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The foreign policy during henry truman's adminstration
• Truman was left with many options
  in ending war with Japan

• Attack on Japanese mainland would
  produce thousands of casualties

• Japanese flatly rejected Potsdam
  Declaration
The “Big Three”
meet to discuss
postwar Europe
The foreign policy during henry truman's adminstration
Nuremburg Trials




             From Left to Right:
Sir Norman Birkett & Sir Geoffrey
   Lawrence – Britain’s Main and
               Alternate Judges
Tokyo Trials
“The following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the
jurisdiction of the Tribunal for which there shall be individual
responsibility:
(a) Crimes against Peace: Namely, the planning, preparation,
initiation or waging of a declared or undeclared war of aggression,
or a war in violation of international law, treaties, agreements or
assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for
the accomplishment of any of the foregoing;
(b) Conventional War Crimes: Namely, violations of the laws or
customs of war;
(c) Crimes against Humanity: Namely, murder, extermination,
enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed
against any civilian population, before or during the war, or
persecutions on political or racial grounds in execution of or in
connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal,
whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country
where perpetrated...”
Source: Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East 1946
SOVIET – U.S. RELATIONS


          • Alliance during war was of
            convenience – not mutual
            trust

          • Soviet takeover of Eastern
            Europe worried liberal
            democracies

          • Many compared Russian
            government to Hitler's
            regime
SATELLITE STATES IN EASTERN EUROPE
 Soviets sought to
  fortify western flank
  from attack

 Communist dictators
  came to power in
  Poland, Romania,
  Bulgaria, Albania,
  Hungary, and
  Czechoslovakia

    U.S. and British
    governments were
    deeply alarmed
                          Source: Leslie Illingworth, Daily Mail, June
                          1947
Occupation Zones of Germany
                         • Temporary Soviet
                         occupation zones became
                         new communist states

                         • Soviets wanted a weaker
                         German nation

                         • U.S. and G.B. viewed
                         recovery of Germany as
                         significant to Central
                         Europe
Source: Jay "Ding" Darling, “We Tried Everything But
Dynamite”, New York Times 1947
Containment Policyin its current borders
- U.S. aimed to contain Communism
- Avoid the domino effect of Communist takeover
- Doctrine was expanded to cover the world
- George Kennan’s “Long Telegram”
• Britain removed forces in
  Greece and Turkey

• Western Allies feared
  Communist victory in
  Greek Civil War would
  jeopardize the political
  stability of Turkey

• March 1947: Truman
  asked for $400 million in
  military and economic aid
  to Greece and Turkey
  against totalitarian
Marshall Plan
It is logical that the United States
should do whatever it is able to do
to assist in the return of normal
economic health in the world,
without which there can be no
political stability and no assured
peace. Our policy is directed not
against any country or doctrine but
against          hunger,    poverty,
desperation, and chaos. Its
purpose should be the revival of a
working economy in the world so
as to permit the emergence of
political and social conditions in
which free institutions can exist.

Source: Speech at Harvard University,
George Marshall, April 1948
The foreign policy during henry truman's adminstration
The foreign policy during henry truman's adminstration
• Idea born at Dumbarton
Oaks Conference, formulated
and negotiated at Yalta
Conference

• Intended to promote
international security and
prevent future global conflicts

• Atomic Energy Commission
created after U.S. proposal
and Soviet agreement
 June  1948: Soviets cut
  off all land access to
  Berlin
 Truman responds with
  air supply drop offs
“To promote the national
security by providing for
a Secretary of Defense;
for a National Military
Establishment;      for   a
Department of the Army,
a Department of the
Navy, and a Department
of the Air Force; and for
the     coordination     of
activities of the National
Military Establishment
with other departments
and agencies of the
Government       concerned
with       the     national
security.”
Source: National Security Act, November 4, 1952
If war should begin in 1950, the United States and
If war should begin in 1950, the United States and
 its allies will have the military capability of
its allies will have the military capability of
 conducting defensive operations to provide a
conducting defensive operations to provide a
 reasonable measure of protection to the Western
reasonable measure of protection to the Western
 Hemisphere, bases in the Western Pacific, and
Hemisphere, bases in the Western Pacific, and
 essential military lines of communication; and an
essential military lines of communication; and an
 inadequate measure of protection to vital military
inadequate measure of protection to vital military
 bases in the United Kingdom and in the Near and
bases in the United Kingdom and in the Near and
 Middle East. We will have the capability of
Middle East. We will have the capability of
 conducting powerful offensive air operations
conducting powerful offensive air operations
 against vital elements of the Soviet war-making
against vital elements of the Soviet war-making
 capacity.
capacity. Source: National Council Report 68, April 14,
            1950
Source:
  Cummings
of the Daily
    Express,
  24 August
1953, "Back
to Where it
 all Started"
“What is not generally understood is
that the Zionists are not the only ones
to be considered in the Palestine
question. There are other interests that
come into play, each with its own
agenda. The military is concerned with
the problems of defending a newly
created small country from attacks by
much larger and better trained Arab
nations. Others have selfish interests
concerning the flow of Arab oil to the
U.S. Since they all cannot have their
way, it is a perfect example of why I
had to remember that 'The Buck Stops
Here.'"

       Source: Harry Truman, Diary Entry, 1948
Postwar Japan
 MacArthur (SCAP) took
  firm control of Japanese
  reconstruction
 Enacted a new
  constitution
 U.S. – Japanese Security
  Treaty
   George Marshall sent to
    negotiate end to Chinese civil
    war

   Nationalist Chinese
    government was given
    $400 million

   Much of which ended
    up in Communist hands
The Ris e o f Co m m unis t
China
• Chiang and Nationalists
  took refuge in Formosa
• U.S. refused to recognize
  Zedong
• Republicans alarmed by
  loss of China
North Korean Surprise Attack
   June 25, 1950: North Korean Army invaded
    South Korea
   U.S. did not hesitate with a response
Inchon Invasion
   MacArthur reversed the
    war with an amphibious
    attack at Inchon
   Advanced as far as the
    southern Chinese border
Chinese Intervention
- November 1950: Chinese troops
  launch surprise attack and decimate
  MacArthur’s troops in North Korea

- Made Korean Conflict "an entirely
  new war.”

- PRC aimed to preserve North Korean
  Communist State
MACARTHUR VS. TRUMAN
“Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.”
               – General Douglas MacArthur

 •MacArthur called for an expanded war
 •Truman cautioned MacArthur from
 speaking out against policy
 •MacArthur recalled for insubordination
Armistice
• War ended in stalemate at 38th
  parallel
• 54,000 Americans died in
  Korea
• Critics saw Truman as “soft on
  communism”
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The foreign policy during henry truman's adminstration

  • 1. AN Y M IC U L R O T N P E O N H TI IG T RA E G T R IN S IN S M TA O R A F U INI ID NJ TA | K DA PAJ NA LI D M RO KA | UR D KA JIT A ER M SI | AD AHM H R DA VE
  • 3. • Truman was left with many options in ending war with Japan • Attack on Japanese mainland would produce thousands of casualties • Japanese flatly rejected Potsdam Declaration
  • 4. The “Big Three” meet to discuss postwar Europe
  • 6. Nuremburg Trials From Left to Right: Sir Norman Birkett & Sir Geoffrey Lawrence – Britain’s Main and Alternate Judges
  • 7. Tokyo Trials “The following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal for which there shall be individual responsibility: (a) Crimes against Peace: Namely, the planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a declared or undeclared war of aggression, or a war in violation of international law, treaties, agreements or assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the foregoing; (b) Conventional War Crimes: Namely, violations of the laws or customs of war; (c) Crimes against Humanity: Namely, murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political or racial grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated...” Source: Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East 1946
  • 8. SOVIET – U.S. RELATIONS • Alliance during war was of convenience – not mutual trust • Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe worried liberal democracies • Many compared Russian government to Hitler's regime
  • 9. SATELLITE STATES IN EASTERN EUROPE  Soviets sought to fortify western flank from attack  Communist dictators came to power in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia  U.S. and British governments were deeply alarmed Source: Leslie Illingworth, Daily Mail, June 1947
  • 10. Occupation Zones of Germany • Temporary Soviet occupation zones became new communist states • Soviets wanted a weaker German nation • U.S. and G.B. viewed recovery of Germany as significant to Central Europe
  • 11. Source: Jay "Ding" Darling, “We Tried Everything But Dynamite”, New York Times 1947
  • 12. Containment Policyin its current borders - U.S. aimed to contain Communism - Avoid the domino effect of Communist takeover - Doctrine was expanded to cover the world - George Kennan’s “Long Telegram”
  • 13. • Britain removed forces in Greece and Turkey • Western Allies feared Communist victory in Greek Civil War would jeopardize the political stability of Turkey • March 1947: Truman asked for $400 million in military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey against totalitarian
  • 14. Marshall Plan It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist. Source: Speech at Harvard University, George Marshall, April 1948
  • 17. • Idea born at Dumbarton Oaks Conference, formulated and negotiated at Yalta Conference • Intended to promote international security and prevent future global conflicts • Atomic Energy Commission created after U.S. proposal and Soviet agreement
  • 18.  June 1948: Soviets cut off all land access to Berlin  Truman responds with air supply drop offs
  • 19. “To promote the national security by providing for a Secretary of Defense; for a National Military Establishment; for a Department of the Army, a Department of the Navy, and a Department of the Air Force; and for the coordination of activities of the National Military Establishment with other departments and agencies of the Government concerned with the national security.” Source: National Security Act, November 4, 1952
  • 20. If war should begin in 1950, the United States and If war should begin in 1950, the United States and its allies will have the military capability of its allies will have the military capability of conducting defensive operations to provide a conducting defensive operations to provide a reasonable measure of protection to the Western reasonable measure of protection to the Western Hemisphere, bases in the Western Pacific, and Hemisphere, bases in the Western Pacific, and essential military lines of communication; and an essential military lines of communication; and an inadequate measure of protection to vital military inadequate measure of protection to vital military bases in the United Kingdom and in the Near and bases in the United Kingdom and in the Near and Middle East. We will have the capability of Middle East. We will have the capability of conducting powerful offensive air operations conducting powerful offensive air operations against vital elements of the Soviet war-making against vital elements of the Soviet war-making capacity. capacity. Source: National Council Report 68, April 14, 1950
  • 21. Source: Cummings of the Daily Express, 24 August 1953, "Back to Where it all Started"
  • 22. “What is not generally understood is that the Zionists are not the only ones to be considered in the Palestine question. There are other interests that come into play, each with its own agenda. The military is concerned with the problems of defending a newly created small country from attacks by much larger and better trained Arab nations. Others have selfish interests concerning the flow of Arab oil to the U.S. Since they all cannot have their way, it is a perfect example of why I had to remember that 'The Buck Stops Here.'" Source: Harry Truman, Diary Entry, 1948
  • 23. Postwar Japan  MacArthur (SCAP) took firm control of Japanese reconstruction  Enacted a new constitution  U.S. – Japanese Security Treaty
  • 24. George Marshall sent to negotiate end to Chinese civil war  Nationalist Chinese government was given $400 million  Much of which ended up in Communist hands
  • 25. The Ris e o f Co m m unis t China • Chiang and Nationalists took refuge in Formosa • U.S. refused to recognize Zedong • Republicans alarmed by loss of China
  • 26. North Korean Surprise Attack  June 25, 1950: North Korean Army invaded South Korea  U.S. did not hesitate with a response
  • 27. Inchon Invasion  MacArthur reversed the war with an amphibious attack at Inchon  Advanced as far as the southern Chinese border
  • 28. Chinese Intervention - November 1950: Chinese troops launch surprise attack and decimate MacArthur’s troops in North Korea - Made Korean Conflict "an entirely new war.” - PRC aimed to preserve North Korean Communist State
  • 29. MACARTHUR VS. TRUMAN “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.” – General Douglas MacArthur •MacArthur called for an expanded war •Truman cautioned MacArthur from speaking out against policy •MacArthur recalled for insubordination
  • 30. Armistice • War ended in stalemate at 38th parallel • 54,000 Americans died in Korea • Critics saw Truman as “soft on communism”