VVIP Pune Call Girls Katraj (7001035870) Pune Escorts Nearby with Complete Sa...
Biodiversity Loss in Thailand
1. Biodiversity in Thailand
BIODIVERSITY LOSS IN THAILAND
FROM GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Yongyut Trisurat
Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University
Bangkok, Thailand
In Collaboration With
Netherlands Environmental
Assessment Agency (MNP)
2. Biodiversity in Thailand
Biodiversity loss →
Leveling out = homogenization process
High abundance
Low abundance
“Fishing down the foodweb
(Pauly, 2001)”
4. Biodiversity in Thailand
Habitat Destruction
100%
Exotic Species
Biodiversity
exploitation of land use
Protected
areas Pollution
Fragmentation
Climatic changes
Measures of
Conservation
Regeneration Sustainable management
0%
Time
Causes of Biodiversity Loss
5. 1. Species-richness in proportion to surface area by country, biogeographical region
2. Species-richness by 10 main EUNIS habitat types
ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITY, GOODS SUSTAINABLE USE
3. Tree species composition in forests
•
AND SERVICES Area of ecosystems under
4. Changes in species composition in wetlands
• sustainable management
Marine trophic index
5. Endemic species richness in proportion to surface area by biogeographical region
• Forest
Connectivity/fragmentation of
6. Trends ofd species groups (carnivores, raptors, geese, species of economic interest) Agriculture
ecosystems
7. Trends of selection of representative species associated with different ecosystems aquatic ecosystems
• Fishery
Water quality in
Aquaculture
•
8. Number of threatened taxa occuring at different geographical levels
•
9. Number of globally threatened species endemic to Europe
• Ecological footprint
10. Percentage of globally threatened species per biogeographical region •
11. Percentage of European threatened species per biogeographical region
12. Threatened forest species
13. Forest genetic resources
14. Wild relatives of cultivated plants
15. Crops and breed genetic diversity
16. Threats in and around wetland sites
17. Landscape-level spatial pattern of forest cover STATUS AND TRENDS OF THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
•
18. Diversity of linear features and doiversity of crops in farmlands
COMPONENTS OF BIOVERSITY Nitrogen deposition
•
•
19. Percentage of introduced species that have become invasive per biogeographical region Numbers and costs of invasive
Trends in extent of selected biomes,
alien species
ecosystems, habitats
20. Spread of invasive selected species over time
•
• Impact of climate change
Coverage of protected areas
21. Introduces tree species
•
• Trends in abundance and
22. Introduces species in fresh surface waters
•
distribution of selected species
23. Introduces species in marine and coastal waters • Change in status of threatened
24. Proportion of globally threatend species and/or protected species
•
25. Proportion of globally threatened fauna species protected by European instruments (EC Directives and Bern Convention)
Trends in genetic diversity of
domesticated animals, cultivated
26. Proportion of known species present in Europe protected by European instruments
plants, fish species of major
27. Proportion of species only present in Europe protected by European instruments
socioeconomic importance
28. Progress in implementation of action plans for globally threatened species
29. Funds spent through LIFE Nature projects for species and habitats
30. Total area of wetlands (and other ecosystems types) reclaimed by country, biogeographic region, Europe
31. Cumulated area of sites over time under international conventions and initiatives
32. Cumulated area of sites proposed over time under EU Directives
33. Proportion of sites under EU Directives already protected under national instruments
34. Cumulated area of national designated areas over time in Pan-Europe
35. Species diversity in designated areas
36. Bird species distributions and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) coverage
37. Range of Species of European Interest or Threatened Species present in designated areas
38. Trends of selected species population within and outside designated areas
39. Percentage (in surface area) of Annex I habitat-type included in potential Sites of Community Interest (pSCIs)
40. Change (in surface area) of Annex I habitat-type included in pSCIs
41. Range of Habitats of European Interest present in designated areas
42. Percentage of main activities reported in pSCIs
43. Agricultural land in designated areas
44. Land cover changes in the surroundings of designated areas
45. Deadwood
46. Number of individuals per main fauna species group killed on roads per length per year
47. Number of fauna passages per infrastructure length unit
48. Financial investment for fauna passages
6. Aggregation: Biodiversity Indices
composite indicators for overview
Pressure index
Natural Capital Index
Biodiversity Intactness Index
Biodiversity
Red List Index
Living Planet Index
Species Assemblage Trend Index
MSA= Mean abundance of original species
relative to pristine (original stage)
7. Biodiversity in Thailand
Design of the model (P-S-R)
Input:
Dose-
system
State / trend
Env.
response
describers
Biodiversity
conditions
model
pressures
Policy Actions
Ecosystem
functions / poverty
8. Biodiversity Loss at Global Level
(GLOBIO 3 Model)
Biodiversity ( MSA)
100%
0%
Global Biodiversity Model (GLOBIO 3)
9. Biodiversity loss per biome - World
Temperate
and tropical
grasslands
& forests
Polar, tundra
desert, boreal
10. Biodiversity in Thailand
Existing Forest Cover by Region
in Thailand, 1961-2000
80.00
% of total country
60.00 North
area
East
40.00
Northeast
20.00
Central
0.00
South
61
76
82
88
91
95
00
Total
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
Year
11. Biodiversity in Thailand
Key Policy Questions?
Implications of GLOBIO 3
to National Level
What is the current situation of biodiversity
in each ecosystem?
What is the future situation (2050)?
What are the main pressure factors?
What needs to be done to improve the
model?
12. Biodiversity in Thailand
GLOBIO 3 Model Framework
GLOBIO 2
GLC 2000 IMAGE
Climate
Nitrogen
Land Roads/
use Rails
patch size Infrastructure
Climate
Land-use Nitrogen
effect effect
effect
effect effect
MSA
Pressure
Input data
indicators
13. Land use change
1,2
1,2
mean species abundance
forests grasslands
1 1
mean species abundance
0,8
0,8
0,6
0,6
0,4
0,4
0,2
0
0,2
selective
agroforestry
cropland
pasture
primary
secondary
plantations
logging
forest
forest
0
primary pasture cropland
climate
Nitrogen deposition
1,2
1,2
1 tundra
mean area reduction
tundra
1
species richnes ratio
0,8
0,8
forests
0,6
0,6
0,4
forests grasslands grasslands
0,4
0,2
0,2
0
0
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0
0 5 10 15 20
N g.m-2 Temperature change (degrees)
14. Fragmentation and Infrastructure
100 1,2
90 1
mean species abundance
p ercen tag e o f sp ecies
80
0,8
70
60 0,6
birds
50
0,4
mammals
40
0,2
30
20 0
10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
distance to roads
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 grasslands, deserts, wetlands
boreal and temperate forests
minimum area requirement tropical forests and tundra
infrastructure
Patch size dependence
15. Biodiversity in Thailand
GLOBIO 3 Model Framework
State of the art knowledge
140 publications, Species richness, Abundances
Africa: 24; Asia: 36; Europe: 21; North America: 23;
South America: 27; Oceania: 7
62 tropical forests; 31 other forests; 17 grasslands;
9 shrublands; 5 deserts
Ca. 5700 species: 2100 plant species, 1700
insects, 1300 birds, 150 other vertebrates
21. Biodiversity in Thailand
GLOBIO 3 Model Framework
N deposition (Bobbink, 2004;
Bouwman et al., 2004)
GCL 200
Ecosystem Equation classes
Arctic-alpine Snow and
ecosystem ice
MSAN = 0.9 - 0.005 NE
Boreal coniferous
forest Forest
MSAN = 0.8 - 0.14 In (NE)
Shrubs and
Grassland grassland
MSAN = 0.8 - 0.08 In (NE)
N deposition
exceeding the critical load level
applies only to natural land not to cropland
22. Biodiversity in Thailand
GLOBIO 3 Model Framework
Infrastructure (UNEP, 2001: 300 papers)
High impact Medium impact Low impact No impact
Vegetation cover (MSAI = 0.50) (MSAI = 0.75) (MSAI = 0.90) (MSAI = 1.00)
Cropland 0.0-0.5 0.5-1.5 1.5-5.0 >5.0
Grassland 0.0-0.5 0.5-1.5 1.5-5.0 >5.0
Boreal forest 0.0-0.3 0.3-0.9 0.9-3.0 >3.0
Temperate
deciduous forest 0.0-0.3 0.3-0.9 0.9-3.0 >3.0
Tropical forest 0.0-1.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-10.0 >10.0
Desert and semi
desert 0.0-0.5 0.5-1.5 1.5-5.0 >5.0
Wetland 0.0-0.5 0.5-1.5 1.5-5.0 >5.0
Arctic tundra 0.0-1.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-10.0 >10.0
Ice and snow 0.0-0.5 0.5-1.5 1.5-5.0 >5.0
Zone (0.0-0.5 km) along infrastructure
23. Biodiversity in Thailand
GLOBIO 3 Model Framework
Fragmentation (Bouwan et al.,
2002; Woodroffe and Ginsberg, 1998)
Area (km2) MSAF
1-10 0.55
10-100 0.75
100-1000 0.85
1000-10000 0.95
>10000 1.00
Smaller area for plant species
24. Biodiversity in Thailand
GLOBIO 3: Sources of Data
Potential veg.:BIOME’s as historical range data
Land use: Forest type 2000 (DNP) reclassified to
Global Land Cover (GLC 2000)
Patch size: Forestry type map & road network
Infrastrucure: Road network (OEPP)
Climate change: Mean temp. (IMAGE)
Nitrogen: Exceedance of the critical load of
N deposition (IMAGE)
Forest and Agriculture Management:
extensive, intensive and irrigated agr.
(national statistic data)
25. Biodiversity in Thailand
GLOBIO 3 Model Framework
MSA = MSALUC * MSACC * MSAN *
MSAI * MSAF
MSA= Mean abundance of original species relative
to pristine (original stage)
MSALUC = Remaining MSA for Land use change
MSACC = Remaining MSA for Climate change
MSAN = Remaining MSA for Nitrogen pollution
MSAI = Remaining MSA for Infrastructure
MSAF = Remaining MSA for Fragmentation
0.5 * 0.5 degree at global
11 km * 11 km & 1 km * 1 km (exercise)
26. BiodiversityFramework
GLOBIO 3 in Thailand
ArisFlow
Grid Area Land Grid Image
Sequential Grid
Grid Critical ImageCells Regions
Load N
Grid Grid
N-deposition Infrastructure
GLCT Image Grid Biomes
scenario scenario
Combine Unique Cells Regions Biomes GLCT and LandArea
Calculate N Exceeding Classes per UniqueCell
Calculate Infrastructure per UniqueCell
N Exceeding
per UniqueCell LandArea per
dBase UniqueCell
Region Biome~
Infrastructure
Dbase2Access
per UniqueCell
LandArea per
dBase
UniqueCell
Region Biome~
Landcover per
Dbase2Access Unique Cell
Dbase2Access
Access
N Exceeding Infrastructure Unique Cell
per UniqueCell per UniqueCell Region Biomes
Access Access GLCT Combi ~
GLC fraction
Protected Area
Per Region
Table
Land Cover
Biome GLCT ~
Calculate N-Depostion Correction On Biodiversity
Calculate Scenario GLCArea Per Unique Cell Region Biome GLCT Combi
N-Deposition
CropArea
Correction on
Biodiversity p~
Biomes
GLC Area per
Impact classes GLC Classes Unique Cell
Region Biome~
Correct Crop Area (GLC 16 class) with total region crop area
Climate
Regression
corrected area
Values
Crop area
with IMAGE
crop area per ~ Forest_Plantati
on_Timberregim
e_Fraction
Temperature
change
Calculate Infrastructure Correction On Biodiversity
Irrigated and
Intensive
Grazing area
Agricultural Fr~
Infra correction
on Biodiversity
Calculate Area Plantation And Timber Forest
Calculate Area Irrigated And Intensive Agriculture
Set Corrections On Biodiversity Per Unique Cell
Temperature Irrigated and Area Plantation
Intensive And Timber
Agricultural Ar~ Forest per Uni~
Scenario
Unique Cell
Region Biome~
N-deposition Replace Areas for Agriculture and Forestry
Biodiversity
Values
(GDP) Scenario
Time delay
Unique Cell
values
Calculate Biodiversity values per Cell GLC
fragmentation
Biodiversity per
Unique Cell
GLC
Add fragmenation effect
Biodiversity per
UU
Calculate Biodiversity Per Unique Cell
Biodiversity per
Unique cell
Create biodiversity asciigrid
Corrected
Biodiversity
Asciigrid
31. Biodiversity in Thailand
Results
0%
21% 2% R by agriculture
ed.
R by grazing
ed.
0%
Red.by forestry
0%
R by built up
ed.
4%
R by nitrogen
ed.
58%
Red.by climate
15% Red.by infra/fragment.
R aining biodiversity
em
32. Biodiversity in Thailand
Results
100%
80%
SA
60%
%M
40%
20%
0%
W arm Grassland Desert Scrub Savannah Tropical Tropical Medit.
mixed woodland forest Shrub
R By agriculture
ed. R by grazing
ed. R by forestry
ed. Red.by build up
Red.by nitrogen Red.by climate Red.by infra/fragment R aining biodiversity
em
34. Refine Biodiversity Thailand
Biodiversity in Modeling
Conclusions
The remaining MSA = 0.57;
desert - highest (0.71); tropical woodland
lowest (0.45)
The MSA will continue to decline rapidly in
the future.
Encoachment for agriculture is the main
pressure followed by infra/fragmenation.
35. Refine Biodiversity Thailand
Biodiversity in Modeling
Applications
MSA is universal indicator to quantify
biodiversity loss and pressure factors
Has potential for GAP Analysis of protected
area system plan
Serve a base for enhancing regional
cooperations
37. Refine Biodiversity Thailand
Biodiversity in Modeling
Global Thailand
Information Inputs
GLC2000 Nat. Land use/land cover classes (1:50,000)
1) Historical vegetation map/Ecoregion
2) Plant and wildlife (predicting species niche
Biome distribution)
Nat. demography census/survey
IMAGE
Nat. macroeconomic
Sequential grid - 0.1‘ (11
x 11 km2)/pixcel 1 km2/1 ha (100 x 100 m)
resolution -1 km2
Database Management/Analysis Tools
ArisFlow ArcGIS and ArcView, etc
Lat/Long UTM
National scale (Region) River basin/admin unit
38. Refine Biodiversity Thailand
Biodiversity in Modeling
Pressures Pressures/vulnerabilities
Need to integrate other
Projected land-use change
pressures at national level –
(IMAGE) derived from
poverty, forest fire, etc
global economy
Patch size effect Patch size, isolation and shape
Overgrazing, forest fire, poverty,
poaching, etc.
Climate (mean T) Climate (temp. rain, max-min-range)
Nitrogen deposition Fertilizer input
Protected area IUCN/national categories/intensity
