SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 38
Transfusion and complications

        อาทิตย์ อังกานนท์
         กันยายน 2554
Blood component
Blood group systems
• CHO based
  – ABO
  – Lewis, P
• Protein based
  – Rh (C,D,E)
  – Kell, Duffy, Kidd
Antibody to Blood Group
• Expected antibody
  – anti-A, anti-B
• Unexpected antibody
  – Lewis, P, MNS
  – Rh
  – Kidd, Duffy
Unexpected antibody
• Immune type
  – IgG
  – ถูกกระตุ้นโดยเม็ดเลือดแดงของผู้อื่น เช่น การรับ
    เลือด การตั้งครรภ์
  – Antibody ในระบบ Rh, Kidd, Duffy
• Natural occuring
  – IgM
  – Antibody ในระบบ Lewis
Importance of antibody
ขึ้นอยู่กับ
• ความสามารถในการทำาให้เกิด hemolysis
• อุณหภูมิที่ทำาปฏิกิริยา
• ปริมาณ ความแรง
• จำานวน และความหนาแน่นของ antigen
Importance of antibody
• Clinically important
  – ABO, Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Ss, Vel
• Important only at 37o C
  – Lea, MN, P1, Lutheran, A1
• Sometimes
  – Yt, Ge, Gy, Hy, Sd
• Clinically benign
  – Knops, Chido/Rodgers, Xg, Bg, Cs, Yk,
    JMH
Special preparation of blood
             products
• Leukocyte depleted
  – < 107 leukocytes/ unit
  – Decreased
     • Febrile reaction
     • CMV transmission
     • HLA alloimmunization, plt refractoriness
• Irradiated : prevent t-GVH
• Washed products : reduce allergic reaction
การตรวจความเข้ากันได้ของเลือด
• ABO typing                             Typed, unmatched

• Indirect antiglobulin test
  – Between
                                         Initial crossmatched
     • Patient’s RBC vs Donor’s plasma
     • Patient’s plasma vs Donor’s RBC
  – Condition
                                         Full crossmatched
     • Room temp & 37 C
                      o


     • Immediate & 2 hours
Clinical case # 1
• ชาย 67 ปี case CRF
• มา ER เพราะไข้ ไอ มีอาการเหมือนเป็นไข้
  หวัด
• Hb 6.7 gm/dL
• ผูป่วยบอกว่า Hb อยู่ประมาณนี้มาตลอด
    ้
  สามารถทำากิจวัตรประจำาวันทั่วไปได้
• จะให้เลือดหรือไม่
Goals of RBC transfusion
• Increase O2 carrying capacity of blood
• Correct hypovolemia
• Degree of development of anemia and
  underlying problems define tolerability
• 7.5 gm/dL in normal subject
• Prevent bleeding in thrombocytopenia
  try keep > 8 gm/dL
Platelet
• Pooled platelet
  – 2-3 x 1011 platelet / unit
• SDP
  – 3 x 1011 platelet / unit
• Kept at room temp, shelf-life : 5 days
• Express
  – HLA Ag (A,B)
  – Platelet specific Ag
  – Do not express ABO Ag
Prophylactic plt transfusion
• Threshold
  – 10k ?
  – 20k ?
• Increased target when : blast crisis,
  procedure, plt dysfunction,
  coagulopathy, anemia, fever, HT, acute
  pulmonary process
• Active bleeding 50-100k
Advantage of SDP
• Decrease
  – Alloimmunization
  – Transfusion reaction
  – Risk of ‘Transfusion Transmitted Infection’
Clinical case # 2
• หญิง 35 ปี case ANLL
• หลังได้ induction chemotherapy ได้
  platelet เป็นระยะ
• ล่าสุด หลังให้ plt 1 วัน
  plt count เพิ่มจาก 18k เป็น 22k
• ท่านจะทำาอย่างไร
Platelet refractoriness
• Increment หลังให้ 1 ชม. < 10k 2 ครั้งติด
  กัน
• CCI    [Post – Pre-count] x BSA x 1011
            No. of platelet transfuse


          [Post – Pre-count] x BSA
             3 x unit of SDP
          [Post – Pre-count] x BSA
            2 x unit of LPPC
Platelet refractoriness
• CCI < 5k 2 ครั้งติดกัน
• สาเหตุ
  – Anti HLA Ab - Prevented by leuko-
    depletion
  – Splenomegaly
  – DIC
  – VOD
Plasma products infusion
• Correction of coagulation protein
  deficiency
• Restore to 50% of coagulation protein
  levels
• Plasma volume = 40 ml/kg
Clinical indication for FFP
• Replacement of single factor deficiencies
• Immediate reversal of warfarin effect
• Vitamin K deficiency
• Acute DIC
• Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
  (TTP)
• Inherited deficiencies of inhibitors of
  coagulation
• C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
Indication for Cryoprecipitate
• Hemophilia A
• Von Willebrand’s disease
• Congenital or acquired fibrinigen
  deficiency
• Factor XIII deficiency
• Obstetric complications
• Consumption of fibrinogen eg. DIC
Indication for Cryo-removed plasma

• Hemophilia B
• Prothrombin complex
  (Factor II, VII, IX, X) deficiency
  eg. Liver disease
Cryoprecipitate
•   Fibrinogen
•   Factor VIII
•   Factor XIII
•   von Willebrand factor
•   Fibronectin
Clinical case # 3
• ชาย 18 ปี ไข้ ซีด เหลือง Hb 6.0 gm/dL
• Work up เข้าได้กับ AIHA
• ผูป่วยมีอาการเหนื่อยมาก
    ้
• Blood bank แจ้งว่า ไม่สามารถหา
  compatible blood ได้
• ท่านจะทำาอย่างไร
AIHA
• OK for ABO-compatible red cells if
  patient has no previous transfusion or
  pregnancy
• Auto Ab is not an issue.
• Allo Ab can occur in 30% of previously
  transfused, previously pregnant.
Type and Cross procedure
• RBC typing
• Cross matching (Indirect Coomb’s test)
  – Recipient’s RBC vs Donor’s plasma
  – Recipient’s plasma vs Donor’s RBC
  – At 37oC, immediate and 2 hours
Detection of allo-Ab in AIHA
• Auto-adsorption
  – Must not recently receive blood transfusion
• Differential adsorption
Massive transfusion
• Problems
  – Dilution
  – Consumption
  – Decreased production
• Use PT-INR, PTT, Fibrinogen level,
  platelet count to guide transfusion
  therapy
Issue in Aplastic Anemia
• Number of donor exposure has direct
  effect on graft rejection
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
 • ABO incompatible
 • Symptoms
   – Pain at admistrative site
   – Fever, chills, back pain
   – Hemoglobinuria
 • DCT positive
 • DIC -> bleeding
 • Treatment
   – Supportive: IV fluid, vasopressors
   – IV mannitol
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction

• Anamnestic response to RBC Ag
• Fever, anemia, jaundice
• 5 -10 days post transfusion
Febrile reactions
• FNHTR
• Leukoagglutinating Ab in recipient
• Cytokines released from leukocytes
  during prolonged storage
Allergic reactions
•   Urticaria
•   Prevented by anti-histamine
•   Donor-specific
•   Washed products
TRALI




• Passive transfusion of anti-leukocyte Ab
• Agglutination and sequestration of
  recipient’s leukocyte in pulmonary
  circulation
• Capillary leak syndrome, hypoxia
HIV transmission
• NAT can reduce window period to less
  than 8 days
• Viral eradication
Transfusion associated GVH
• t-GVH
• Reaction of donor’s T cell to recipient
  organ : Bone marrow
• Pancytopenia plus AGVHD
• Mortality rate 100%
Prevention of t-GVH
• Gamma irradiation of blood products
• Settings
  –   S/P SCT
  –   Hodgkin lymphoma
  –   Neonates
  –   Patient on fludarabine
Posterior
       leukoencephalopathy
• Associated with
  chemotherapy,
  transplantation, transfusion,
  HIV infection
• Hypertension, Headache,
  Seizure, Occipital Blindness
• มีรายงานในผู้ป่วยเด็ก
  thalassemia ทีได้รับเลือดครั้ง
                 ่
  ละมากๆ
How to reduce transfusion risks

• ให้เลือดในกรณีที่จำาเป็น
• ไม่ต้อง correct ให้ถึง normal levels, ใช้แค่
  functionally adequate levels
• ใช้ autologous blood

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

Study for the creation of a local specialized
Study for the creation of a local specializedStudy for the creation of a local specialized
Study for the creation of a local specializedOscar Hernandez
 
SPOTLIGHT ON THE PREMIUM CHANNEL - Abbott Medical Optics
SPOTLIGHT ON THE PREMIUM CHANNEL - Abbott Medical OpticsSPOTLIGHT ON THE PREMIUM CHANNEL - Abbott Medical Optics
SPOTLIGHT ON THE PREMIUM CHANNEL - Abbott Medical OpticsHealthegy
 
Siriwat Wittaya Primary Section
Siriwat Wittaya Primary SectionSiriwat Wittaya Primary Section
Siriwat Wittaya Primary Sectionsiriwatwittaya
 
Blink credential 7 2012
Blink credential 7 2012Blink credential 7 2012
Blink credential 7 2012Khuong Cuong
 
NEWS & VIEWS, HEC Pakistan, December 2011
NEWS & VIEWS, HEC Pakistan, December 2011NEWS & VIEWS, HEC Pakistan, December 2011
NEWS & VIEWS, HEC Pakistan, December 2011Shujaul Mulk Khan
 
Youth Entrepreneurship: Moderating Opportunity Identification towards New Ven...
Youth Entrepreneurship: Moderating Opportunity Identification towards New Ven...Youth Entrepreneurship: Moderating Opportunity Identification towards New Ven...
Youth Entrepreneurship: Moderating Opportunity Identification towards New Ven...Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
 
The pictures all Australia has been waiting to see: Sean Abbott shows he's re...
The pictures all Australia has been waiting to see: Sean Abbott shows he's re...The pictures all Australia has been waiting to see: Sean Abbott shows he's re...
The pictures all Australia has been waiting to see: Sean Abbott shows he's re...alivefatherland71
 
Abbott pcaplus
Abbott pcaplusAbbott pcaplus
Abbott pcaplusbocap1966
 
Spatial analysis of topography and river watershed factors for leptospirosis ...
Spatial analysis of topography and river watershed factors for leptospirosis ...Spatial analysis of topography and river watershed factors for leptospirosis ...
Spatial analysis of topography and river watershed factors for leptospirosis ...ILRI
 

Viewers also liked (14)

Silvers, David CV
Silvers, David CVSilvers, David CV
Silvers, David CV
 
Q1 2009 Earning Report of Vascular Solution
Q1 2009 Earning Report of Vascular SolutionQ1 2009 Earning Report of Vascular Solution
Q1 2009 Earning Report of Vascular Solution
 
Study for the creation of a local specialized
Study for the creation of a local specializedStudy for the creation of a local specialized
Study for the creation of a local specialized
 
SPOTLIGHT ON THE PREMIUM CHANNEL - Abbott Medical Optics
SPOTLIGHT ON THE PREMIUM CHANNEL - Abbott Medical OpticsSPOTLIGHT ON THE PREMIUM CHANNEL - Abbott Medical Optics
SPOTLIGHT ON THE PREMIUM CHANNEL - Abbott Medical Optics
 
Goverment gazette 2555
Goverment gazette 2555Goverment gazette 2555
Goverment gazette 2555
 
Siriwat Wittaya Primary Section
Siriwat Wittaya Primary SectionSiriwat Wittaya Primary Section
Siriwat Wittaya Primary Section
 
Luận văn thạc sỹ y học
Luận văn thạc sỹ y họcLuận văn thạc sỹ y học
Luận văn thạc sỹ y học
 
Blink credential 7 2012
Blink credential 7 2012Blink credential 7 2012
Blink credential 7 2012
 
NEWS & VIEWS, HEC Pakistan, December 2011
NEWS & VIEWS, HEC Pakistan, December 2011NEWS & VIEWS, HEC Pakistan, December 2011
NEWS & VIEWS, HEC Pakistan, December 2011
 
Youth Entrepreneurship: Moderating Opportunity Identification towards New Ven...
Youth Entrepreneurship: Moderating Opportunity Identification towards New Ven...Youth Entrepreneurship: Moderating Opportunity Identification towards New Ven...
Youth Entrepreneurship: Moderating Opportunity Identification towards New Ven...
 
The pictures all Australia has been waiting to see: Sean Abbott shows he's re...
The pictures all Australia has been waiting to see: Sean Abbott shows he's re...The pictures all Australia has been waiting to see: Sean Abbott shows he's re...
The pictures all Australia has been waiting to see: Sean Abbott shows he's re...
 
Abbott pcaplus
Abbott pcaplusAbbott pcaplus
Abbott pcaplus
 
Spatial analysis of topography and river watershed factors for leptospirosis ...
Spatial analysis of topography and river watershed factors for leptospirosis ...Spatial analysis of topography and river watershed factors for leptospirosis ...
Spatial analysis of topography and river watershed factors for leptospirosis ...
 
Hạt lười ươi bay Quảng Nam
Hạt lười ươi bay Quảng NamHạt lười ươi bay Quảng Nam
Hạt lười ươi bay Quảng Nam
 

Similar to Transfusion and complications 2011

Similar to Transfusion and complications 2011 (9)

Acute renal failure
Acute renal failureAcute renal failure
Acute renal failure
 
Approach bleeding extern
Approach bleeding externApproach bleeding extern
Approach bleeding extern
 
ยาในโรคไตเรื้อรัง
ยาในโรคไตเรื้อรังยาในโรคไตเรื้อรัง
ยาในโรคไตเรื้อรัง
 
bleeding disorder
bleeding disorderbleeding disorder
bleeding disorder
 
Approach to acute anemia
Approach to acute anemiaApproach to acute anemia
Approach to acute anemia
 
Appoarch anemia
Appoarch anemiaAppoarch anemia
Appoarch anemia
 
Hand out ckd for 2018
Hand out ckd for 2018Hand out ckd for 2018
Hand out ckd for 2018
 
Acid base disorders extern2
Acid base disorders extern2Acid base disorders extern2
Acid base disorders extern2
 
Acid base disorders extern2
Acid base disorders extern2Acid base disorders extern2
Acid base disorders extern2
 

More from Artit Ungkanont

A life of a thalassemia patient 1e
A life of a thalassemia patient 1eA life of a thalassemia patient 1e
A life of a thalassemia patient 1eArtit Ungkanont
 
CIO Roles and Responsibilities
CIO Roles and ResponsibilitiesCIO Roles and Responsibilities
CIO Roles and ResponsibilitiesArtit Ungkanont
 
Polycythemai vera and Essential Thrombocytosis
Polycythemai vera and Essential ThrombocytosisPolycythemai vera and Essential Thrombocytosis
Polycythemai vera and Essential ThrombocytosisArtit Ungkanont
 
HL7 for TMI November 2009
HL7 for TMI November 2009HL7 for TMI November 2009
HL7 for TMI November 2009Artit Ungkanont
 
Stem Cells And Potential Clinical Applications
Stem Cells And Potential Clinical ApplicationsStem Cells And Potential Clinical Applications
Stem Cells And Potential Clinical ApplicationsArtit Ungkanont
 

More from Artit Ungkanont (9)

A life of a thalassemia patient 1e
A life of a thalassemia patient 1eA life of a thalassemia patient 1e
A life of a thalassemia patient 1e
 
CIO Roles and Responsibilities
CIO Roles and ResponsibilitiesCIO Roles and Responsibilities
CIO Roles and Responsibilities
 
Thalassemia
ThalassemiaThalassemia
Thalassemia
 
Aplastic anemia 2011
Aplastic anemia 2011Aplastic anemia 2011
Aplastic anemia 2011
 
Refractory ITP
Refractory ITPRefractory ITP
Refractory ITP
 
Polycythemai vera and Essential Thrombocytosis
Polycythemai vera and Essential ThrombocytosisPolycythemai vera and Essential Thrombocytosis
Polycythemai vera and Essential Thrombocytosis
 
CLL - TSH Midyear 2009
CLL - TSH Midyear 2009CLL - TSH Midyear 2009
CLL - TSH Midyear 2009
 
HL7 for TMI November 2009
HL7 for TMI November 2009HL7 for TMI November 2009
HL7 for TMI November 2009
 
Stem Cells And Potential Clinical Applications
Stem Cells And Potential Clinical ApplicationsStem Cells And Potential Clinical Applications
Stem Cells And Potential Clinical Applications
 

Transfusion and complications 2011

  • 1. Transfusion and complications อาทิตย์ อังกานนท์ กันยายน 2554
  • 3. Blood group systems • CHO based – ABO – Lewis, P • Protein based – Rh (C,D,E) – Kell, Duffy, Kidd
  • 4. Antibody to Blood Group • Expected antibody – anti-A, anti-B • Unexpected antibody – Lewis, P, MNS – Rh – Kidd, Duffy
  • 5. Unexpected antibody • Immune type – IgG – ถูกกระตุ้นโดยเม็ดเลือดแดงของผู้อื่น เช่น การรับ เลือด การตั้งครรภ์ – Antibody ในระบบ Rh, Kidd, Duffy • Natural occuring – IgM – Antibody ในระบบ Lewis
  • 6. Importance of antibody ขึ้นอยู่กับ • ความสามารถในการทำาให้เกิด hemolysis • อุณหภูมิที่ทำาปฏิกิริยา • ปริมาณ ความแรง • จำานวน และความหนาแน่นของ antigen
  • 7. Importance of antibody • Clinically important – ABO, Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Ss, Vel • Important only at 37o C – Lea, MN, P1, Lutheran, A1 • Sometimes – Yt, Ge, Gy, Hy, Sd • Clinically benign – Knops, Chido/Rodgers, Xg, Bg, Cs, Yk, JMH
  • 8. Special preparation of blood products • Leukocyte depleted – < 107 leukocytes/ unit – Decreased • Febrile reaction • CMV transmission • HLA alloimmunization, plt refractoriness • Irradiated : prevent t-GVH • Washed products : reduce allergic reaction
  • 9. การตรวจความเข้ากันได้ของเลือด • ABO typing Typed, unmatched • Indirect antiglobulin test – Between Initial crossmatched • Patient’s RBC vs Donor’s plasma • Patient’s plasma vs Donor’s RBC – Condition Full crossmatched • Room temp & 37 C o • Immediate & 2 hours
  • 10. Clinical case # 1 • ชาย 67 ปี case CRF • มา ER เพราะไข้ ไอ มีอาการเหมือนเป็นไข้ หวัด • Hb 6.7 gm/dL • ผูป่วยบอกว่า Hb อยู่ประมาณนี้มาตลอด ้ สามารถทำากิจวัตรประจำาวันทั่วไปได้ • จะให้เลือดหรือไม่
  • 11. Goals of RBC transfusion • Increase O2 carrying capacity of blood • Correct hypovolemia • Degree of development of anemia and underlying problems define tolerability • 7.5 gm/dL in normal subject • Prevent bleeding in thrombocytopenia try keep > 8 gm/dL
  • 12. Platelet • Pooled platelet – 2-3 x 1011 platelet / unit • SDP – 3 x 1011 platelet / unit • Kept at room temp, shelf-life : 5 days • Express – HLA Ag (A,B) – Platelet specific Ag – Do not express ABO Ag
  • 13. Prophylactic plt transfusion • Threshold – 10k ? – 20k ? • Increased target when : blast crisis, procedure, plt dysfunction, coagulopathy, anemia, fever, HT, acute pulmonary process • Active bleeding 50-100k
  • 14. Advantage of SDP • Decrease – Alloimmunization – Transfusion reaction – Risk of ‘Transfusion Transmitted Infection’
  • 15. Clinical case # 2 • หญิง 35 ปี case ANLL • หลังได้ induction chemotherapy ได้ platelet เป็นระยะ • ล่าสุด หลังให้ plt 1 วัน plt count เพิ่มจาก 18k เป็น 22k • ท่านจะทำาอย่างไร
  • 16. Platelet refractoriness • Increment หลังให้ 1 ชม. < 10k 2 ครั้งติด กัน • CCI [Post – Pre-count] x BSA x 1011 No. of platelet transfuse [Post – Pre-count] x BSA 3 x unit of SDP [Post – Pre-count] x BSA 2 x unit of LPPC
  • 17. Platelet refractoriness • CCI < 5k 2 ครั้งติดกัน • สาเหตุ – Anti HLA Ab - Prevented by leuko- depletion – Splenomegaly – DIC – VOD
  • 18. Plasma products infusion • Correction of coagulation protein deficiency • Restore to 50% of coagulation protein levels • Plasma volume = 40 ml/kg
  • 19. Clinical indication for FFP • Replacement of single factor deficiencies • Immediate reversal of warfarin effect • Vitamin K deficiency • Acute DIC • Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) • Inherited deficiencies of inhibitors of coagulation • C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
  • 20. Indication for Cryoprecipitate • Hemophilia A • Von Willebrand’s disease • Congenital or acquired fibrinigen deficiency • Factor XIII deficiency • Obstetric complications • Consumption of fibrinogen eg. DIC
  • 21. Indication for Cryo-removed plasma • Hemophilia B • Prothrombin complex (Factor II, VII, IX, X) deficiency eg. Liver disease
  • 22. Cryoprecipitate • Fibrinogen • Factor VIII • Factor XIII • von Willebrand factor • Fibronectin
  • 23. Clinical case # 3 • ชาย 18 ปี ไข้ ซีด เหลือง Hb 6.0 gm/dL • Work up เข้าได้กับ AIHA • ผูป่วยมีอาการเหนื่อยมาก ้ • Blood bank แจ้งว่า ไม่สามารถหา compatible blood ได้ • ท่านจะทำาอย่างไร
  • 24. AIHA • OK for ABO-compatible red cells if patient has no previous transfusion or pregnancy • Auto Ab is not an issue. • Allo Ab can occur in 30% of previously transfused, previously pregnant.
  • 25. Type and Cross procedure • RBC typing • Cross matching (Indirect Coomb’s test) – Recipient’s RBC vs Donor’s plasma – Recipient’s plasma vs Donor’s RBC – At 37oC, immediate and 2 hours
  • 26. Detection of allo-Ab in AIHA • Auto-adsorption – Must not recently receive blood transfusion • Differential adsorption
  • 27. Massive transfusion • Problems – Dilution – Consumption – Decreased production • Use PT-INR, PTT, Fibrinogen level, platelet count to guide transfusion therapy
  • 28. Issue in Aplastic Anemia • Number of donor exposure has direct effect on graft rejection
  • 29. Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction • ABO incompatible • Symptoms – Pain at admistrative site – Fever, chills, back pain – Hemoglobinuria • DCT positive • DIC -> bleeding • Treatment – Supportive: IV fluid, vasopressors – IV mannitol
  • 30. Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction • Anamnestic response to RBC Ag • Fever, anemia, jaundice • 5 -10 days post transfusion
  • 31. Febrile reactions • FNHTR • Leukoagglutinating Ab in recipient • Cytokines released from leukocytes during prolonged storage
  • 32. Allergic reactions • Urticaria • Prevented by anti-histamine • Donor-specific • Washed products
  • 33. TRALI • Passive transfusion of anti-leukocyte Ab • Agglutination and sequestration of recipient’s leukocyte in pulmonary circulation • Capillary leak syndrome, hypoxia
  • 34. HIV transmission • NAT can reduce window period to less than 8 days • Viral eradication
  • 35. Transfusion associated GVH • t-GVH • Reaction of donor’s T cell to recipient organ : Bone marrow • Pancytopenia plus AGVHD • Mortality rate 100%
  • 36. Prevention of t-GVH • Gamma irradiation of blood products • Settings – S/P SCT – Hodgkin lymphoma – Neonates – Patient on fludarabine
  • 37. Posterior leukoencephalopathy • Associated with chemotherapy, transplantation, transfusion, HIV infection • Hypertension, Headache, Seizure, Occipital Blindness • มีรายงานในผู้ป่วยเด็ก thalassemia ทีได้รับเลือดครั้ง ่ ละมากๆ
  • 38. How to reduce transfusion risks • ให้เลือดในกรณีที่จำาเป็น • ไม่ต้อง correct ให้ถึง normal levels, ใช้แค่ functionally adequate levels • ใช้ autologous blood