UNICEF Report on Early Childhood Development in Montenegro

2
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Methodology
Early childhood development
Face to face interview at respondent’s home
National representative sample of mothers/primary Guardians of children younger than 6 years
Sample Frame: population Census 2003 and estimated population dynamics.
Sample size is 1,200:
• 1000 mothers/guardians living in Montenegro
• over sample of 200 Roma in Roma settlements mothers/guardians living in Roma in Roma settlements
Population of guardians is three stage stratified quota sample with sampling stages:
1. Polling station territory chosen with probability proportional to size (PPS)
2. Random route technique starting from the given addresses with equal probabilities (SRSWoR) until the quota is fulfilled
3. Primary Guardians responsible for child care.
Stratification is done according to
Type of settlement – urban/rural
Three geo-economical regions
Post stratification is performed regarding: gender, age, type of settlement, geo-economical region
Fieldwork control is done in 12% of totally interviewed in all strata proportionally to sample size, and logic and consistency
control of collected data is performed in 100%

3
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Relationship between respondent – care taker and child
What is the relationship between respondent and the child that we will talk about in this questionnaire?
Base: Total target population of guardians
88%
9%
2%
1%
0%
1%
Mother
Father
Grandmother
Grandfather
Sister
Other
Early childhood development - DEMOGRAPHY
88% of care takers are mothers, 9% fathers, 2% grandmothers, while other care takers are present to a lesser extent.

StrategicPuls Group
PREGNANCY

5
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Biological parenthood
Are you the biological mother of the child?
Early childhood development - PREGNANCY
Yes
87%
No
13%
Yes
88%
No
12%
Total target population of guardians
Population of guardians from
Roma settlements
87% of the sample of guardians of children under 6 years of age are their biological mothers.
• Situation is similar among guardians from Roma settlements.

6
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Getting informed about pregnancy
During your pregnancy how did you obtain information about issues related to pregnancy, care about the new-
born, etc.?
Multiple answers; Base: biological mothers of the child (87% of target population)
48%
46%
33%
27%
15%
14%
9%
7%
4%
38%
7%
19%
41%
2%
1%
25%
Family members
Experts (general practitioners,
nurses, gynecologists)
Friends
Previous experience
Books
From media (radio, TV, magazines,
newspapers)
Brochures
Internet
I did not get informed
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements
During pregnancy majority of mothers obtained information about
issues related to pregnancy and care about the new-born from
other family members (48%), experts - general practitioners,
nurses, gynecologists (46%) and friends (33%). Another 27%
mention their previous experience.
• Books and media (radio, TV, magazines, newspapers) are
mentioned in smaller percentage – 15%, and 14%
respectively. Brochures are mentioned by 9%, and Internet
by7%.
• 4% state that they were not informed in any way at all.
• Various types of media, brochures, Internet are mentioned
to a bigger extent by mothers with higher education, in
cases when both parents are employed, and in households
with bigger household income.
• Among Roma population from Roma settlements, all
sources of information are used to a lesser extent, and
mothers rely to their own experience most of all (41%). As
much as ¼ of Roma from Roma settlements state that they
were not informed in any way.
• Only 7% of Roma state to have been informed by
experts, and none of them mentions media (radio,
TV, magazines, newspapers) as sources of
information.

7
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Satisfaction with quality of available information about pregnancy
Please evaluate with grades from 1 to 5 your satisfaction with quality of information about pregnancy which were
available to you?
2%
3%
6%
16%
76%
33%
43%
Not satisfied at
all
2
Sum -
3
Sum +
4
Verysatisfied
8%
3%
9%
5%
6%
38%
68%
83%
74%
78%
73%
40%
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
Roma from Roma
settlement
Stratum
Sum -
Sum +
Typeofsettlement
76% of mothers are generally satisfied with quality of information about pregnancy which are accessible to them. Just 6%
are dissatisfied, while 16% are neither dissatisfied nor satisfied.
• Somewhat more satisfied are the mothers of children up to 6 months who generally use Internet more frequently as a
source of information.
• Besides that, significantly more satisfied with quality of available information are mothers from central region and those
from urban settlements.
• Roma mothers from Roma settlements are generally less satisfied by far with quality of available information – even
38% of them are dissatisfied with quality of information.

8
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Support during pregnancy
Who from did you get support during pregnancy?
77%
49%
39%
34%
21%
5%
1%
Partner
Mother
Doctor
Other family members
Friends
Midwife
Professionals (psychologists,
pedagogues...)
During pregnancy mothers got the strongest support
from their partners – 77% of mothers state to have got
their partner's support. The second strongest support
was received from mothers – 49%, and then doctors –
39%.
42%
40%
17%
36%
11%
2%
Partner
Mother
Doctor
Other family
members
Friends
Midwife
Professionals
(psychologists,
pedagogues...)
Among mothers from Roma settlements all forms of
support are present to a much lesser extent: 42% of
mothers mention the support of their partners, 40%
mother's support, and only 17% doctor's support.
Population of mothers Population of mothers from Roma
settlements

9
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Information received from the doctor
What are the three most important things which you learned when visiting your doctor during pregnancy?
Mothers mention as the three most important things which they learned when visiting their doctor during pregnancy:
advices about health and correct nutrition, way of life and behavior, necessity to practice physical activity, hygiene, mental
health, avoidance of stress, relaxation, harmfulness of smoking and alcohol. Mothers also frequently mention information
about regular check-ups, laboratory analyses, ultrasound, development of fetus, preparations for childbirth, breastfeeding.
Typical statements:
“How to maintain pregnancy correctly, how not to be afraid of delivery, how to eat properly.”
“To quit smoking, to pay attention to my nutrition, not to take any medications during pregnancy, to take folic acid
for better blood count.”
“Not to eat as much as I want only because I’m pregnant.”
“To eat appropriately, to move around as much as I can, to avoid irritation, to go for check-ups regularly.”
“He showed me my child with ultra sound.”
Mothers from Roma settlements in almost ¼ of cases (22%) state that they didn't visit the doctor, or
that they visited the doctor rarely, so they were not able to say what they learn during these visits.

10
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Partner’s participation in pregnancy – visiting the doctor
Did your partner visit the doctor together with you during your pregnancy?
Base: biological mothers of the child (87% of target population)
25%
15%
41%
22%
38%
25%
13%
No, never
Mainly no
Sum -
Both yes and no
Sum +
Mainly yes
Always
49%
43%
26%
42%
38%
64%
34%
40%
38%
38%
37%
15%
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
Roma from Roma
settlements
Stratum
Sum -
Sum +
Typeofsettlement
38% of mothers state that they visited the doctor mainly together with their partner, while 41% state that they mainly visited
the doctor alone.
• Participation of fathers is less frequent in northern region and more frequent in southern region – in northern region
as much as 49% of partners did not escort their wives when they visited the doctor and 26% in the southern region.
• Among mothers from Roma settlements just 15% of fathers visited the doctor together with their wives.

11
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Partner’s participation in pregnancy – getting informed by the doctor
Was he informed by the doctor about his role in child-related issues?
Base: if partner visited the doctor together with child’s mother during pregnancy (65% of target population)
10%
21%
32%
30%
38%
26%
12%
Not at all
Mainly no
Sum -
Partly
Sum +
Mainly yes
Completely
34%
31%
30%
33%
30%
28%
38%
44%
27%
44%
27%
37%
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
Roma from Roma
settlements
Settlementtype
Sum -
Sum +
Strata
38% of mothers who visited the doctor together with partner at least occasionally think that fathers were informed by the
doctor about their role in child-related issues. 32% of these mothers express opposite opinion.
• Positive attitude is recorded more frequently among mothers from central region and urban settlements, as well as
mothers of children up to 6 months.
• There are no differences about this issue between mothers from general population and those from Roma
settlements.

12
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Partner’s participation in pregnancy – presence at delivery
Was your partner present during the childbirth?
7%
2%
93%
98%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Yes
No
52%
39%
7%
1%
4%
33%
58%
9%
2%
1%
He wasn`t allowed to attend
He wasn`t interested
He was absent from town
He didn`t meet medical
conditions
Other
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements
Why wasn't the partner present during the childbirth?
Multiple answers; Base: if partner was present during the childbirth (81% of
target population)
Only 7% of fathers attended childbirth. To a
somewhat lesser extent these are younger people,
and those from southern region. Among Roma from
Roma settlements just 2% of fathers attended
childbirth.
Most frequently mentioned reason why father didn't attend
childbirth is that father wasn't allowed to attend. This reason was
mentioned by as much as 52% of mothers. 39% of mothers
state that fathers were not interested.
• Higher percentage of mothers from rural areas think that
father's attendance isn't allowed (61% of mothers name
this reason). Mothers with children up to 6 months
mention this reason less frequently.
• Higher percentage of fathers from Roma settlements are
uninterested to attend childbirth (58%).

13
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Satisfaction with maternity clinic
Please evaluate with grades from 1 to 5 your satisfaction with delivery room in which you gave birth to your child?
4%
9%
13%
24%
60%
31%
29%
1%
Not satisfied at all
2
Sum -
3
Sum +
4
Very satisfied
My child was not born in hospital
60% of mothers are generally satisfied with delivery room where they gave birth to their child. Mothers of children up to 6
months are even more satisfied – 75% of them give positive grade.
• There is no difference in satisfaction with delivery room between mothers from general population and those from
Roma settlements. However, as much as 21% of Roma mothers state that they didn't give birth in hospital!
6%
8%
14%
11%
53%
30%
23%
21%
Not satisfied at all
2
Sum -
3
Sum +
4
Very satisfied
My child was not born in hospital
settlements

StrategicPuls Group
BREASTFEEDING AND NUTRITION

15
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Involvement of parents/guardians in the breastfeeding process
Are you the person who breastfed / breastfeeds or a person who knows details about how child was breastfed?
Early childhood development - BREASTFEEDING AND NUTRITION
Yes, person who
breastfed the
child
76%
Yes, the person
who knows how
the child was
breastfed
8%
No
16%
Out of total population of guardians 76% state that they themselves breastfed or fed the child, 8% state that they know
how the child was breastfed and fed. 16% either do not know or didn't answer.
• Among male guardians even 59% claim not to know how the child was fed.
• There is no differences between general population of guardians and population of guardians from Roma
settlements

16
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Assistance with breastfeeding
Who helped you, or who helps you with breastfeeding, sterilization, cleaning, bathing the child, etc?
Multiple answers; Base: persons who breastfed the child (76% of target population)
30%
25%
14%
5%
5%
2%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
0%
1%
37%
Spouse/ partner
Mother
Mother-in-law
Sister
Midwife
Friend
Family
Children
Grandmother
Nurse
Nanny
Spouse's family memberrelative
Visiting nurse
Other
No one helps/helped me
31%
35%
43%
31%
37%
46%
57%
48%
31%
26%
49%
38%
21%
36%
39%
71%
Elementary or less
Secondary
College or University
Both employed
Only father employed
Only mother employed
Both unemployed
Up to 100 eur
101-200 eur
Over 200 eur
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
Roma from Roma settlements
Stratum
No one helps/helped me
EducationEmployment
Income
Type of
settlement
37% of breastfeeding mothers state that no one helped them with nutrition and breastfeeding, sterilization, cleaning,
bathing the child. 30% state that their partner helps/ed them, 25% specify mother, and 14% mother-in-law.
• In families where both parents are unemployed and those with low household income, mother is deprived of help more
frequently. This is also recorded more frequently in northern region.
• Among mothers from Roma settlements as much as 71% remain without any help, while just 1% state to be helped by
their partner. Among these mothers help most frequently comes from mothers (13%) and mothers-in-law (3%).

17
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Sources of information about breastfeeding
What was/is your most frequent source of information about breastfeeding?
Base: persons who breastfed the child (76% of target population)
17%
18%
20%
15%
8%
4%
2%
2%
1%
0%
5%
33%
22%
10%
3%
3%
21%
Previous experience
Family members
Doctors
Nurses
Magazines
Friends
Books
Brochures
Internet
TV
I don`t search for such information
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements
Mot frequently mentioned source of information about
breastfeeding is doctor (20%), other family members (18%),
midwife (15%). 17% mention previous experience.
• Other sources of information are rarely mentioned:
magazines - 8%, books - 2%, brochures - 2%, Internet
– 1%, TV – 0,2%...
• Among mothers from Roma population even 21%
state that they didn't even search for such information,
while in general population 5% of mothers claim the
same.
Most frequently mentioned magazines are Moja
beba, Mama, Majka i dijete, Trudnoća….
Internet websites : www.wikipedia.com,
www.yumama.com, www.bebac.com.
Mothers which mentioned brochures state that they
were given these brochures in hospitals, children's
counseling rooms, health centers, delivery rooms
…
Most frequently mentioned magazines are Moja
beba, Mama, Majka i dijete, Trudnoća….
Internet websites : www.wikipedia.com,
www.yumama.com, www.bebac.com.
Mothers which mentioned brochures state that they
were given these brochures in hospitals, children's
counseling rooms, health centers, delivery rooms
…

18
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Information about breastfeeding – duration of breastfeeding period
How long after the birth was the child breastfed? - months
Base: persons who breastfed the child or they know details about how child was
breastfed (84% of target population)
18%
22%
27%
12%
18%
Up to 3 months
3.01-6 months
6.01-12 months
More than 12
months
It is still
breastfeed
8.5
9.3
8.9
7.4
7.6
9.1
7.9
10.0
10.4
8.0
6.0
7.5
8.0
8.6
10.0
6.5
8.8
9.1
10.9
10.3
7.7
7.6
7.9
9.5
9.2
Total
Elementary or less
Secondary
Both employed
Both unemployed
Up to 100 eur
101-200 eur
Over 200 eur
16 - 25
26 - 30
31 - 35
>35
Up to 3
4
5
6+
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
Roma from Roma settlement
EducationEmploymentIncomeMotherageNo.ofHH
members
Strata
Type of
settlement
On the average, mothers stop breastfeeding between baby's 6th and 12th
month of life (27% of mothers who breastfed their child). 22% of mothers were
breastfeeding between 3 and 6 months, and 18% up to 3 months. On the
average children are breastfed for circa 9 months. Children are breastfed longer
in case of mothers with lower educated families, unemployed, with lower
household income. Also in case of households with bigger number of household
members, from northern region, and from rural settlements.
• There are no significant differences in length of breastfeeding between
mothers from general population and those from Roma settlements.
Average number of months

19
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Exclusive breastfeeding
How long after the birth was the child ONLY breastfed (given only
breast milk even without water)? - months
Base: persons who breastfed the child or they know details about how child was
22%
13%
12%
8%
3%
13%
3%
14%
7%
Up to 1 months
1.01-2 months
2.01-3 months
3.01-4 months
4.01-5 months
5.01-6 months
More than 6 months
The child was not ONLY
breastfed
I still ONLY breastfeed the child
Exclusive breastfeeding lasts for 3,2 months on the average. 14% of mothers who
breastfed their child did not apply exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding lasts
longer on the average among mothers from lower educated families, unemployed mothers,
mothers with lower household income, households with bigger number of household
members, those from northern region and from rural areas.
• On the average Roma mothers exclusively breastfeed their children for longer
time, but this is partly the result of the fact that higher percentage of mothers
continue exclusive breastfeeding even after 6 months (as much as 13% of Roma
mothers who breastfeed their children).
3.2
3.5
3.2
3.0
2.8
3.3
2.9
4.2
3.7
3.1
2.4
2.7
3.4
3.3
3.0
2.5
3.1
3.7
3.9
3.6
2.7
3.5
2.9
3.7
4.8
Total
Elementary or less
Secondary
Both employed
Both unemployed
Up to 100 eur
101-200 eur
Over 200 eur
16 - 25
26 - 30
31 - 35
>35
Up to 3
4
5
6+
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
members
StrataType of
settlement

20
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Introduction of supplemental food
When did you start supplemental feeding of your child (give him food
other than breast milk)? - months
Base: persons who said that they start supplemental feeding of their child (73%
of target population)
12%
13%
15%
16%
7%
20%
9%
Up to 1 months
1.01-2 months
2.01-3 months
3.01-4 months
4.01-5 months
5.01-6 months
More than 6
months
4.1
5.2
4.2
4.0
3.9
4.2
3.4
5.2
4.6
4.1
3.4
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.1
3.6
4.2
4.4
4.7
4.5
3.6
4.3
4.0
4.4
5.4
Total
Elementary or less
Secondary
Both employed
Both unemployed
Up to 100 eur
101-200 eur
Over 200 eur
16 - 25
26 - 30
31 - 35
>35
Up to 3
4
5
6+
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
members
StrataType of
settlement
Along the lines of previous conclusions, mothers who breastfeed their children start
supplemental feeding around the 4th month. Again, mothers who introduce
supplemental feeding later are those from lower educated families, unemployed
mothers, mothers with lower household income, from households with bigger
number of household members, from northern region and from rural settlements.
• Roma mothers who are breastfeeding introduce supplemental feeding
around the 5th month on the average, but even 18% of mothers start
supplemental feeding later, after the 6th month.

21
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Contact during feeding/breastfeeding
Which of the following do you do while feeding your child?
Multiple answers; Base: parents or guardians of children aged from 0 to 1 year - persons who breastfed the child or they know details about how child was
55%
51%
34%
24%
5%
5%
1%
I talk or sing to
the child
I cuddle him
I embrace the
child
I look at child`s
eyes
I watch TV
I talk with others
Nothing special
Breastfeeding or feeding is most frequently the time for closer contact between mother and child. 55% of mothers state that, while
feeding the child, they talk with him, or sing to the child, 51% claim to cuddle the child, 34% claim to embrace the child, and ¼ look
at child's eyes.
Only 5% of mothers state that they watch TV or talk with others while feeding their child. 1% claim that they don't do anything
special in these occasions.
Lower percentage of Roma mothers cuddle the child – 11%, and higher percentage of them claim not to do anything special - 21%.
This information could indicate that awareness of the need for closer contact with the child is lower among mothers from Roma
settlements.
32%
11%
20%
28%
5%
21%
I talk or sing
to the child
I cuddle him
I embrace
the child
I look at
child`s eyes
I watch TV
I talk with
others
Nothing
special
settlements

22
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Frequency of consumption of various types of groceries
How often do you give your child the following food?
Base: parents or guardians of children aged from 6 and more months (90% of target population)
76%
90%
49%
72%
73%
55%
72%
15%
8%
36%
23%
21%
32%
25%
Cereals / bread / cereal
Milk products
Meet/fish
Fruits/ stone fruits
Vegetables
Sweets
Soup
Every day
2 – 3 times a week
Once a week
2 – 3 times a month
Once a month or less
Never
Total target population of guardians Population of guardians from Roma
settlements
83%
27%
11%
13%
14%
24%
13%
50%
24%
22%
24%
14%
33%
14%
40%
31%
28%
11%
20%
7%
18%
18%
19%
18%
10%
14%
12%
28% 15%
7%
8%
Cereals / bread / cereal
Milk products
Meet/fish
Fruits/ stone fruits
Vegetables
Sweets
Soup
Every day
2 – 3 times a week
Once a week
2 – 3 times a month
Once a month or less
Never
Regarding children's nutrition, children are most frequently given milk products – 90% of mothers with children up to 6 months state to give milk products
every day, another 8% give milk products 2-3 times a week. Next on the list are cereals and bread – 76% every day and 15% at least 2 to 3 times a week. ½
of mothers claim to give meet to their child every day, 36% give meet 2 to 3 times a week. 72% of mothers state that they give fruits to the child every day,
23% give fruits 2 to 3 times a week. Situation is similar with vegetables and soup. Sweets are given somewhat less frequently, 55% of mothers give children
sweets every day, 32% give them 2 to 3 times a week.
Mothers from Roma settlements give their children somewhat more frequently bread and cereals, and considerably less frequently milk products (just 27%
give them every day), meat (just 11% every day), fruits (7% every day), vegetables (13% every day), sweets (14% every day), soup (24% every day).

23
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Number of meals
How many times a day do you give food to your child?
Base: parents or guardians of children aged from 1 to 6 years (81% of target population)
1%
1%
19%
34%
30%
7%
1%
1%
0%
0%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Children from 1 to 6 years most frequently have 4 meals a day – 34% of mothers give this answer. 30% of mothers give the
child 5 meals a day, and 19% give 3 meals a day.
More frequently 5 meals are given to children aged from 1 to 2 years – 43% of children of this age are given 5 meals.
Average number of meals per day in general population in case of children aged from 1 to 6 years is 4,3. The number of
meals is somewhat lesser in families with lower income, those from northern region and in rural areas. It is drastically
reduced among children from Roma settlements, who have 3,1 meals per day on the average.
4.3
4.2
4.5
4.6
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.4
4.2
3.1
Total
Up to 100 eur
101-200 eur
Over 200 eur
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
Income
Strata
Typeof
settlement
Average number of meals

24
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Children eating together with guardians
Does your child eat his/her meals together with
other family members?
Base: parents or guardians of children aged from 1 to 6 years (81% of
target population)
48%
51%
34%
31%
4%
6%
14%
13%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Yes, all meals
Yes, just some meals
No
There is no rule - changeable
48% of parents/guardians of children aged from 1 to 6 years state that the child eats all his/her meals together with other
family members. 34% state that the child eats some meals with family members, in 4% of cases the child eats his/her
meals alone, and 14% state that there is no rule about that.
• Most frequently mentioned reason why the child doesn't eat together with the rest of the family is the fact that
parents work, so they are not at home during the meals.
• 23% of Roma guardians state that they don't have enough food.
46%
14%
6%
6%
7%
4%
3%
4%
12%
61%
7%
3%
23%
6%
Due to obligations we are not at home at
that time
Has different rhythm than other family
members
The child is not hungry at that time
The child eats first, and then we eat
The child is too small, it is still a baby
Not enough food
He eats in kindergarten
He sleeps at that time
Other answers
Don't know
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements
Why don't you eat together (occasionally)?
Base: parents or guardians of children aged from 1 to 6 years - if child
doesn’t eat his/her meals together with other family members (15% of
target population)

25
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Importance of mother-child contact immediately after birth
Please evaluate with grades from 1 to 5 how important do you think it is
that mother and child are together immediately after childbirth?
3%
0%
3%
3%
93%
12%
81%
Completely unimportant
2
Sum -
3
Sum +
4
Very important
Awareness of importance of close relationship between mother and
child immediately after childbirth is very high. 93% of parents think that
it is important for mother and newborn to be together immediately
after childbirth, and as much as 81% think that this is very important.
• Awareness about the importance of this contact is somewhat
higher among parents who are both employed, with higher
education, and higher household income.
• Awareness about the importance of this contact is also high
among Roma from Roma settlements – 87% of them consider
this experience very important, 63% very important.
4.7
4.5
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.5
4.7
4.9
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.4
Total
Elementary or less
Secondary
Both employed
Both unemployed
Up to 100 eur
101-200 eur
Over 200 eur
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
EducationEmployment
IncomeStrata
Type of
settlement
Average

26
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Importance of breastfeeding for child’s development
In your opinion how important is breastfeeding for child's
development?
1%
0%
1%
2%
96%
14%
83%
2
Sum -
3
Sum +
4
Very important
96% of guardians think that breastfeeding is important for child's
development, 83% think that it is very important.
• This percentage is lower among lower educated,
unemployed, with lower income, male guardians, from
northern region and rural settlements.
• Also, among Roma guardians awareness of importance
of breastfeeding is on somewhat lower level, but still high
- 84% of them think that breastfeeding is important for
child's development, 56% that it is very important.
Average
4.8
4.6
4.8
4.8
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.5
4.8
4.7
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.3
Total
Elementary or less
Secondary
Both employed
Both unemployed
Up to 100 eur
101-200 eur
Over 200 eur
Male
Female
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
EducationEmploymentIncome
Strata
Type of
settlement
Gender

27
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Importance of starting breastfeeding with the first child’s meal
Please evaluate with grades from 1 to 5 how important do you think it is that
breastfeeding starts immediately, from the child's first meal?
1%
1%
2%
3%
94%
13%
81%
2
Sum -
3
Sum +
4
Very important
94% of guardians think that it is important to start
breastfeeding immediately, from the child's first meal, 81% that
it is very important.
• This percentage is somewhat higher among higher
educated, employed, with higher income, among female
guardians, from central region and urban settlements.
• Also, among guardians from Roma settlements
awareness of importance of starting breastfeeding cycle
immediately, from the child's first meal is also on lower
level, but still high - 83% of caretakers think that
breastfeeding is important for child's development, 58%
that it is very important.
Average
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.5
4.8
4.7
4.9
4.6
4.8
4.7
4.2
Total
Elementary or less
Secondary
Both employed
Both unemployed
Up to 100 eur
101-200 eur
Over 200 eur
Male
Female
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
Strata
Type of
settlement
Gender

28
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Estimation of optimum breastfeeding period
In your opinion how long should the child be breastfed?
14%
20%
13%
34%
13%
Less then 6
months
6 months
7-11 months
12 months
Over 12 months
14%
27%
14%
8%
10%
8%
13%
23%
16%
11%
18%
Total
16 - 25
26 - 30
31 - 35
>35
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
GuardiangenderStrataTypeof
settlement
The highest percentage of guardians think that children should be breastfed until the age of one year – 34%. 20% think that
breastfeeding should be interrupted when the child turns 6 months, while as much as 14% of them think that breastfeeding
should be interrupted before the sixth month.
• It is worth mentioning that guardians who think that a child should be breastfed up to 6 months or even less are those
aged up to 25 years, from urban settlements and southern region, that is, the categories of population who are more
aware of issues related to breastfeeding and child care in general.
• There are no bigger differences in attitudes on this issue between guardians from general population and those from
Roma settlements.
Percentage of those who said less then 6 months

29
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Agreement with statements about breastfeeding
Breast milk may be of such quality (this refers to quality, not
quantity) that it fails to meet all the needs of the child for
nutrients
Child's brain develops the fastest during the first three
years of life. This process can sped up by close, warm
stimulation from the baby`s environment
15%
15%
7%
14%
16%
11%
64%
60%
74%
49%
68%
57%
31%
29%
Total
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
I don`t agree I agree
2%
4%
1%
2%
1%
5%
82%
77%
82%
87%
79%
86%
35%
Total
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
I don`t agree I agree
64% guardians agree, 22% is not sure, 15% disagree.
Agreement with this statement is bigger among guardians from
central region and lesser among guardians from southern
region.
Percentage of agreement is lower among guardians from Roma
settlements where there is also considerably higher percentage
of indecisive answers, that is, the cases where the guardians are
not sure whether this is true or untrue – 57%, compared to 22%
in general population of guardians.
81% of guardians was answered positively, 17%
answer that they are not sure, and just 2% of
guardians disagree.
Among the guardians from Roma settlements
percentage of agreement is considerably lower –
just 35% of guardians agree with this statement,
while percentage of the indecisive, those who
are not sure, is exceptionally high – 60%.

StrategicPuls Group
CARE WITHIN FAMILY

31
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Family members who take care of the child
Which household members takes care about the child?
Early childhood development - CARE WITHIN FAMILY
Multiple answers; Base: Total target population of guardians
97%
81%
38%
17%
12%
8%
5%
92%
55%
34%
14%
17%
10%
2%
Mother
Father
Grandmother
Grandfather
Sister
Brother
Someone else
General population
Household members who take care about the child are, first
of all, mother (in 97% of families with children up to 6 years
of age) and father (81%), then grandmother (38%),
grandfather (17%), sister (12%), and brother (8%).
• In Roma households father has a role in child care to
a considerably lesser extent (just 55% of fathers).
Who spends the most time with the child?
82%
7%
4%
2%
1%
0%
0%
1%
86%
4%
6%
1%
2%
Mother
Both parents
Grandmother
Father
Brother, sister
Grandfather
Babysitter
Someone else
General population
However, when asked who primarily takes care
of the child, in majority of cases the answer is
mother (82%), and all other household
members are specified in less than 10% of
cases.

32
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Family assistance with leaving the child at home
31%
27%
22%
11%
3%
1%
1%
1%
0%
17%
26%
29%
1%
4%
8%
7%
6%
I leave the child with other parent
I leave the child with grandmother,
grandfather
I take the child with me
I take the child to nursery school
I leave the child with siblings who are
more than 10 years old
I leave the child with other adult
relatives
less than 10 years old
I leave the child with other adult
persons
I leave the child unattended
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements
What do you usually do with your child when you have to
leave house for longer time (going to work, field, etc.)
When the guardian has to leave home for longer period of time (going to work, field, etc..) the highest percentage of them leave the
child with other parent (31%), or grandparents (27%). However, as much as 1/3 of guardians do not have this kind of family help, so
they state that they take the child with them (22% of cases) or take the child to nursery school (11%).
• In Roma families children are often left with other adult relatives (8%), but some answer to leave the child with siblings below
10 years of age (7%), which is a case that almost doesn't appear among general population.
When they have to leave the house for shorter time the guardians most frequently take the child with them (38%).
What do you usually do with your child when you have to leave
house even for a short time, for going shopping, doing some
administrative or similar job... or because of other reasons?
38%
33%
21%
4%
1%
1%
1%
0%
40%
14%
19%
3%
7%
8%
5%
I take the child with me
I leave the child with other parent
I leave the child with grandmother,
grandfather
more than 10 years old
less than 10 years old
I leave the child with other adult relatives
I leave the child with other adult persons
I leave the child unattended
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements

33
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Activities carried out with children – General population of guardians
During the last week did you, or any other member of your family do…
70%
53%
33%
28%
23%
22%
20%
17%
17%
15%
13%
12%
10%
10%
9%
30%
47%
67%
72%
77%
78%
80%
83%
84%
85%
87%
88%
90%
90%
91%
Teach child about spiritual or religious customs
Together with child doing housework (such as cooking,
repairs, cleaning, care for pets....)
Spent time with the child in educational activities such as
counting, naming things, drawing
Draw with the child
Talk with the child during the meal
Read books or watched picture books with the child
Praising the child
Feed the child or help him eat
Sing songs with the child
Watch TV with the child
Take the child to walk, green market or shop, or a visit
outside of home
Tell stories to the child
Play with the child
Sit with the child during the main meal
Bathe the child, change diapers, etc..
No / DK Yes
Regarding the activities which
guardians and other household
members practice with their
children, we can see that the
basic activities are the most
represented: bathing the child,
changing diapers, sitting with the
child during the meal. Also, great
majority of guardians play with
children, take them for a walk,
tells them stories, sings songs
with the child, watches TV with the
child.
It is observable that other family
members are somewhat less
included in educational activities,
reading books, conversation.
• Guardians with lower income, as
well as guardians from the
northern region, perform the
mentioned activities with children
to a lesser extent.

34
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Activities carried out with children– Guardians from Roma settlements
During the last week did you, or any other member of your family do…
25%
29%
29%
33%
38%
39%
41%
44%
49%
58%
68%
68%
73%
73%
84%
75%
71%
71%
67%
63%
61%
59%
56%
51%
42%
32%
32%
27%
27%
16%
Play with the child
Praising the child
Take the child to walk
Draw with the child
Together with child doing housework (such as cooking,
repairs, cleaning, care for pets....)
Spent time with the child in educational activities such as
counting, naming things, drawing
No / DK Yes
Guardians from Roma settlements
have less contact with children
observed by all mentioned
activities.
• Guardians from Roma
settlements spend particularly
less time on education
activities: reading, drawing,
counting, telling stories...
• It is interesting that the
slightest difference between
Roma children and children
from general population is on
praising the child, at least
according to guardians’
words.

35
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Activities carried out with children – Family members
77%
75%
73%
73%
72%
73%
79%
68%
65%
82%
84%
80%
85%
78%
73%
46%
48%
43%
54%
57%
39%
40%
40%
62%
35%
46%
26%
59%
61%
36%
Take the child to walk
Play with the child
Spent time with the child in educational activities
Together with child doing housework
Draw with the child
Praising the child
Mother Father Grandmother Sister Brother Grandfather Someone else
Which family members took part in that activities:
Multiple answers; Base: parents or guardians of children aged from 1 to 6 years - if during the last week someone took part in that activitie
On average, about ¾ of mothers, about ½ of fathers and about ¼ of grandmothers perform the mentioned activities. Mothers
bathe the child and assist with meals somewhat above average. Fathers take somewhat lesser part in educational activities,
while they play with the child more, praise the child, watch TV together, go for walks …
• In Roma families, father is significantly less included in almost all activities with children, mothers as well, but to a
lesser extent, while brothers and sisters take their role over .
51%
63%
66%
71%
55%
23%
79%
47%
18%
73%
68%
65%
69%
66%
51%
20%
25%
17%
24%
56%
60%
17%
32%
15%
39%
38%
Total target population of guardians Population of guardians from Roma
settlements

36
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Children’s activities – Average duration
How many hours a day does your child spend in doing the following activities? – Average
Average; Base: those who participate in the following activities
During the day, according to guardians, children
spend most time sleeping –11,6 hours on average,
6,1 hours in the nursery. Playing with other children
spend they 2,3 hours on average, playing alone 2,1
hours, and playing with adults 1,9 hours. They spend
1,6 hours watching TV, 1,3 hours in educational
activities, a 1,1 hours in sports activities. Feeding
takes 1,8 hours, and walking 2 hours.
• On average, Roma children spend more time
playing with other children and alone, they
spend the same amount of time watching TV
as do children from general population, while
they spend less time in sleeping and being in
a nursery.
11.6
6.1
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.1
1.0
10.9
3.3
3.4
3.2
2.0
2.0
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.4
Sleeping
Stay in kindergarten
Playing with other
children
Playing alone
Walking
Playing with adults
Eating
Watching TV
Educational
activities
Sports activities
(training)
Household duties
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements

37
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Home activities
In which household activities do you include your child?
Multiple answers; Base: parents or guardians of children aged from 1 to 6 years (82% of target population)
Guardians mainly include children 1 to 6 years old in the following household activities: making the bed (43%),
shopping (32%), cleaning (12%), cooking (4%) and washing (3%).
43%
32%
12%
4%
3%
26%
19%
29%
28%
4%
2%
37%
Making the bed
Shopping
Cleaning
Cooking
Washing
Other
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements

38
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Father’s participation in upbringing of children
In your opinion, how important is it that father takes part in child breeding?
Base: if respondent is not father (91% of target population)
2%
1%
3%
3%
92%
10%
82%
Completely
unimportant
2
Sum -
3
Sum +
4
Very important
92% of guardians think that father’s participation in upbringing of children is important, while even 82% think that it
is very important.
• Guardians from Roma settlements perceive father’s importance in upbringing of children far more rarely –
only 2/3 think that father’s role is important.
5%
9%
14%
17%
66%
22%
45%
Completely
unimportant
2
Sum -
3
Sum +
4
Very important
Total target population of guardians Population of guardians from
Roma settlements

39
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Children’s questions
Children often ask numerous questions. How often do you answer the questions which your child asks?
69%
20%
5%
2%
2%
Always
Almost always
Sometimes
From time to
time
Almost never
69% of guardians of children 1 to 6 years old say that they always answer children’s questions, 20% almost always and
5% say that they answer sometimes.
• Roma guardians answer children’s questions far more rarely – only 38% say that they answer always, and even 8%
say that they answer almost never (relative to 2% in general population of guardians).
Roma settlements
38%
15%
17%
18%
8%
Always
Almost always
Sometimes
From time to
time
Almost never

40
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Children’s questions – reasons for non-responding
What are the most frequent reasons why you don't answer, or occasionally answer the questions which your child
asks you?
Multiple answers; Base: parents or guardians of children aged from 1 to 6 years - those who don’t answer always the questions which child asks (25% of target
population)
As the most frequent reason why they
don’t answer children’s questions,
guardians say that they are too tired, that
they don’t understand the question, that
they don’t know the answer, that they have
no time, that these questions can’t be
answered.
• Roma guardians mainly say that
there is no need for them to answer
(23% of guardians), while this
answer occurs in 8% of cases in
general population.
28%
20%
20%
13%
8%
12%
7%
15%
19%
15%
15%
23%
12%
1%
I am mainly too tired
I usually don`t have the answer, don't know
the answer to this question
I usually don`t understand the question
I don`t have time, I am too busy
This is not necessary
This question can not be answered
Maybe I watch TV; read, chat with
someone
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements

41
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Reaction to child’s crying
What do you usually do when your child is crying, although it is neither hungry nor wet?
When a child cries (being neither hungry
nor wet), the largest number of guardians
do something of the following: try to
understand why (32%), take the child in
one’s arms (28%), talk to the child (23%).
• Roma guardians say that they try to
understand why the child is crying
and to talk to him more rarely than
guardians from general population
do, while they more frequently
ignore or feed the child.
32%
28%
23%
6%
5%
3%
1%
0%
1%
15%
26%
12%
8%
8%
11%
10%
8%
I try to understand why he/she is
crying
I take him/her in my arms instantly
I talk to the child
I give him/her toys
I rock him/her
I ignore him/her
I feed him/her
I shout at him/her, I tell him/her to
shut up
I make him/her embarrassed in
some way
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements

42
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Reaction to positive child’s acts
In what way do you usually praise your child’s positive acts?
Guardians mainly praise positive acts of their children either verbally (words) – 45%, or physically (hugging, kissing) –
42% of guardians. 12% mention material reward (candy, food, prize).
• 7% of Roma guardians say that they never praise their children’s positive acts, while this answer almost never
occurs in general population of guardians!
45%
42%
12%
0%
46%
41%
6%
7%
Verbally (with
words)
Physically (I hug
and kiss
him/her)
I give something
to him/her (like a
candy, food,
prize)
No way
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements

43
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Moral principles and punishing
86%
7%
3%
87%
9%
3%
Mother
Father
Other family
members
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements
In your family, who mostly teaches your child what is
good and what is bad?
It is mother’s responsibility to teach a child his/her
first moral principles, i.e. what’s good, what’s bad –
this is mother’s responsibility in 86% of cases.
Fathers do this in only 7% of cases, and other family
members even more rarely.
Although mother is mainly the one who punishes
(69%), this role is, however, taken by a higher
percentage of fathers (21%).
• In Roma families, fathers are significantly
more frequently those who punish – in 39% of
cases.
70%
21%
4%
55%
39%
5%
Mother
Father
Other family
members
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements
Who usually punishes …

44
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Reaction to inappropriate child’s acts
When your child does something that you think he/she shouldn’t do, what do you usually do?
Multiple answers ; Base: Total target population of guardians
When a child does something considered
inadequate, guardians say that they mainly
say „no“ and try to explain why it shouldn’t be
done (this is the answer of 54% of guardians).
Other answers occur frequently as well: I say
„no“ and expect the child to obey (22%), I
distract him/her with some other activity (18%),
I put things out of his/her reach (13%), I slap
him/her on the hand when he/she touches
something forbidden (12%).
• In Roma families, children are much
more rarely explained why they
shouldn’t do something (only 10% of
guardians), while the following answers
occur much more frequently: I slap
him/her on the hand when he/she
touches something forbidden (37%), I
shout at him/her (26%) and I ignore
him/her (9%).
54%
22%
12%
18%
13%
6%
9%
4%
4%
2%
10%
17%
37%
3%
6%
26%
7%
7%
1%
9%
I say „no“ and I explain why
I say „no“ and I expect him/her to obey
I hit him/her on the hand when he/she
touches something
I distract him/her with something
I place things out of his/her reach
I shout at him/her
I limit his/her moving
I make the child sit down or go to the
other room and be alone there
I take him/her somewhere
Nothing – I ignore him/her
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements

45
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Physical punishing
Children sometimes behave nicely, while other times they misbehave. How many times during last week did you
have to hit your child (if you did at all)?
55% of guardians say that they had to hit their child
at least once during the past week. 8% of guardians
hit the child 3 and more times.
• Over then ¾ (78%) of Roma guardians say
that they had to hit their child during the past
week. Almost 1/3 (31%) say that they hit their
child 3 and more times.
45%
7%
36%
6%
2%
22%
15%
28%
14%
17%
0
1
2
3
4+
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements

46
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Need for physical punishing
Please evaluate with a grade from 1 to 5 how necessary
physical punishing of children is, as a part of upbringing?
56%
21%
77%
12%
9%
5%
3%
2%
Completely unnecessary
2
Sum -
3
Sum +
4
Very necessary
DK-Ref
77%
64%
76%
82%
84%
75%
73%
67%
66%
80%
91%
66%
85%
77%
25%
9%
19%
8%
8%
4%
10%
9%
17%
13%
6%
5%
11%
6%
10%
32%
Total
Elementary or less
Secondary
Both employed
Both unemployed
Up to 100 eur
101-200 eur
Over 200 eur
North
Center
South
Stratum
Sum -
Sum +
77% of guardians think that physical punishing is not necessary while raising children. 56% think that it is not necessary at
all. 9% think that it is necessary.
• Physical punishing is more frequently considered necessary by guardians with lower education, unemployed, those
with lower income, members of multimember families, residents of the northern region, but also parents of children 3
to 6 years old.
• Only ¼ of Roma guardians think that physical punishing is not necessary when raising children, while 1/3 think that it
is necessary. Others don’t have an attitude.

47
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Sources of information about upbringing of children
53%
33%
20%
10%
6%
5%
3%
3%
2%
28%
37%
21%
12%
0%
1%
1%
1%
60%
Family
Friends
Doctors, nurses
Magazines
Books
Psychologists, pedagogues
Brochures
TV
Internet
I don’t get informed about raising
childrena
General population
Roma from Roma
settlements
Books: Moja beba, Šta da očekujete dok…, Mala knjiga o velikim
roditeljima, Vaše dijete i Vi, Savršeno roditeljstvo, Korak po korak
Magazines: Moja beba, Moje dijete, Majka i dijete, Mama, Lepota i
zdravlje, Zdravlje i ljepota…
TV stations: RTCG i Pnik, programs: Morning program, Educational
program, programs about children on RTS-u, Bubamara, Biljana za
vas on Pinku, Binky Bill on IN, Replika, Ključ…
Informative websites : www.mojabeba.com, www.yumama.com,
www.bebac.com .
Those who mention brochures, say that they got them in the
hospital, primary healthcare centers, maternity clinic …
Books: Moja beba, Šta da očekujete dok…, Mala knjiga o velikim
roditeljima, Vaše dijete i Vi, Savršeno roditeljstvo, Korak po korak
Magazines: Moja beba, Moje dijete, Majka i dijete, Mama, Lepota i
zdravlje, Zdravlje i ljepota…
TV stations: RTCG i Pnik, programs: Morning program, Educational
program, programs about children on RTS-u, Bubamara, Biljana za
vas on Pinku, Binky Bill on IN, Replika, Ključ…
Informative websites : www.mojabeba.com, www.yumama.com,
www.bebac.com .
Those who mention brochures, say that they got them in the
hospital, primary healthcare centers, maternity clinic …
In which ways do you get informed about raising children?
Guardians say that they get informed about child upbringing
from their family (53%), friends (33%), doctors and midwives
(20%), psychologists and pedagogues (5%).
• 28% say that they don’t get informed about upbringing of
children.
• Magazines are mentioned by 10%, books 6%, brochures
3%, TV 3%, Internet 2%.
• As for guardians of Roma children, 60% say that they
don’t get informed about upbringing of children.

48
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Guardians’ interest in information about upbringing of children
What is it about raising children that you would like to be more informed about?
Guardians would like to be provided more information about upbringing of children on the following topics: proper feeding
and supplemental feeding, prevention and child diseases, periods of child development – mental and physical, learning
and education, socialization, adoption of value system, child behavior and disobedience, setting limitations – flexible or
strict attitude, relationship between children and parents, puberty, development of work habits, protection from negative
influence of the surrounding…
Typical statements:
“How to raise it properly without too much punishing.”
“How not to spoil the child, and also not be too strict.”
“Selection of true values during upbringing and making a man out of a child.”
“Proper nutrition, child’s health, how to raise the child properly.”
“How to establish the best communication with the child.”
“How to keep it on the right track during puberty.’
“How to isolate the child from negative influences (of other children).”
“Developmental periods by years and what to pay attention to.”
“How to raise the child to be a good person.”
“How to protect children from viruses and colds.”

StrategicPuls Group
HYGIENE

50
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Washing hands
Washing hands - How frequently does your child (independently or with your help) perform the following
activities?
Early childhood development - HYGIENE
22%
69%
93%
98%
98%
25%
10%
7%
2%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
38%
14%
0%
0%
0%
14%
7%
0%
0%
0%
0 - 6 m
6 m - 1 y
1 - 2 y
2 - 3 y
3 - 6 y
Childage
Several times a day
Once a day
Several times a week
Never
DK-Ref
87%
47%
5%
33%
0%
10%
1%
1%
2%
5%
4%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Several times a day
Once a day
Once a week
Several times a
month
Once a month and
more rarely
Never
The highest percentage of guardians – 87%, says that children wash their hands several times a day (independently or
with their help). 5% say that they wash hands once a day and 5% say that they never wash hands and these are only
children under 12 months.
• Among Roma children, percentage of children who wash hands several times a day is significantly lower – only
47%. Another 33% wash hands once a day, 10% wash hands several times a week or more rarely.
General population

51
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Brushing teeth
Brushing teeth - How frequently does your child (independently or with your help) perform the following activities?
2%
3%
22%
43%
54%
2%
14%
35%
35%
39%
0%
6%
4%
5%
4%
75%
62%
35%
15%
3%
0 - 6 m
6 m - 1 y
1 - 2 y
2 - 3 y
3 - 6 y
Childage
Several times a day
Once a day
Never
38%
5%
32%
29%
4%
14%
1%
9%
0%
4%
0%
7%
21%
30%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Several times a day
Once a day
Once a week
Several times a
month
Once a month and
more rarely
Never
General population
38% of guardians say that children brush their teeth
several times a day (independently or with their help).
32% say that they brush teeth once a day and 21% never
brush their teeth.
• Percentage of children who brush their teeth is
somewhat lower among Roma children – 48%
brush their teeth at least several times a week,
while 30% of children under 6 years of age never
brush their teeth.
Frequency of teeth brushing rises with child’s age. 23% of
children who are 6 to 12 months old brush teeth at least a
few times a week, while this percentage is 61% during the
second year of life. With 3 years, already 93% of children
brush teeth at least once a day, in their guardians’ words.

52
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Bathing
Bathing - How frequently does your child (independently or with your help) perform the following activities?
16%
16%
19%
17%
6%
22%
18%
50%
38%
56%
70%
33%
52%
70%
26%
37%
19%
9%
53%
16%
11%
6%
9%
4%
0%
6%
7%
1%
Total
Up to
100 eur
101-200
eur
Over 200
eur
North
Center
South
Stratum
Several times a day
Once a day
Once a week
Income
Children usually bathe once a day – this is the answer of ½ of
guardians. 16% bathe their children several times a day, 26%
several times a week.
• In Roma families, 31% of children are bathed once a
week. 52% of Roma guardians bathe children more
frequently than that, while 16% say that they bathe
children more rarely than once a week, compared with
1% of such cases in general population.
16%
8%
50%
30%
26%
14%
6%
31%
11%
1%
1%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Several times a day
Once a day
Once a week
Several times a
month
Never
General population
Children are bathed somewhat less frequently by
guardians who are unemployed, who have lower
income, residents of the northern region, those
living in households with several children.

53
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Changing underwear
Changing underwear - How frequently does your child (independently or with your help) perform the following
activities?
80%
82%
51%
35%
29%
3%
9%
41%
52%
58%
1%
2%
5%
10%
13%
8%
4%
0%
1%
0%
0 - 6 m
6 m - 1 y
1 - 2 y
2 - 3 y
3 - 6 y
Childage
Several times a day
Once a day
Never
Guardians say that they change their children’s underwear
several times a day – 42%, or once a day – 45%.
• Guardians from Roma settlements change their
children’s underwear somewhat more rarely – 14% say
that they do it several times a day, and even 1/3 do it
once a week and more rarely, while this percentage is
less than 1% in general population!
Frequency is significantly higher among children
under 12 months of age – even 80% of guardians of
children younger than 12 months say that they
change underwear several times a day. In the fourth
year, frequency is decreased and 58% of guardians
change their children’s underwear once a day.
42%
14%
45%
39%
9%
13%
1%
19%
9%
6%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Several times a day
Once a day
Once a week
Several times a
month
Once a month and
more rarely

StrategicPuls Group
INJURY PREVENTION

55
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Injury intervention – alterations in the house/apartment
Have you made any alterations to make your home a safer environment for your child?
Early childhood development - INJURY PREVENTION
Yes
36%
No
64%
Yes
18%
No
82%
Roma settlements
36% of guardians say that they have made some alterations to make their home a safer environment for their child.
• This percentage is significantly lower in Roma population – only 18%.

56
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Injury prevention – alterations in the house/apartment
What have you done to make your home a safer environment for your child?
Multiple answers ; Base: Those who made any alterations to make their home a safer environment for their child (36% of target population)
The most frequently mentioned alterations are: removing of small, fragile and sharp things (25%), removal of some parts
of furniture (14% of guardians who made alterations), rearrangement of furniture, protection of wall sockets, placing a
fence on stairs and balcony, protection of sharp edges and corners. There are also answers like: no smoking indoors,
placing carpets on the floor, protection of doors and windows, closing down of some rooms and rearranging one room into
child’s room.
Typical statements:
“We changed the door and put a locker on”.
“We protected the wall sockets, we removed excessive furniture”.
“There are no corners, balconies are secured, range is moved to the balcony”.
“We removed sharp objects, we put a fence on the stairs”.
“We removed souvenirs and put other breakable objects out of the child’s reach”.
“We set up obstacles in front of cupboards, we covered wall sockets, we hid dangerous objects”.
“We secured corners and sources of electricity, balconies and low windows”.
“We secured sharp corners, wall sockets, range, stove and everything necessary”.
“We have separate room for playing, with only toys and soft furniture”.
“We locked the balcony door and rearranged furniture, we made free space bigger”.

57
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Injury prevention – Car ride
What kind of safety precautions do you undertake when your child is in the car with you?
53%
29%
22%
15%
8%
4%
4%
Child sits on the rear seat
We use a car seat for children
We lock doors and windows
We fasten the safety belt
We don’t drive the child in a car
We undertake no safety
precautions
Other
58%
54%
45%
17%
35%
32%
24%
19%
22%
8%
16%
23%
8%
2%
21%
North
Center
South
Stratum
Child sits on the rear
seat
We use a car seat for
children
We lock doors and
windows
We fasten the safety
belt
We don’t drive the
child in a car
During car ride, the largest number of guardians say that the safety measure they undertake is putting a child at the back
seat (more frequently older children), then using a baby car seat (29% - more frequently children up to 12 months of age),
locking doors and windows (22%), fastening child’s seat belt (15%).
• Baby car seat is used increasingly by educated parents, with higher household income, residents of the central
region.
• 12% of guardians from general population say that they don’t have a car or that they undertake no safety measures.
This is the answer of 70% of guardians from Roma settlements.

StrategicPuls Group
HEALTHCARE

59
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Healthcare of sick children
74%
69%
20%
15%
2%
8%
2%
1%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Mother
Both parents
Grandparents
Father
Who usually takes care of your child
when he/she is sick?
Early childhood development - HEALTHCARE
When a child is sick, mother usually takes
care of it – in 74% of cases. Both parents
take care of the child in 20% of cases.
Grandparents appear in only 2 % of cases,
somewhat more frequently among guardians
from Roma settlements – 8% of cases.
On the question What do you usually do when your child is sick? are great
differences recorded between general population of Montenegro and
population from Roma settlements. Namely, 91% of guardians from general
population take the child to a healthcare center – consult a pediatrician, while
only ½ of Roma guardians do.
• While other answers appear very rarely in the general population of
guardians, guardians from Roma settlements say that they talk to
relatives or friends who also have children when their child is sick
(19%), they use remedies they buy in a pharmacy (16%), they use
domestic remedies (14%).
91%
50%
6%
16%
2%
19%
1%
14%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
I take it to a healthcare center – I consult
a pediatrician
I use remedies that I buy in a pharmacy
I talk to relatives or friends who also
have children
I use domestic remedies
What do you usually do when your child is sick?

StrategicPuls Group
CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES

61
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Children with disabilities - awareness
4%
13%
97%
87%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Yes
No
Do you have or are you taking care of a child with
special needs, a child with disabilities?
Early childhood development - CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES
4% of guardians in general population say that they have or are taking care of a child with special needs, with a
disability. This percent is significantly higher in Roma population – even 13%.
Almost 1/3 of other respondents know a family with a child with disability.
30%
24%
65%
75%
5%
2%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Yes
No
DK-Ref
Do you know any family with a handicapped
child?
Base: Those who don't have or are not taking care of a child with
special needs (96% of target population)

62
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Children with disabilities – social distance
22%
21%
78%
79%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Yes
No
Would you object to a handicapped child attending the
same nursery as you child attends?
Base: Those who don't have or are not taking care of a child with special
needs (96% of target population)
Even 22% of those who don’t have a child with disability object to a handicapped child attending the same nursery as their
child does.
• The most frequently mentioned reason for objecting is that guardians think that such children need special attention,
so teachers would have less time for other children – this reason is mentioned by even 2/3 of guardians. Additionally,
almost half of guardians say that such children should attend special nurseries. Smaller percentage of guardians says
that their child might get scared (15%) or feel uncomfortable (13%).
• There are no significant differences on this question between guardians from general population and guardians from
Roma settlements.
Can you please tell me the reasons for your
objection?
Multiple answers; Base: Those who would not object to a handicapped
child attending the same nursery as their child does (21% of target
population)
66%
47%
15%
13%
4%
38%
27%
9%
6%
24%
That child should be paid more
attention to, so teachers would have
less time for other children
Such children should attend special
nurseries
Perhaps my child would be scared
Perhaps my child would be
uncomfortable
DK-Ref
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements

63
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Children with disabilities and special nurseries
Do you think that handicapped children should
attend special nurseries?
45%
46%
55%
54%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Yes
No
When asked directly whether they think that children with
disability should attend special nurseries, almost ½ or even
46% of guardians think they should.
• There are no greater differences among answers by
the tested characteristics of guardians.
Why they should attend special nurseries?
Multiple answers; Base: Those who think that handicapped children should
attend special nurseries (45% of target population)
The most frequently given spontaneous answer why
these children should attend special nurseries is that
these children need special care and attention (40%).
Some guardians also say that these children would feel
much better and more pleasant there, that they would
have similar children around them, that their progress
would be faster, that they would have adequate and
better conditions there.
Typical statements:
„Since there are experts there who are trained for dealing with
their problems.”
“They need special attention. Nursery has to be adapted to
their needs, not vice a versa. They are sick children after all.”
“I think that other children would be neglected. The same
teacher can’t pay attention to both of these children.”
“I don’t think that they would fit in with other children. They
can’t understand each other in that period of life.”
“Not to get complexes. Perhaps they would feel neglected if
other children ignored tem.”
“Because they behave in a special way that I don’t want to be
transferred to my child. My child might imitate moves of such
children.”

64
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Prejudice about children with disabilities
In case you child and a handicapped child attended the same nursery, do you think that ....
68%
60%
59%
62%
15%
12%
15%
14%
15%
59%
A child with disabilities would have a negative influence on
your child
Your child would be scared
Your child be uncomfortable
Your child would be provided with less care
As a grown-up, your child would be more tolerant towards
handicapped people
No Yes
About 15% of guardians think that their children would feel uncomfortable with these children, that they would be scared, that
they would get less attention, and even 12% think that a child with disability would have negative influence on their child. On
the other hand, majority of guardians (59%) think that their child would become an adult more tolerant towards
people with disabilities in case it attended the same nursery with such children!
• Guardians with lower family income show higher degree of negative attitude towards children with disability, while
guardians from the central region have less negative attitude.
• There is no difference between guardians from general population and guardians from Roma settlements.

StrategicPuls Group
PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION AND READINESS
FOR SCHOOL

66
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Guarding children
In your opinion, which solution is the best in terms of guarding your children?
Early childhood development - PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION AND READINESS FOR SCHOOL
53%
25%
13%
2%
5%
Attending a
public nursery
Grandparents
baby-sitting
Attending a
private nurser
Having a baby-
sitter
Other
When guardians are asked about the way their child should spend preschool time, 53% think that it should be
attending public nursery. 25% think that child should be guarded by grandparents, 13% that it should attend private
nursery and 2% that it should be guarded by a nanny.
• The largest percentage of Roma guardians think that it is best for the child to be guarded by grandparents –
44%! 36% that public nurseries are the best, 2% private nurseries and 3% nanny.
36%
44%
2%
3%
12%
Attending a
public nursery
Grandparents
baby-sitting
Attending a
private nurser
Having a baby-
sitter
Other
Total target population if guardians Population of guardians from
Roma settlements

67
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Importance of attending nursery for child development
5%
3%
4%
17%
7%
4%
1%
21%
3%
8%
1%
7%
2%
8%
78%
80%
74%
92%
77%
81%
81%
82%
61%
80%
76%
88%
62%
79%
77%
Total
Both employed
Both unemployed
Up to 100 eur
101-200 eur
Over 200 eur
Male
Female
North
Center
South
Urban
Other
Stratum
Sum -
Sum +
GenderEmploymentIncome
Type of
settlement
Please rate with a grade from 1 to 5 how important it is for your child’s
development to attend a nursery?
78% of guardians think that it important for a child to attend a nursery, and over ½, i.e. 54% think that it is very important.
• Nursery is considered somewhat more important by guardians of male children, mothers when they are the only ones employed in
the family, guardians from households with higher income, female guardians, residents of central regions and urban areas.
• Only 44% of guardians from Roma settlements think that it is important for a child to attend a nursery. Even 37% think that it is not
important, relative to only 4% in general population.
3%
22%
2%
15%
5%
37%
16%
19%
78%
44%
24%
22%
54%
22%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Completely
unimportant
2
Sum -
3
Sum +
4
Very important
Total target population of guardians

68
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Reasons why it is necessary to attend nursery
In your opinion, what are the main reasons why a child should attend a nursery?
83%
41%
29%
26%
2%
1%
Socializing with
peers
A child learns
how to share
with others
A child learns
how to play
Child is on safe
place
Other
DK-Ref
As the main reasons why a child should
attend a nursery, guardians mention
socializing with peers (83%), learning to
share with others (41%), learning how to play
(29%), and they also say that a child is safe
there (26%).

69
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Characteristics of a good nursery
Please name three most important characteristics of a good nursery?
63%
59%
46%
41%
40%
15%
14%
Good equipment (sufficient number of
rooms, enough toys, illuminated and
warm spaces)
Safety of children
Quality food
Good teachers
Quality program for work with children
Flexible working hours
Sufficient number of teachers
When guardians are asked to name three most
important characteristics of a good nursery, they
mainly say: good equipment (sufficient number
of rooms, enough toys, illuminated and warm
spaces) – 63% of guardians and security of
children (59%).
• 46% spontaneously mention quality food,
41% good teachers. 40% mention quality
program for working with children. Flexible
working hours and sufficient number of
teachers appear to be somewhat less
important characteristics (spontaneously
mentioned by less than 15% of
guardians).
• ¼ of guardians from Roma settlements
can’t name any characteristics of a good
nursery.

70
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Characteristics of a good nursery teacher
Which should be the characteristics of a good kindergarten or nursery teacher?
74%
55%
53%
31%
1%
Responsible,
professional
To like children
Patient
Gentle
Other
When asked about characteristics of a good kindergarten
or nursery teacher, ¾ of guardians say that it should be
responsible and professional. More than half of
respondents (55%) think that teacher should like the
children and be patient (53%). 1/3 think that she/he
should be gentle.
• 15% of guardians from Roma settlements can’t
name characteristics of a good nursery teacher.

StrategicPuls Group
INCLUSION OF RAE CHILDREN

72
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Children’s rights – The right of children on free and quality education
93%
66%
6%
14%
0%
20%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements Yes No DK-Ref
In your opinion, are all children equally entitled to free and quality education?
Early childhood development - INCLUSION OF RAE CHILDREN
When guardians are asked whether they think that all children are equally entitled to free and quality education, 93% of
them say yes.
• Somewhat higher percentage of negative answers is recorded in the central region – even 12% say no. Since the
question did not refer to whether it should be so, but it referred to the real situation, we assume that guardians gave
negative answers because they were aware of certain forms of discrimination.
• Among guardians from Roma settlements, only 66% give positive answer. 20% are not sure, but 14% give negative
answer.
96%
88%
100%
3%
12%
0%
North
Center
South
Yes
No

73
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Social distance from RAE children
Would you object to a RAE child attending the same nursery that your child attends?
Yes
12%
No
88%
21%
10%
4%
79%
90%
96%
North
Center
South
Stratum
Yes
No
Even 12% of guardians would be against Roma children attending the same nursery as their child does.
• This answer is especially present in the northern region, where even 21% of guardians don’t want their
children to attend the same nursery with Roma children! This distance is the least in the southern region – 4%
of guardians give this answer. There are 10% of such guardians in the central region.

74
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Reasons for social distance from RAE children
Please tell me the reasons for your objection?
Multiple answers; Base: Those who would object to a RAE child attending the same nursery as their child does (12% of target population)
32%
22%
9%
7%
5%
4%
3%
32%
Because of hygiene
Because of upbringing
Disorderly life, habits, behavior
Differences, non-acceptance
They need to be separated, to be
with their own people
Influence on other children
Conditions they live in
DK-Ref
As the reason for this attitude, guardians primarily mention
hygiene – 32%, the way Roma raise their children – 22%. There
are also reasons like great cultural differences, unorganized life,
bad habits, not being adapted, non-acceptance by other children
and possibility of bad influence on their children.
Typical statements:
“Because of lack of hygiene among Roma. I think that they are too
dirty – only because of that. It is their characteristic to have lice”.
“Roma people are still in the streets here and I don’t think that it would
be hygienic.”
„Their children are brought up in a different way, I don’t want them to
influence my child.”
“Roma children don’t have basic upbringing and education. Ill
behavior of these children would have very negative effect on our
children.”
“I don’t like my child hanging around with Roma children. They are
dirty and rude.”
“Their life is reckless and disorderly. They have to be separated from
us as long s they stay like this.”
“Because of different customs and upbringing in general.”

75
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Special nurseries for RAE children
In your opinion, should RAE children attend special nurseries?
21%
8%
2%
79%
92%
98%
North
Center
South
Stratum
Yes
No
Accordingly, 11% of guardians think that Roma children should attend special nurseries.
• This answer is more widespread in the northern region – 21%, and rarer in the southern – 2%. In the central region 8%
of guardians think that Roma children should attend special nurseries.
• Lesser distance is shown by guardians who are both employed (7%), as well as guardians with higher household income
(3%).
11%
6%
90%
94%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Yes
No
6% of Roma guardians think that Roma children should attend special nurseries.

76
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Reasons for approving special nurseries for RAE children
Please tell me why you think that they should attend special nurseries?
Multiple answers; Base: Those who think that RAE children should attend special nurseries (11% of target population)
20%
19%
15%
14%
8%
8%
7%
7%
3%
3%
1%
Because of upbringing
Because of hygiene
Differences, non-acceptance
They need to be separated, to be with their own people
Lagging behind in terms of education
Because of specialized teachers
They need special attention and care
Disorderly life, habits, behavior
Conditions they live in
Lagging behind in terms of development
Influence on other children
As reasons for attending special nurseries, guardians mention hygiene again, the way of upbringing and raising
children in Roma settlements, too great cultural differences, too extensive lagging behind of these children in terms
of education and development. Some guardians say that these children need special attention and specialized
teachers, as well as that these children wouldn’t be accepted by other children.
Roma guardians who think that Roma children should attend special nurseries say that they need special care, that
their children significantly lag behind other children in terms of education and that their children are usually not
accepted by other children.

StrategicPuls Group
ADOPTION AND FOSTERING

78
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Assistance for guardians who have difficulties raising children
In your opinion, who should help parents who are faced with problems related to raising their children?
Early childhood development - ADOPTION AND FOSTERING
47%
50%
45%
39%
41%
29%
5%
23%
12%
North
Center
South
Stratum
Center for social work
Family
Pedagogues, psychologists
48%
60%
38%
34%
12%
4%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Center for social work
Family
Pedagogues,
psychologists
48 % of guardians spontaneously say that Center for social work is the first who should help parents who are faced
with problems related to raising their children. 38% say that it is the family. 12% mention pedagogues and
psychologists in educational facilities.
• Guardians who are both employed, who have higher household income and who live in the southern region
stress influence of pedagogue and psychologist to a greater extent, and influence of family to a lower extent.
• Roma guardians mention pedagogues and psychologists as the first choice in only 4% of cases.

79
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Mechanisms of assistance for preventing abandoning of children by parents
Which mechanisms, what kind of help might prevent abandoning children by parents?
53%
48%
33%
17%
1%
2%
Financial help
Help of Centers for social work
Professional help (psychologist
Advising pregnant woman
Other
DK-Ref
As mechanisms and the kind of help which might prevent
abandoning children by parents, guardians suggest primarily
financial support – 53% of guardians, then assistance of
Center for social work – 48%, professional help of a
psychologist – 33%, advising pregnant women – 17%.

80
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Sustainer family
Would you take a child to a sustainer family?
When asked if they would take a child to a sustainer family, 43%
of guardians say that they would, while 36% say that they
wouldn’t. 21% of guardians are unsure.
• Positive answers are provided more frequently by
guardians from wealthier households, and guardians with
better education.
• 2/3 of Roma guardians would not be prepared to take a
child into a sustainer family.
43%
19%
36%
65%
21%
16%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Yes No Not sure

81
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Sustainer family
Why wouldn’t you (not sure) take a child to a sustainer family?
Multiple answers ; Base: Those who wouldn’t (not sure) take a child to a sustainer family (57% of target population)
23%
17%
12%
8%
5%
5%
4%
2%
1%
1%
25%
I have children/ I am planning to have children, more childr
We have no conditions, possibilities
Because of financial situation
It's a great responsibility, risk, obligation
They don't want to, they don't have the need, interests
They wouldn't dare to, they are not ready, not capable
They have responsibilities/ a job/ they don't have time
Fear of inadequate fitting in a family
Lack of housing space
They would get too attached to the child
DK-Ref
As reasons for not taking a child in a sustainer family, guardians say that they already have children, or that they are
planning more children (23% if guardians who wouldn’t take a child in a sustainer family), that they don’t have the
conditions for it (17%), bad financial situation (12%). They also say that it is a great responsibility and obligation, that
they don’t have the need for it, that they are not capable of it, that they have no time, lack of space. Some also fear
that a new child might disturb functioning of family, as well as that they would get too attached to the child.
The most common answer of Roma guardians is that they do not have possibilities (29%).

82
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Adoption of children
Would you adopt a child?
When asked whether they would adopt a child, 1/3 of
guardians say that they would, while 1/2 say that they
wouldn’t. 17% of guardians are not sure.
• Again, positive answers are provided more
frequently by guardians from wealthier households,
guardians with better education, younger, with one
child, residents of the central region.
• 2/3 of Roma guardians would not be ready to adopt
a child.
33%
17%
50%
68%
17%
15%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Yes No DK-Ref

83
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Adoption of children
Why wouldn’t you (not sure) adopt a child to a sustainer family?
Multiple answers; Base: Those who wouldn’t (not sure) adopt a child (67% of target population)
55%
9%
7%
6%
5%
4%
2%
1%
1%
1%
1%
I have children/ I am planning to have children, more children
They don't want to, they don't have the need, interests
We have no conditions, possibilities
Because of financial situation
It's a great responsibility, risk, obligation
Fear of inherited characteristics/ someone else's child
They wouldn't dare to, they are not ready, not capable
They have responsibilities/ a job/ they don't have time
Fear of inadequate fitting in a family
Perhaps difference might be felt, different relationship
If the child were abandoned, without anyone
As reasons for not adopting a child, guardians most frequently mention already having children or planning to have
more children (55% of guardians who wouldn’t adopt a child). Answers are the same as answers to the question
about taking a child to a sustainer family, but to a lower percentage. Some guardians also mentioned fear of inherited
unknown characteristics of biological parents, as well as fear that different attitude towards children might be sensed.

84
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Homes for children without parental care in Montenegro - conditions
In your opinion, are children institutionalized in homes for children without parental care in Montenegro brought
up in good conditions?
When asked: In your opinion, are children
institutionalized in homes for children without
parental care in Montenegro brought up in good
conditions? the largest number of guardians, almost
2/3 , don’t know the answer. 22% think that
conditions are adequate, while 15% think that they
are not.
• Negative answer is provided more frequently
by better educated and younger guardians.
• Far bigger percentage of Roma guardians
think that these conditions are good – even
41% provide positive answer, while only 6%
provide negative answer.
22%
41%
15%
6%
63%
53%
General
population
Roma from
Roma
settlements
Yes No Not sure

85
StrategicPuls Group
June 2009
Homes for children without parental care in Montenegro – visits and donations
Have you ever visited any of the 6 homes for
children without parental care in Montenegro?
Yes
16%No
83%
DK-Ref
1%
Have you ever given a donation to any of the 6 homes for
children without parental care in Montenegro?
Yes
22%
No
77%
DK-Ref
1%
83% of guardians admit that they have never visited
any of the 6 homes for children without parental
care in Montenegro.
• Better educated guardians, employed, those
with higher income, residents of the southern
region and urban areas say that they have
visited some of these homes to a higher
percentage than others do.
• Only 1,5% of Roma guardians say that they
have visited some of these homes.
More than ¾ or 77% of guardians have never given a
donation to any of the 6 homes for children without
parental care in Montenegro.
• Better educated guardians, employed, those with
higher income, residents of the southern region
say that they have given a donation to some of
these homes to a higher percentage than others
do.
• 2% of Roma guardians say that they have given a
donation.

StrategicPuls Group
FINAL QUESTIONS

UNICEF Report on Early Childhood Development in Montenegro

UNICEF Report on Early Childhood Development in Montenegro

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UNICEF Report on Early Childhood Development in Montenegro