Dr. Sebastian E. Heath - Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Animal Agriculture and Public Opinion

FMD, Animal AgricultureFMD, Animal Agriculture
and Public Opinionand Public Opinion
NIAA 2013 Annual ConferenceNIAA 2013 Annual Conference
Merging Values and TechnologyMerging Values and Technology
Sebastian E Heath, VetMB, PhDSebastian E Heath, VetMB, PhD
Washington, DCWashington, DC

Immediate devastation
from stamping out is
usually attributed to cost
of operations and
personal loss
However, in the long run,
restructuring of industry
and changing priorities for
rural areas have a much
larger impact

The US has a Perfect TrackThe US has a Perfect Track
Record of Successful ResponseRecord of Successful Response
to Foreign Animal Diseaseto Foreign Animal Disease
OutbreaksOutbreaks
Success measured in terms of:Success measured in terms of:
EradicationEradication
Cost ComparisonCost Comparison
DurationDuration
Command and ControlCommand and Control

However, Technical Plans do not Address theHowever, Technical Plans do not Address the
Full Spectrum of Impacts of an OutbreakFull Spectrum of Impacts of an Outbreak
 Traditional accounting in outbreaks uses talliesTraditional accounting in outbreaks uses tallies
 Interpreted as sum of direct and indirect costsInterpreted as sum of direct and indirect costs
 Agriculture is driven by economic efficiencyAgriculture is driven by economic efficiency
 Economist approach (cost categories)Economist approach (cost categories)
 Transaction costsTransaction costs
 Indirect cost/Lost RevenueIndirect cost/Lost Revenue
 Marginal costsMarginal costs
 Opportunity costsOpportunity costs
 Emergencies are economic disruptions (shocks)Emergencies are economic disruptions (shocks)
 Successful plans minimize disruptionSuccessful plans minimize disruption
 Either driven by or shape public opinionEither driven by or shape public opinion

Tiers of Preparedness/PlanningTiers of Preparedness/Planning
 TacticalTactical
 Focus on managing personnel, equipment and resourcesFocus on managing personnel, equipment and resources
 Facilitates incident responseFacilitates incident response
 OperationalOperational
 Defines roles and responsibilities, tasks, integration andDefines roles and responsibilities, tasks, integration and
actions required of jurisdictions, departments, agencies andactions required of jurisdictions, departments, agencies and
private sectorprivate sector
 Facilitates unified responseFacilitates unified response
 StrategicStrategic
 Describes how jurisdiction wants to meet responsibilitiesDescribes how jurisdiction wants to meet responsibilities
over the long-termover the long-term
 Driven by policy and (public) prioritiesDriven by policy and (public) priorities

To Fully Understand the Impact of Animal Disease OutbreaksTo Fully Understand the Impact of Animal Disease Outbreaks
It Is Helpful to Study How Costs are DistributedIt Is Helpful to Study How Costs are Distributed
Costs arising in emergencies:Costs arising in emergencies:
 Transaction costsTransaction costs
 Direct costsDirect costs
 Lost revenueLost revenue
 Indirect costsIndirect costs
 Marginal costsMarginal costs
 Cost of proving disease statusCost of proving disease status
 Opportunity costsOpportunity costs
 What else could have been done with theWhat else could have been done with the
same resources?same resources?
 Economic multiplier effectEconomic multiplier effect
Operational
Tactical
Strategic
Costs Affected by
Preparedness/Planning Efforts

Transaction (Direct) CostsTransaction (Direct) Costs
 Commonly confused with tally of operationalCommonly confused with tally of operational
outlaysoutlays
 E.g., “The FMD outbreak in the UK cost theE.g., “The FMD outbreak in the UK cost the
livestock industrylivestock industry £2.4 billion”£2.4 billion”
 Better: the additional cost of doing businessBetter: the additional cost of doing business
 ““The cost to administer operational outlays was …”The cost to administer operational outlays was …”
 2005 FMD hoax in New Zealand: NZ$ 2M2005 FMD hoax in New Zealand: NZ$ 2M
 Federal compensation in US (non-indemnity)Federal compensation in US (non-indemnity)
 Interest on loansInterest on loans

Transaction Cost Example:Transaction Cost Example:
Moorlands Hotel, North York MoorsMoorlands Hotel, North York Moors
 In 2003 theIn 2003 the
Moorlands Hotel inMoorlands Hotel in
North York Moors,North York Moors,
closed because ofclosed because of
over £25,000 in Bankover £25,000 in Bank
Charges on LoansCharges on Loans
that could not bethat could not be
repaid after the FMDrepaid after the FMD
OutbreakOutbreak

Lost Revenue (Indirect Costs)Lost Revenue (Indirect Costs)
 Lost incomeLost income
 Livestock: Lost productionLivestock: Lost production
 Tourism income in the UKTourism income in the UK
 Affected by co-dependenciesAffected by co-dependencies
of systemof system
 Often cannot be foreseenOften cannot be foreseen
completelycompletely
 Should not be assumed toShould not be assumed to
apply to all situationsapply to all situations

Lost Revenue Example: Shambles, York, 2006Lost Revenue Example: Shambles, York, 2006
“A combination of 9/11, the SARS
and foot and mouth scares a few
years ago, together with the floods,
had a massive impact in reducing the
number of tourists, particularly big-
spending Americans.”
http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/display.var.1333798.0.0.php

Marginal CostsMarginal Costs
 The increase in cost needed to produce moreThe increase in cost needed to produce more
 For example:For example:
 In Veterinary Practice: Cost of staff overtime to seeIn Veterinary Practice: Cost of staff overtime to see
more clientsmore clients
 In Animal Disease Control Programs: Increased costIn Animal Disease Control Programs: Increased cost
of doing business, e.g., cost ofof doing business, e.g., cost of
 Active surveillance over existing (passive) surveillanceActive surveillance over existing (passive) surveillance
 US BSE surveillance programUS BSE surveillance program
 Operations (contracts)Operations (contracts)
 IndemnityIndemnity

Marginal Cost ExampleMarginal Cost Example
Federal Cost (non-indemnity) for Response to DiseaseFederal Cost (non-indemnity) for Response to Disease
Outbreaks (23-89% of disbursements)Outbreaks (23-89% of disbursements)
END
Compensation
25%
Transportation
1%
Contracts
58%
Supplies
16%
BSE
Compensation
37%
Transportation
6%
Contracts
31%
Supplies
26%
WAS
Compensation
89%
Transportation
3%
Contracts
5%
Supplies
3%
GON
Compensation
23%
Transportation
0%
Contracts
57%
Supplies
20%

Opportunity CostOpportunity Cost
 Cost of choosing one option over anotherCost of choosing one option over another
 Finite resources dictate that every option/choice occurs atFinite resources dictate that every option/choice occurs at
the expense of anotherthe expense of another
 Costs are determined by asking:Costs are determined by asking:
 What will not get done as a result of my choice?What will not get done as a result of my choice?
 Which option has greater cost (immediately vs. long term)?Which option has greater cost (immediately vs. long term)?
 Magnitude of opportunity cost driven inMagnitude of opportunity cost driven in
 Short term by size and distribution of affected stakeholderShort term by size and distribution of affected stakeholder
groupsgroups
 Long term by economic multiplier effect resulting fromLong term by economic multiplier effect resulting from
redistributionredistribution

Opportunity Costs Resulting fromOpportunity Costs Resulting from
Response to FMD in the UKResponse to FMD in the UK
 UK paid $263M less in subsidies in 2002 than inUK paid $263M less in subsidies in 2002 than in
20012001
 Approximately equal to cost of lost tradeApproximately equal to cost of lost trade
 By 2006 waste management at FMD burial sitesBy 2006 waste management at FMD burial sites
had become a lucrative businesshad become a lucrative business

Opportunity Cost Example:Opportunity Cost Example:
Carcass Disposal at Great Orton Airfield, CumbriaCarcass Disposal at Great Orton Airfield, Cumbria
• In 2001, 466,312
carcasses, comprising
448,508 sheep, 12,085
cattle and 5,719 pigs
were buried in 26
trenches.
• £12M to build facility
• In 2006, still disposing of
240m3 leachate/week
• £850,000/yr. to
maintain

Opportunity Cost Example:Opportunity Cost Example:
Ash Moor, Meeth, Devon, Burial SiteAsh Moor, Meeth, Devon, Burial Site
 In 2001, 174,660In 2001, 174,660
carcassescarcasses buried
 £7.5M to£7.5M to
constructconstruct
 In 2003, “Ash MoorIn 2003, “Ash Moor
site to be restored tosite to be restored to
farmland”farmland”
 In 2006 £240,000/yr.In 2006 £240,000/yr.
to maintain (security,to maintain (security,
drainage,drainage,
maintenance)maintenance)

Opportunity Cost: Economic Multiplier EffectOpportunity Cost: Economic Multiplier Effect
 For every dollar by invested (incl. governmentFor every dollar by invested (incl. government
spending) how much morespending) how much more
 Spending (demand) and employment (jobs) are generatedSpending (demand) and employment (jobs) are generated
 Agriculture vs. Industrial vs. Services vs. ConstructionAgriculture vs. Industrial vs. Services vs. Construction
SectorsSectors
 Choices often driven by public interestsChoices often driven by public interests
For exampleFor example
 Does paying for cleaning and disinfection after an FADDoes paying for cleaning and disinfection after an FAD
generate more economic growth and jobs if the work isgenerate more economic growth and jobs if the work is
done by federal employees or contractors?done by federal employees or contractors?
 Short term: Added income supports comparable increases inShort term: Added income supports comparable increases in
spendingspending
 Long term: Contracts supports more jobsLong term: Contracts supports more jobs

Long term outcome:Long term outcome:
Moorlands Hotel, North York MoorsMoorlands Hotel, North York Moors
 By 2012 the hotelBy 2012 the hotel
was under newwas under new
management andmanagement and
rated amongst therated amongst the
best hotels inbest hotels in
YorkshireYorkshire
http://www.britainsfinest.co.uk/bedandbreakfast/bedandbreakfast.cfm/searchazref/moorlands-country-
house
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6722995.stm

Economic Recovery from 2001 FMDEconomic Recovery from 2001 FMD
Shambles, YorkShambles, York
The Shambles, York, is
now a major tourist
destination with
international recognition

Economic Recovery: Ash Moor, Meeth, Devon, Burial SiteEconomic Recovery: Ash Moor, Meeth, Devon, Burial Site
• In 2010, “Landfill gives
Butterflies a Boost” … awarded
£257,469 to help boost the
fortunes of a number of fritillary
butterfly species on Dartmoor.
• In 2013 “Ash Moor is a real rags
to riches story, which now has a
far more positive future. Wildlife
Trust is managing the woodland
and hedgerows and putting in a
series of pond and scrapes. The
site is buzzing with wildlife … so
hopefully lots for people to see”
http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/__data/assets/image/0008/93950/20110516-
DNPA-NB-Pearl-bordered-Fritillary-web.jpg

Projected Impact of Stamping Out FMD on 60Projected Impact of Stamping Out FMD on 60
Farms in a Single U.S. Rural CountyFarms in a Single U.S. Rural County
 Operational costsOperational costs
 $1.4 million/week$1.4 million/week
 750 personnel750 personnel
 Local impactLocal impact
 Approx. $6.4 million per week to the Gross County ProductApprox. $6.4 million per week to the Gross County Product
 Lost jobs (1 year):Lost jobs (1 year):
 752 from food manufacturing752 from food manufacturing
 1,466 from retail1,466 from retail
 1,128 from hospitality1,128 from hospitality
 1,203 from health and social1,203 from health and social
 Stop movement estimated to cost over $700,000 in lostStop movement estimated to cost over $700,000 in lost
revenue to producers and owners of non-susceptible speciesrevenue to producers and owners of non-susceptible species

Special Interests often Drive Strategic Choices
affecting Opportunity Cost and the Impact of
Economic Multipliers
 Public Opinion Challenges to Agriculture that
will likely impact decisions during an FMD
outbreak
 Environment
 Animal Welfare
 Food Safety
 Economics
 Biotechnology

Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks:Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks:
EnvironmentEnvironment
Image: Paul de Lhama on flickr
http://www.extension.org/sites/default/files/w/b/be/Feature_for_eXtension_beef.jpg
In the Netherlands during
the 2006 AI outbreak
public concern arose over
why so much pollution at
home to support exports
abroad
Little discussion on use of marginal
land and opportunity costs

Impact of Environmental Lobby on TaiwanImpact of Environmental Lobby on Taiwan
Swine Industry after FMD in 1998Swine Industry after FMD in 1998
Taiwan EPA issued a
moratorium on restocking
swine …
.. unless farmer could
dispose of manure in 3-
stage sewer handling
facility or relocate

Animal WelfareAnimal Welfare
http://www.cattleandhuntranch.com/Uploads/76/68/17668/images/cowcalf.jpg http://www.tinksbeef.com/files/feedlot2.jpg
http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/wp-content/uploads/chickens-4.jpghttp://manhattaninfidel.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/chickens.jpg
http://gpvec.unl.edu/files/westernu/swine/2009%20Presentations/Danish%20gestation%20crates.JPG
http://www.rightonsofshipston.co.uk/images/piglet_closeup_443.jpg
Public opinion on
animal welfare
supports animals
being able to
roam free.
But there is little
consideration of
animal husbandry
on welfare in
disasters

Animal Welfare is a Major Concern inAnimal Welfare is a Major Concern in
DisastersDisasters
 More animals suffer in disasters inMore animals suffer in disasters in
natural settings than when housednatural settings than when housed
 E.g., floods, blizzard, heatE.g., floods, blizzard, heat
 Yet intensive agriculture is oftenYet intensive agriculture is often
cited as causecited as cause
http://assets.knowledge.allianz.com/img/dead_cow_rtr185c4_ah_1_50468.jpg
http://olsonfarlow.com/wp-content/themes/olson-farlow/scripts/timthumb.php?src=http://olsonfarlow.com/wp-
content/uploads/Omo-River-Ethiopia-National-Geographic-126.jpg&w=780&q=80&a=t

Food SafetyFood Safety
http://sphotos-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ash3/c213.0.403.403/p403x403/547019_10151248655940518_830595605_n.jpg
http://baby-boomer-depot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Row-upon-row-of-Processed-Foods.jpg
Growing popular interest in locally
sourced organic food with novel
preparation and retail
Little discussion on cost and
affordability of food, quality
control and variety
http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/youngandhungry/2010/09/15/vote-your-favorite-food-truck-into-the-inaugural-curbside-cook-off/

Public Opinion in Disease Outbreaks can TurnPublic Opinion in Disease Outbreaks can Turn
on Food Safetyon Food Safety
 Loss of consumer confidenceLoss of consumer confidence
 Loss of value added jobsLoss of value added jobs
 Driven byDriven by
 Risk communicationRisk communication
 Killing animals to save animals is an inherently conflictedKilling animals to save animals is an inherently conflicted
messagemessage
 Assumption is that killing animals will protect public healthAssumption is that killing animals will protect public health
 Will the public accept this?Will the public accept this?
 Response optionsResponse options
 If the methods used for stamping out adversely affectsIf the methods used for stamping out adversely affects
consumer confidenceconsumer confidence
 Why do we do it?Why do we do it?

EconomicsEconomics
 In it for the moneyIn it for the money
 Trade Protection is goodTrade Protection is good
VersusVersus
 Meat is in high demand worldwideMeat is in high demand worldwide
 Economic efficiency is key to sustainabilityEconomic efficiency is key to sustainability
 Innovation provides competitive advantageInnovation provides competitive advantage
 Disease free trade partners are better forDisease free trade partners are better for
exportersexporters

PER CAPITA MEAT CONSUMPTION vs. GNP
(1971-95 country averages)
0
1
2
3
4
5
4 5 6 7 8 9 11
Log per capita GNP
LogpercapitaMeat
Consumption
Livestock to 2020: The Next Food Revolution, a joint IFPRI, FAO, ILRI study.
10
China
India
Trend
Philippines

The highest growth and demand from agriculture is forThe highest growth and demand from agriculture is for
animal derived productsanimal derived products
Commodity Growth rate per annum (%)
Cereals 2.6
Fruit 3.5
Vegetables 4.8
Fish 5.5
Pork 6.3
Poultry 7.7
Projected Growth in Global Meat Demand,
1997-2020
Poultry
40%
Pork
31%
Beef
24%
Sheep/Goat
5%
FAO, IFPRI, 1999

Changes in Livestock ProductionChanges in Livestock Production
Asia
SSA
WANA
CSA
Grazing
Mixed
Industrial
-5
0
5
10
15
20
PercentAnnualGrowth
Region
System
Annual Growth Rates of Meat Production
Systems
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
AnnualGrowthRate(mean
%)
Grazing Livestock Mixed Farming Industrial Production
Farming System
Annual Growth Rate of Livestock Production
Systems (1985-90)

3,000.0
3,500.0
4,000.0
4,500.0
5,000.0
5,500.0
6,000.0
6,500.0
7,000.0
7,500.0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Volume(MMTX1,000)
FMD Outbreak
Mean (1991-7): 6,526 MMT
Mean (1998-2004): 5,776 MMT
Decrease by 11.5%
Impact of FMD on Soy Imports (Pig Feed)
(mostly US soy exports) to Taiwan

Impact of Syria Becoming Free of FMD
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
USFeedGrainsExports(MT)or
SyrianCattlePopulation(X1,000)
Mean: 219,000 MT
Mean: 662,000 MT
Cattle population (head)
FMD-positive FMD-free
Grain Exports (MT)

Trends in Uruguay Beef Exports
¿
¿
¿
¿
u[
u]
u`
ub
ue
ug
¾ î M } -
Year
Tons(X1,000)
FMD positive FMD free
Exports to FMD free
countries
Exports to FMD
infected countries

Destination of Uruguay Beef Exports
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1990 2000
Year
PercentofTotal
Mercosur
USA
Israel
Other
NAFTA
Other than USA
USA
Other than USA

Global Livestock Populations, US Feed Exports
and Foot and Mouth Disease
(5-year mean, 1997-2001)
Cattle
Cattle
Pigs
Pigs
Feedgrains
Feedgrains
Soybeansandmeal
Soybeansandmeal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
FMD-free FMD-infected
Country FMD Status
GlobalLivestockPopulation
(%#)
orUSFeedgrainExports(%MT)
N=84 N=86

Narrow Views of the Economics of AnimalNarrow Views of the Economics of Animal
Agriculture Undermine Its Many BenefitsAgriculture Undermine Its Many Benefits
 Meat is a desirable food – worldwideMeat is a desirable food – worldwide
 Growing demand correlates with increased incomeGrowing demand correlates with increased income
 Meat adds value toMeat adds value to
 Pasture (developing countries)Pasture (developing countries)
 Feed grains (North America)Feed grains (North America)
 Value added agriculture productsValue added agriculture products
 Create jobs (processing, distribution, retail and export)Create jobs (processing, distribution, retail and export)
 Exports bring in foreign currencyExports bring in foreign currency
 A country’s animal disease status affects trade balanceA country’s animal disease status affects trade balance
 Every $1 million of value added through agriculture supportsEvery $1 million of value added through agriculture supports
approximately 5,000 jobsapproximately 5,000 jobs

BiotechnologyBiotechnology
http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/files/2012/12/Transgenic-vs-non-transgenic-siblings-large.jpg
Public Opinion condones
terms such as
“Frankenfoods” and
questions the value of
vaccinating children
But little discussion
over progress made
through science

Reports on Science, Disasters andReports on Science, Disasters and
Urban Myths are not well MatchedUrban Myths are not well Matched
 Media demand is for crises and sensationsMedia demand is for crises and sensations
 In response media supplies disproportionate number ofIn response media supplies disproportionate number of
reports on, e.g.,reports on, e.g.,
 Vaccine and autismVaccine and autism
 GMO’s and safety concernsGMO’s and safety concerns
 Threat of diseases from animalsThreat of diseases from animals
 Growing resentment of vaccines in Pakistan, NigeriaGrowing resentment of vaccines in Pakistan, Nigeria
and in many North American familiesand in many North American families
 As progress is made will the public laud science orAs progress is made will the public laud science or
remember incomplete and pseudo facts?remember incomplete and pseudo facts?

Systems Mapping Helps Identify Interests andSystems Mapping Helps Identify Interests and
Contributions Before a Crisis StrikesContributions Before a Crisis Strikes
 Public Opinion can become a dominant driver ofPublic Opinion can become a dominant driver of
strategic choices in a crisisstrategic choices in a crisis
 Interests of the public and agriculture are often veryInterests of the public and agriculture are often very
focusedfocused
 Focused interests have merit but onlyFocused interests have merit but only contributecontribute toto
quantity and quality of final productquantity and quality of final product
 Systems Mapping is an important tool forSystems Mapping is an important tool for
shaping the future or, if ignored, allowingshaping the future or, if ignored, allowing
special interests to determine the futurespecial interests to determine the future

Systems Map: What’s for Dinner?Systems Map: What’s for Dinner?
Each step is necessary but none are sufficient to
put dinner on the table.
A systems map is a strategic tool to identify
interests that drive choices for the future

Shocks to the System:
Crisis or Opportunity
 Peter Löscher CEO of Siemens on Using a ScandalPeter Löscher CEO of Siemens on Using a Scandal
to Drive Change:to Drive Change: … But as I always remind anybody
who is listening, never miss the opportunities that
come from a good crisis—and we certainly didn’t
miss ours. The scandal created a sense of urgency
without which change would have been much more
difficult to achieve, regardless of who was CEO.
Siemens is a very proud company with a history of
innovation and success. In the absence of a catalyst
like this, people would have asked themselves, “Why
alter anything?” (Hired as the first outsider toanything?” (Hired as the first outsider to
become the company’s top leader)become the company’s top leader)
 David King, Science Advisor to PM Tony Blair
during the 2011 FMD outbreak: At the Budget,
we committed to raising science spending
faster than the trend rate of growth of the
economy. We can now announce that in total,
the average annual growth rate for science
funding is 5.8 per cent in real terms.

Public Opinion of Animal Agriculture HasPublic Opinion of Animal Agriculture Has
Supported its Role in Scientific ProgressSupported its Role in Scientific Progress
 Disease eradicationDisease eradication
 RinderpestRinderpest
 VaccinesVaccines
 Encephalitis, clostridial diseasesEncephalitis, clostridial diseases
 Environmental healthEnvironmental health
 Field HospitalsField Hospitals
 Food SafetyFood Safety
 HACCPHACCP
 EpidemiologyEpidemiology
 Herd immunityHerd immunity
www.crops.org
http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/c/ca077.html

The Future of Public Opinion of Animal AgricultureThe Future of Public Opinion of Animal Agriculture
Should be Shaped as Supporting Scientific ProgressShould be Shaped as Supporting Scientific Progress
 Surveillance, early detection, rapid response andSurveillance, early detection, rapid response and
recovery from high consequence diseaserecovery from high consequence disease
outbreaksoutbreaks
 Tipping point for choice of interventionTipping point for choice of intervention
 Disease counter measures using informationDisease counter measures using information
technologytechnology
 Manage risks from greenhouse gas emissions,Manage risks from greenhouse gas emissions,
water use, carbon sequestration, renewable andwater use, carbon sequestration, renewable and
bio fuelsbio fuels
 Transformative Sustainable Agricultural SystemsTransformative Sustainable Agricultural Systems
 Human nutritionHuman nutrition

Disease Outbreaks have led to a Restructuring of Rural EconomiesDisease Outbreaks have led to a Restructuring of Rural Economies
http://www.farminguk.com/bsp/10130/ews.asp?DBID=103-281-013-081&iPage=1&id=5631
Following the foot and mouth crisis of 2001
he converted some buildings on his 150-
acre farm into commercial units. As part of
the “Devon Renaissance” Rexon Cross
Farm became Wolf Valley Business District
providing an inspiring pastoral setting for
business
After AI outbreaks in Asia and Italy
and FMD in the UK there was
significant consolidation of the
livestock industry, with many small
farmers dropping out

FMD, Animal Agriculture andFMD, Animal Agriculture and
Public OpinionPublic Opinion
seheath@comcast.netseheath@comcast.net
THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Dr. Sebastian E. Heath - Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Animal Agriculture and Public Opinion

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