This document discusses various organic functional groups including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, amines, amides, halogenoalkanes, nitriles, nitro compounds, and thiols. It provides examples of each functional group and discusses their classifications. Primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols and amines are defined. Common illegal and recreational drugs like amphetamines, aspirin, cannabis, LSD, cocaine, morphine, and codeine are analyzed in terms of their functional group components.

1. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Functional Groups in Organic Compounds (workshop) University of Lincoln presentation

2. CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License HYDROCARBONS contain only C and H atoms ALIPHATIC hydrocarbons AROMATIC Hydrocarbons must contain a BENZENE ring UNSATURATED hydrocarbons contain at least 1 C–C multiple bond SATURATED hydrocarbons contain C–C and C–H single bonds only (ALKANES) ALKENE contains the C=C functional group ALKYNE contains the C ≡C functional group

3. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Name of functional group Functional group Example Endings on names Alcohol Ethanol -ol Aldehyde Ethanal (acetaldehyde) -al Ketone R ≠H Propanone (acetone) -one Carboxylic acid Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) -oic acid Ester R = alkyl Ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) -oate Ether Diethyl ether Ether Amine Ethylamine -amine Amide Ethanamide (Acetamide) -amide Halogenoalkane X = F, Cl, Br, I Bromoethane Halo- Acid chloride Ethanoyl chloride -oyl chloride Nitrile Ethanenitrile -nitrile Nitro Nitromethane Nitro- Thiol Ethanethiol -thiol

4. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License PRIMARY (1 y ) ALCOHOL R–CH 2 OH SECONDARY (2 y ) ALCOHOL R 2 –CHOH TERTIARY (3 y ) ALCOHOL R 3 –COH Where R– is any alkyl group Name of functional group Functional group Example Endings on names Alcohol Ethanol -ol Aldehyde Ethanal (acetaldehyde) -al Ketone R ≠H Propanone (acetone) -one Carboxylic acid Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) -oic acid Ester R = alkyl Ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) -oate Ether Diethyl ether Ether Amine Ethylamine -amine Amide Ethanamide (Acetamide) -amide Halogenoalkane X = F, Cl, Br, I Bromoethane Halo- Acid chloride Ethanoyl chloride -oyl chloride Nitrile Ethanenitrile -nitrile Nitro Nitromethane Nitro- Thiol Ethanethiol -thiol

5. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License An acid is a proton (H+) donor Name of functional group Functional group Example Endings on names Alcohol Ethanol -ol Aldehyde Ethanal (acetaldehyde) -al Ketone R ≠H Propanone (acetone) -one Carboxylic acid Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) -oic acid Ester R = alkyl Ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) -oate Ether Diethyl ether Ether Amine Ethylamine -amine Amide Ethanamide (Acetamide) -amide Halogenoalkane X = F, Cl, Br, I Bromoethane Halo- Acid chloride Ethanoyl chloride -oyl chloride Nitrile Ethanenitrile -nitrile Nitro Nitromethane Nitro- Thiol Ethanethiol -thiol

6. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License PRIMARY (1y) AMINE R–NH2 SECONDARY (2y) AMINE R2–NH TERTIARY (3y) AMINE R3–N Where R– is any alkyl group Name of functional group Functional group Example Endings on names Alcohol Ethanol -ol Aldehyde Ethanal (acetaldehyde) -al Ketone R ≠H Propanone (acetone) -one Carboxylic acid Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) -oic acid Ester R = alkyl Ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) -oate Ether Diethyl ether Ether Amine Ethylamine -amine Amide Ethanamide (Acetamide) -amide Halogenoalkane X = F, Cl, Br, I Bromoethane Halo- Acid chloride Ethanoyl chloride -oyl chloride Nitrile Ethanenitrile -nitrile Nitro Nitromethane Nitro- Thiol Ethanethiol -thiol

9. RECOGNISING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Smelling of roses…

10. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 1 y ALCOHOL (–CH 2 OH)

11. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 1 y ALCOHOL (–CH 2 OH) ALKENE (–C=C–)

12. Flower Scent – Freesia This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

13. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Ketone (R–COR’)

14. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Conjugated diene (–C=C–C=C–) Ketone (R–COR’)

15. Pheromones – Honey bee This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Pheromones are chemicals that carry messages

16. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

17. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License KETONE

18. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Alkene Ketone

19. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Carboxylic Acid (RCOOH) Alkene Ketone

20. AMPHETAMINES This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AMPHETAMINE

21. AMPHETAMINES This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 1 y AMINE (RNH 2 ) AMPHETAMINE

22. AMPHETAMINES This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AROMATIC RING (Benzene) 1 y AMINE (RNH 2 ) AMPHETAMINE

23. AMPHETAMINES This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License METHYLAMPHETAMINE

24. AMPHETAMINES This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 1H has been replaced with a –CH 3 (methyl) METHYLAMPHETAMINE

25. AMPHETAMINES This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 2 y AMINE (RR’NH) 1H has been replaced with a –CH 3 (methyl) METHYLAMPHETAMINE

26. AMPHETAMINES This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AROMATIC RING (Benzene) 2 y AMINE (RR’NH) 1H has been replaced with a –CH 3 (methyl) METHYLAMPHETAMINE

27. ASPIRIN This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

28. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CARBOXYLIC ACID (RCOOH) ASPIRIN

29. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ESTER (RCOOR’) ASPIRIN CARBOXYLIC ACID (RCOOH)

30. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AROMATIC RING (Benzene) ASPIRIN ESTER (RCOOR’) CARBOXYLIC ACID (RCOOH)

31. Bullet-proof vests and spider silk This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

32. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License KEVLAR (a polyamide)

33. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AMIDE KEVLAR

34. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AROMATIC RINGS KEVLAR AMIDE

35. Cat Nap (Octadec-9-eneamide) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

36. Cat Nap (Octadec-9-eneamide) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ALKENE

37. Cat Nap (Octadec-9-eneamide) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ALKENE AMIDE

38. CANNABIS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

39. CANNABIS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AROMATIC RING (Benzene)

40. CANNABIS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AROMATIC RING (Benzene) AROMATIC ALCOHOL – A PHENOLIC GROUP

41. CANNABIS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AROMATIC RING (Benzene) AROMATIC ALCOHOL – A PHENOLIC GROUP ALKENE

42. CANNABIS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CYCLIC ETHER AROMATIC RING (Benzene) AROMATIC ALCOHOL – A PHENOLIC GROUP ALKENE

43. LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

44. LSD This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

45. LSD This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License DIETHYLAMIDE

46. LSD This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 3 Y AMINE DIETHYLAMIDE

47. LSD This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 3 Y AMINE DIETHYLAMIDE 2 Y AMINE

48. LSD 3 Y AMINE DIETHYLAMIDE 2 Y AMINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ALKENES

49. LSD 3 Y AMINE DIETHYLAMIDE 2 Y AMINE ALKENES This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CONJUGATED DIENE

50. Identify FOUR functional groups in cocaine This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

51. COCAINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

52. COCAINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 2 ESTERS

53. COCAINE 2 ESTERS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 2 y AMINE

54. COCAINE 2 ESTERS 2 y AMINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AROMATIC

55. Opium Morphine Codeine Thebaine This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

56. OPIUM This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License MORPHINE CODEINE THEBAINE HEROIN

57. Identify the functional groups in morphine This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

58. MORPHINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

59. MORPHINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ALCOHOL

60. MORPHINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License PHENOL ALCOHOL

61. MORPHINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CYCLIC ETHER PHENOL ALCOHOL

62. MORPHINE CYCLIC ETHER PHENOL ALCOHOL This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AROMATIC

63. MORPHINE CYCLIC ETHER PHENOL ALCOHOL AROMATIC This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 3 Y AMINE

64. MORPHINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ALKENE CYCLIC ETHER PHENOL ALCOHOL AROMATIC 3 Y AMINE

65. What’s the difference between morphine and codeine? This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

66. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CODEINE MORPHINE

67. CODEINE MORPHINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License PHENOL

68. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CODEINE MORPHINE PHENOL ETHER

69. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CODEINE THEBAINE

70. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CODEINE THEBAINE ALCOHOL

71. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ETHER CODEINE THEBAINE ALCOHOL

72. HEROIN This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

73. HEROIN This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 2 ESTERS

74. Identify the functional groups in the ‘magic mushroom’ alkaloids This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

75. MAGIC MUSHROOMS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License