for each state)
  • 172. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION SLAVERY 5 slaves – same to 3 white persons / for tax paying and representation in the Congress Government promises not to intervene into slave trade (for next 20 years)
  • 173. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION DIVISION OF POWER Legislative CONGRESS Judicial Executive - PRESIDENT
  • 174. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION CONGRESS is allowed to: Levy taxes Regulate trade between the states and other nations Establish the national currency and its value Establish army and declare war Accept new states
  • 175. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION USA became a Federal Republic Each state is allowed to Regulate internal trade Conduct elections Provide public security
  • 177. AMERICAN CONSTITUTION Bill of Rights 1789 10 Amendments to the Constitution Freedom of speech, press and assembly Right to keep and bear arms Trial by Jury
  • 178. CONSTITUCION AMERICANA George Washington (1789 – 1797) Alexander Hamilton / Secretario del Tesoro / La intervención gubernamental en favor de la industria y el comercio nacionales; fomentar la industria con medidas proteccionistas Revenue tariff (impuesto sobre importaciones: 5%-8%) Excise tax (impuesto sobre whiskey) El Primer Banco de Estados Unidos Alexander Hamilton
  • 179. CONSTITUCION AMERICANA Partido Federalista Anti Federalistas /Partido Demócrata-Republicano/
  • 180. THOMAS JEFFERSON Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 Política de ―Laissez-faire‖ Necesidad de limitar al poder para salvaguardar la libertad /el gobierno federal se encargara de la defensa y la política exterior, los Estados - una amplia autonomía política interior/
  • 181. THOMAS JEFFERSON Compra de Luisiana 1804 – 2,140 mil km2 (estados de Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska / partes de Minnesota, Dakota del Sur y del Norte, Montana, Texas, Wyoming, Colorado) Problemas: población católica / esclavitud muy fuerte
  • 182. THOMAS JEFFERSON 1807 – Embargo Act Miles de marineros sin trabajo Bajan las importaciones e exportaciones (1807-198 mln/ 1808 – 22 mln) Comercio ilegal entre Canadá y los estados del Norte 1809 – Non-Intercouse Act
  • 184. GUERRA DE 1812 Ataques británicos a los barcos americanos Apoyo británico a los Nativos Junio 1812, Congreso declara la Guerra a GB
  • 185. GUERRA DE 1812 Ejercitopequeño (dependía de milicias de los estados) Inexperiencia de los oficiales Pocos barcos (necesidad de rentar barcos privados) Campaña en Canadá (1812-1814)
  • 186. GUERRA DE 1812 1814 – ocupación de Washington (los británicos queman el edificio de Casa Blanca y Capitolio) Diciembre 1814 – Batalla de Nuevo Orleans
  • 187. GUERRA DE 1812 Tratado de Gante - 24 de diciembre de 1814
  • 188. FRENCH REVOLUTION ―Little by little, the old world crumbled, and not once did the king imagine that some of the pieces might fall on him.‖ Jennifer Donnelly, Revolution
  • 189. First Estate (High-ranking members of the Church) 1% of the total population/ control over 10% of the land Paid no taxes Supported Monarchy Society under the Old Regime
  • 190. Second Estate / Nobility 2% of the total population/ control over 20% of the land Paid no taxes Supported Monarchy Monopolized military and state appointments Society under the Old Regime
  • 191. Society under the Old Regime What is the third estate? Everything. What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand? To become something therein. Abb Sieyès, What is the Third Estate? (1789)
  • 192. Third Estate / artisans, bourgeoisie, city workers, merchants, peasants 97% of the total population No Church, army and government positions open to Third Estate Paid all taxes Church tax / Tax on goods brought into cities Income tax / Old Regime /Land tax Society under the Salt tax
  • 193. Appointed the intendants Appointed Controlled who the people justice by governed to collect appointing France his taxes judges districts Could Controlled imprison Made all the the laws anyone, at military any reason Levied all Made all the taxes the and decisions decided about how to peace and spend the war money WHat did king do
  • 194. ECONOMIC SITUATION France‘s economy was based primarily on agriculture Peasant farmers of France bore the burden of taxation Poor harvests meant that peasants had trouble paying their regular taxes / Certainly could not afford to have their taxes raised Bourgeoisie often managed to gather wealth / But were upset that they paid taxes while nobles did not
  • 195. France is bankrupt The king (Louis XVI) lavished money on himself and residences like Versailles Queen Marie Antoinette was seen as a wasteful spender Government found its funds depleted as a result of wars Deficit spending – a government spending more money than it takes in from tax revenues Privileged classes would not submit to being taxed
  • 196. LONG TERM CAUSES  Absolutism  Unjust socio-political system (Old Regime)  Poor harvests which left peasant farmers with little money for taxes  Influence of Enlightenment philosophes  Influence of other successful revolutions (England’s Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) / American Revolution (1775-1783)
  • 197. Bankruptcy Great Fear Estates-General • Caused by deficit • Worst famine in • Louis XVI had no spending memory choice but to Short-term Causes • Financial ministers • Hungry, impoverished call for a meeting of the (Turgot, Necker, peasants feared Estates-General Calonne) proposed that nobles at to find a changes Estates-General solution to the • But these were were seeking bankruptcy rejected greater problem • Assembly of privileges • All three Notables voted • Attacks on nobles estates down taxation for occurred • Had not met since the nobility in throughout the 1614 1787 country in 1789 • Set in motion a series of events which resulted in the abolition of the monarchy and a completely new socio-political system for France
  • 198. 1. Identify the groups represented in the cartoon. 2. What do the chains represent in the cartoon? 3. Why did the author portray the three men on the back of the other? 4. Why would the three men on the back have a facial expression of indifference? 5. What was the
  • 199.  National Assembly (1789 -1791)  Legislative Assembly (1791- 1792)  National Convention (1792- FRENCH REVOLUTION 1795)  Directory (1795-1799)
  • 200. Changes under the National Assembly Abolishment of Abolition of special Constitution of guilds and labor privileges 1791 unions Church under Declaration of the Equality before the the Gov. control Rights of Man law (for men) / sale of Church lands Taxes levied based on the ability to pay
  • 201.  Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen - August, 1789 Freedom of Religion  Freedom of Speech  Freedom of press  Right to a fair trial  Guaranteed property rights NATIONAL Assembly
  • 202. Democratic features France became a limited monarchy King became merely the head of state All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly Feudalism was abolished Constitution of 1791
  • 203. Undemocratic features Voting was limited to taxpayers Offices were reserved for property owners Constitution of 1791
  • 204. Legislative assembly  Royal family sought help from Austria In June, 1791, they were caught trying to escape to Austria  Nobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as émigrés They hoped that, with foreign help, the Old Regime could be restored in France  Church officials wanted Church lands, rights, and privileges restored Some devout Catholic peasants also supported the Church  Political parties, representing different interests, emerged Girondists (moderates who represented the rich middle class of the provinces) Jacobins (led by Marat, Danton, and Robespierre) represented workers)
  • 205. Opposition to the new government  European monarchs feared that revolution would spread to their own countries France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops  In the uproar, the Commune took control of Paris  Commune was led by Danton, a member of the Jacobin political party  Voters began electing representatives for a new convention which would write a republican constitution for France
  • 206. National convention  On September 22, 1792, the Convention met for the first time  Established the First French Republic  Faced domestic opposition: Girondists were moderates who represented the rich middle class of the provinces  Faced opposition from abroad : Austria, England, Holland, Prussia, Sardinia, and Spain formed a Coalition invading France  The Convention abolished the monarchy  Put the royal couple on trial for treason : Louis XVI was guillotined on January 21, 1793 / Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October 16, 1793
  • 207. Reign of Terror: September 5, 1793-July 27, 1794  Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate French politics  Committee of Public Safety  Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre)  Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee‘s Revolutionary Tribunal  Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine / 40 000 executed in general  Guillotine became known as the ―National Razor‖  Changed the calendar / took away Sundays (as religious and old fashioned)  Closed all the Churches
  • 208. 4. Which of the following was responsible for the 1. Which of the following was a result of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?: convening of the Estates General in 1789?: a. the clergy were given a privileged position in the Estates- a. the storming of the Bastille. General. b. peasant discontent with the king. b. the church was made a department of the French state. c. royal abolition of guild restrictions. QUIZ c. the clergy were condemned to execution during the Reign of Terror. d. the French government's near bankruptcy. d. the church was made completely independent from the state. 2. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed?: The term "Great Fear" refers to a. universal manhood suffrage. a. the horiffic retreat of the French Army from Russia in 1812. b. abolition of the monarchy. b. murder of thousands of enemies of the Revolution in c. free education. the prisons. d. security of property. c. panic in the countryside that fanned the flames of 3. he greatest number of victims under "The Terror" (1793-1794) rebellion. were from which social group?: d. the fear of an English invasion of France a. clergy. b. nobility. c. foreigners. d. peasants.
  • 209. FRENCH REVOLUTION "Any law which violates the inalienable rights of man is essentially unjust and tyrannical; it is not a law at all." Robespierre
  • 210. constitution 1791 Democratic features France became a limited monarchy King became merely the head of state All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly Feudalism was abolished Undemocratic features Voting was limited to taxpayers Offices were reserved for property owners
  • 211. FRENCH REVOLUTION LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY Radicals Conservatists R Moderates
  • 212. legislative assemblu Nobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as émigrés Political parties, representing different interests, emerged Girondists ( moderates who represented the rich middle class of the provinces) Jacobins (to limit the powers of the king / republican tendencies)
  • 213. opposition to french government European monarchs feared that revolution would spread to their own countries France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops Commune, led by Danton (Jacobin) takes control Voters began electing representatives for a National Convention which would write a republican constitution for France
  • 214. The National Convention (1792) :  Abolished the Monarchy Put the royal couple on trial for treason (Louis XVI was guillotined on January 21, 1793 / Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October 16, 1793 /Daughter Marie- Thérèse was allowed to go to Vienna in 1795 ) Established Republic (male adults received the right to vote) Set aside the Legislative Assembly Abolishment of monarchy
  • 215. Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate French politics Committee of Public Safety (1793) / executive government in France during the Reign of Terror Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre) Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee‘s Revolutionary Tribunal Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine (Guillotine became known as the ―National Razor‖) New Calendar (no Sundays) Reign of terror All Churches are closed
  • 216. By July 1794 NC understood that nobody was safe from Robespierre They made a conspiracy demanding his arrest Robespierre lost his head on July 28, 1794 End of reign of terror 1795 NC drafted new plan of government: New constitution placed power in hands of upper middle class Two house legislature Executive Directory of Five