Cambio Climático y Bosques
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Cambio Climático y Bosques
- 1. El papel de los bosques en el cambio climático Mario Chacón, Celia Harvey, Olaf Zerbock Jon Philipsborn, Conservación Internacional Jeffrey Hayward, Rainforest Alliance
- 2. Contenido ¿Cuáles son los impactos del cambio climático ? ¿Cuáles el papel de los bosques en el ciclo de global del carbono? ¿Cuáles es el papel de los bosques como estrategia de mitigación al cambio climático?
- 3. Parte 1: ¿ Cuáles son los impactos del cambio climático?
- 4. El cambio climático posiblemente afecte todos los aspectos de la vida humana Salud Biodiversidad Bosques Disponibilidad de agua Degradación de tierras Alimentos y Empleo Cambio Climático
- 6. Parte 2: Los bosques en el ciclo global de carbono
- 7. El ciclo del carbono : Describe los flujos de carbono entre distintos reservorios de carbono como la atmósfera, los océanos, suelo y la vegetación ( en los árboles principalmente). Reservorios El ciclo del carbono C
- 9. Los usos de la tierra pueden servir tanto como fuentes de emisión o como sumideros de carbono. CO 2 CO 2 NO 2 CH 4
- 10. Intervención humana en el ciclo del carbono Emisiones por cambio de uso de la tierra Deforestación Actividades humanas causantes de emisiones de CO2 Corta de árboles Fuegos Degradación de suelos
- 13. Bajo sumidero Carbono Fuerte sumidero Años Inicio de un plantación o de la regeneración natural Flujo de carbono: los flujos cambian con el tiempo
- 14. Parte 3: Los bosques y su potencial de mitigación al cambio climático
- 16. Tasas de fijación de carbono: Aforestación / reforestación 11 - 44 7 - 15 15 – 51 tCO2/ha/año capturadas 3 - 12 Tropical – Pino, 5 – 30 años 4 - 14 Tropical – Eucalipto, 5 - 16 años 2 – 4 Tropical – Teca, 25 – 75 años tC/ha/año Capturadas Tipo de Bosque Plantado
- 17. Tasa de reducción de emisiones: Deforestación Evitada 22-40 Asia – bosque seco 95-200 Asia – bosque húmedo de bajura 63-95 América – bosque secundario o talado 90-155 America - bosque húmedo de bajura 25-50 África – bosque seco 60-70 África – bosque estacional 155-200 África – bosque húmedo de bajura t C/ha evitadas Tipo Bosque Tropical 81 - 147 350 - 734 231 - 350 330 - 569 92 - 184 220 - 257 569 - 734 t CO2/ha evitadas
- 18. bosques maduros: 326 t C/ha bosques secundarios (18 anos): 31 t C/ha
- 19. Opciones para mitigar el cambio climático Servicio del ecosistema de secuestro de carbono
- 21. Línea de base (sin reforestación) con reforestación Carbono fijado Años Depósitos de carbono A través de reforestación se remueve carbono de la atmósfera y se acumula en forma de biomasa reforestación Créditos de carbono = carbono adicional almacenado durante el crecimiento de los árboles Bajos depósitos de carbono Altos depósitos de carbono
- 22. ¿Cómo los proyectos REDD (Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación) generan créditos de carbono? Forest is conserved (reducing CO 2 emissions) Proyecto REDD: Implementación de actividades que reducen deforestación CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 Área de bosque (con alto depósitos de carbono) amenazados por deforestación El proyecto REDD obtiene créditos durante el tiempo que las emisiones debidas a deforestación fueron evitadas mediante la conservación de los bosques
- 23. Línea de base con sin proyecto Emisiones evitadas Forest under threat of deforestation Años Depósito de carbono Área deforestada (perdida de carbono) Con proyecto REDD Estimación de carbono en proyectos REDD: CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 Proyecto REDD: Implementación de actividades que reducen deforestación Área de bosque El proyecto REDD obtiene créditos durante el tiempo que las emisiones debidas a deforestación fueron evitadas mediante la conservación de los bosques
- 24. Los proyectos forestales de carbono contribuyen directamente a alcanzar los objetivos de conservación y bienestar humano Mitigación al cambio climático Conservación de bosques (REDD) Reforestación Almacena carbono y reduce emisiones de GEI Provee hábitat y recursos Sirve como fuentes de productos, servicios ecosistémicos y fuente de empleo + reduce impacto Bienestar humano Biodiversity reduce impacto +
- 26. ¡Gracias ! Curso de Entrenamiento REDD
Notes de l'éditeur
- Impactos sobre las comunidades humanas y el sostén de vida Mayor vulnerabilidad a los desastres naturales Mayor diseminación de enfermedades Impactos sobre el abastecimiento del agua Cambios en los patrones regionales de precipitación Actualmente, 1.7 mil millones de personas viven en regiones ‘con problema de agua’; lo cual aumentará a 5 mil millones para 2025 Impactos sobre la agricultura Cambios en la distribución de tierra arable Cambios en el rendimiento de las cosechas Las temperaturas más cálidas podrían permitir que la tierra a mayores altitudes sea colonizada para la agricultura Changes in regional precipitation patterns Water supplies will decrease in many areas (e.g., Central Asia, Southern Africa), but increase in others Already, 1.7 billion people live in ‘water stressed’ regions; this will grow to 5 billion in 2025 Changes in water supplies will significantly affect agricultural production Coastal stomr surges could threaten 200 million people by 2080 Más de 100 millones de personas y naciones enteras (islas del Pacífico) viven a un metro o menos del nivel del mar. Increased vulnerability to natural disasters (land slides, hurricanes), especially in coastal areas Increased spread of diseases, as warmer weather changes habitat and life cycle of pests and other disease vectors malaria, dengue, river blindness Human settlements on low-lying islands and flat delta regions at mouths of large rivers will be vulnerable to sea level rise Changes in availability of food and freshwater Changes in distribution of suitable cropland Changes in crop yields (decreases expected in tropics; slight increases in temperature regions) Warmer temperatures may allow land at higher elevations to be colonized for agriculture
- There are already clear signs of significant climate change- from increasing temperatures to melting glaciers to rising sea levels Mitigation efforts over the next 2-3 decades will largely determine the long-term increases in temperature and the corresponding climate change impacts
- The land use sector can serve both as a source of GHG emissions, as well as a sink
- So, how exactly do these projects generate credits? Well, in a reforestation project what happens is the following: The project starts out with a degraded areas that has little biomass, and therefore very little carbon present The project plants the area with trees, and as the trees grow, they accumulate carbon and over time, the carbon stocks increase. The project gest credits for the total amount of additional carbon that is accumulated by the growing trees. So, for example, if the project starts with a hectare of land that has only 10 t of carbon, and this increases to 150 t per hectare due to the reforestation activity, then the project gets the difference between the final and the initial carbon stocks. Ask laura: keep the numbers of not? (if keep them, then need to do something similar on REDD slide) Add followup slide on what the carbon credits depend on- original carbon stocks, tree species planted, planting density, how quickly they sequester carbon Over 30 year of the project, the project will get This generates carbon over t
- REDD projects generate credits in a slightly different way. In these projects, you start off with a forest that has a lot of biomass and therefore very high carbon stocks, which is threatened by deforestation. In the business-as-usual scenario, this forest is deforested and burnt over time, releasing large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, if instead, you implement a REDD project that is designed to conserve the forest and reduce deforestation, then you avoid the continued deforestation of the forest and you also avoid emitting the GHG. So, in this case, the REDD project gets credit over time for all of the greenhouse gase emissions that were avoided because you conserved the forest. So you are getting credits for avoiding emissions. The REDD project gets credit for the carbon emissions that were avoided (i.e. the amount of carbon present in the area of forest that was saved from deforestation and not emitted into the atmosphere)
- In a REDD project, the way you calculate the carbon credits is different, since here you are accounting for the quantity of emissions that are you are avoiding- rather than the carbon you are accumulating. In a REDD project, it works like this: You start off with a forest that is threatened by deforestation, and which over time, as it is cleared would release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. So if you look at what happens to the carbon stocks of this forest over time, you would see that they gradually decrease as more and more forest is cleared. If, on the other hand, you implement a project that completely reduces deforestation and keeps the forest intact, then you stop the loss of carbon and maintain the carbon stocks intact So in this case, the project gest credits for the emissions that were avoided by conserving the forest. CI is helping to test and develop the methodologies for calculating carbon- and helping to ensure these methdoologies are conservation-friendly These methodoloiges are under development
- We’ve already seen that these projects help mitigate climate change, by storing carbon and reducing GHG emissions. At the same time, these activities also provide important habitats and resources for biodiversity, including species that are threatened. They also help improve human well-being, by serving as sources of products (timber, firewood, fruits), ecosystem services (pollination, water regulation) for communities, and providing new sources of employment and income through ecotourism, reforestation and other associated activities. In addition, because these projects help mitigate- or slow down- the rate of climate change, they help reduce the potential negative impacts of climate change on both biodiversity and human communities. So, these projects make a really significant contribution towards both our biodiversity conservation and our human well-being goals. ----------------------- And Forests are also important for local communities, many of which depend directly on forests for productssuch as timber, firewood and fruits, as well as environmental services such as water provision, pollination and soil conservation. On the one hand, forests are important for mitigating climate change, by sequestering and storing large amounts of carbon and helping to regulate the climate. Forests also providie habitats and resources for plant and animal species, many of which are threatened And, last but not least, intact forests play a key role in helping both human and natural communities adapt to climate change However, although there has much talk about the potential multiple benefits, there has been little mention of the fct that these benefits do not accruce or occur atuomatically; Instead they depend on ho you design, manage and locate the forest carbon projects Forest New sources of employment and income to landowners Sources of food, products, etc. Provision of ecosystem services that farmers depend on-particularly fresh water Empowerment of marginalized rural communities to seek development assistance on their own terms
- There are already clear signs of significant climate change- from increasing temperatures to melting glaciers to rising sea levelsMitigation efforts over the next 2-3 decades will largely determine the long-term increases in temperature and the corresponding climate change impacts