The document discusses the Industrial Revolution and its effects: 1. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread to other countries, transforming agricultural practices, spurring technological advances in textiles and transportation, and leading to rapid urbanization. 2. Industrialization changed living and working conditions, concentrating populations in cities with poor housing and working conditions. This led to public health and social issues. 3. The revolution prompted economic, social, and political reforms addressing these issues, including the rise of socialism and labor unions seeking better conditions for workers.

10. Main Idea: The Industrial Revolution stated in England and soon spread elsewhere. Why it Matters Now: The changes that began in Britain paved the way for modern industrial societies. The Industrial Revolution Begins 1700 Agriculture Wealthy landholders enclosed their land with fences. These large fields were called Enclosures. Enclosures were important because: -experimented with new agricultural methods -forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to move to the cities Jethro Tull - first of these scientific farmers -created seed drill in 1701 (well placed rows at specific depths

11. Crop Rotation One of the best developments of the farmers. i.e. wheat, turnips, barely, clover kept land fertile Breeders Robert Bakewell -increased mutton output by allowing only the best sheep to breed - increased weight of lambs from 18lbs to 50lbs in 86 years Food supplies increased which improved living conditions…population increased

14. Textiles 1. John Kay a . flying shuttle (1733) b. doubled the work of one weaver 2. James Hargreaves a. spinning wheel b.(spinning Jenny 1764) c. one spinner 8 threads a. time 3.Edward Cartwright a. power loom 4. Eli Whitney a . cotton gin removed seeds from cotton 1.5 million to 85 million These are all bulky, spinning and weaving moved from home to factories. Large buildings were merchants set up the machines.

15. These are all bulky, spinning and weaving moved from home to factories: Large buildings were merchants set up the machines.

18. Transportation Inventions Steam Engine – James Watt made the steam engine work faster and more efficiently (1765) Water 1. Robert Fulton steam to propel boats (US) -creation of canals within GB transported goods quickly Road 1. John McAdam - created roadbeds with crushed stones and drainage. “macadam roads” 2. investors paid for roads to built then charged to let people use them Toll Roads

19. The Inventions Spur Technological Advances 1700 Transportation Railway Age -George Stephenson 1804 engineer Rocket - cheap way to transport materials and finished products -created thousands of new jobs for RR workers and minors -railroads boosted farming and fishing - people took jobs in other cities

21. Industrialization: Changes the Way of Life Urbanization: (city building and movement into cities) -1800s shifted from rural to cities -factories build in clusters to be near sources of energy -London had over 1 mill. (twice as many as Paris) Living Conditions: -no plans, poor housing, no sanitation, no police -cholera epidemics – 1842 life span 17 years for working class in large city compared to 38 in country Working Conditions: -14 hours a day, 6 days a week -poorly lit, no help if injured, coal miners life 10 yrs shorter than everyone else Main Idea: The factory system changed the way people lived and worked, introducing a variety of problems. Why it Matters Now : The difficult process of industrialization is being repeated in many countries today.

22. Industrialization: Changes the Way of Life Class Tensions - upper class – well-to-do merchants and factory owners lived in nice houses and had money - middle class – new skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers changed life there (social status same for awhile) -lower class – frustrated saw jobs disappear replaced with machines Luddites- attacked whole factories in northern England , other mob disorder

23. Upper Class Upper Middle Class Lower Middle Class Working Class In your notes create a similar pyramid. Using the information on pgs. 639-640 List the types of laborers and professionals that would be included in each group.

25. An Age of Reforms Philosophers Adam Smith – laissez-faire “hands off” the government should allow free trade (no tariffs/taxes) on foreign goods . The Wealth of Nations 1776 Capitalism – economic system which money is invested in business with the goal of making a profit Thomas Malthus Essay on the Principle of Population 1798 population increases faster than food supply (need wars and epidemics to “kill off” people) David Ricardo Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1819) there would always be poor in a market system if there were many workers and abundant resources, then labor and resources are cheap. Wages forced down as population increased. Opposed government efforts to help poor workers Main Idea: The Industrial Revolution lead to economic, social, and political reforms. Why it Matters Now: Many modern social welfare programs developed during this time period.

26. An Age of Reforms Rise of Socialism Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham – -People should judge ideas, institutions and actions on the basis of their usefulness. -Government promote greatest good for greatest number of people John Stuart Mill -led the movement, against capitalism -equal division of profits -pushed for changes in legal and prison systems and education Utopian Ideas Robert Owen -factory owner, improved working conditions for employees (low rents, no children under 10 working) -started a community in New Harmony, Indiana (lasted 3 yrs)

27. Read pg. 643- 646 and create a 10 question quiz (include the answers). I’ll use it to create a quiz for you over this section.

29. An Age of Reforms Rise of Socialism Socialism and Marxism Socialism -factors of production are owned by the public and are operated for everyone’s benefit -optimistic view of human nature -government should get involved and control factories, mines, RRs, better than greedy employers The Communist Manifesto 1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles bourgeoisie – the haves (the wealthy) proletariat – the have nots (the average person) Dictatorship of the Proletariat

30. An Age of Reforms Unionization and Other Reforms: Unions – workers join together to make changes -Collective bargaining – negotiations between workers and their employers -Strike – refuse to work -American Federation of Labor AFL a combination of several labor unions together in 1886 Reform Laws Factory Act -children under 9 no work, 9-12 8/hrs/day, 13-17 12/hrs/day Mine Acts – women not underground 10 Hours act 1847 – women and children

31. An Age of Reforms Reform Laws Abolition of Slavery – William Wilberforce Jane Addams – settlement house pg. 652 Horace Mann – free public education 1850s