3. INDIAN POWER SECTOR (June 2006)
• THERMAL : 83272 MW
• HYDEL : 32726 MW
• NUCLEAR : 3900 MW
• RENEWABLES : 6191 MW
• TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY : 126089 MW
(Source : Ministry of Power)
4. ENERGY SCENARIO - INDIA
• Rapid economic development &
Increasing population = High demand for Energy
• A sustained 8% GDP growth of India requires an annual
increase of:
a) Commercial energy supply from 5.2% to 6.1%
b) Total primary energy supply from 4.3% to 5.1%
5. There is a pressing need to explore
Alternate Fuel Options
which are sustainable, locally
available and eco-friendly
6. RE IN INDIA
• The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) is
the nodal agency involved in facilitating growth of RE in India
• The Ministry’s mandate covers the entire RE sector.
⇒ Solar
RE sources covered by MNES are:
⇒ Wind
⇒ Small / Mini /Micro Hydel
⇒ Biomass
⇒ Energy from Urban & Industrial Wastes
⇒ Hydrogen Energy & Fuel Cells
⇒ Geothermal
⇒ Tidal Energy sources
7. Cont…
• Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) is
working as a non-banking financial company under the
administrative control of MNES to provide term loans forR E
projects.
• MNES has established three specialized technical institutions
viz. Solar Energy Center (SEC), Center for Wind Energy
Technology (C-WET) and Sardar Swaran Singh Institute of
Renewable Energy.
8. RE – ENABLING LEGISLATIONS
• To mainstream RE into the national energy matrix, it is
strongly felt that India needs a comprehensive “Renewable
Energy Policy” on lines of similar successful legislations like
Germany, UK, Spain, Denmark, etc.
• Legislations including the Electricity Act, 2003 and National
Tariff policy have tried to promote RE by mandating state
electricity regulatory commissions (SERCs) to ensure
inclusion of RE-based electricity in energy mix of state
utilities.
9. Cont…
• Sections 3(1) and 3(2)
Under Sections 3(1) and 3(2), it has been stated that the Central
Government shall, from time to time, prepare and publish the National
Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy, in consultation with the state
governments and authority for development of the power system based
on optimal utilization of resources such as coal, natural gas, nuclear
substances, hydro and renewable sources and energy.
• Section 4
Section 4 states that the Central Government shall, after consultation with
the state governments, prepare and notify a national policy, permitting
stand-alone systems ( including those based on renewable sources of
energy and other non-conventional sources of energy) for rural areas.
10. • Section 61
Section 61, 61(h) and 61(i) state that the appropriate commission shall,
subject to the provisions of this Act, specify the terms and conditions for
determination of tariff, and in doing so, shall be guided by the following,
namely, the promotion of cogeneration and generation of electricity from
renewable sources of energy; and the National Electricity Policy and Tariff
Policy.
• Section 86(1)
Section 86(1) and 86(1)(e) state that the state commissions shall promote co-
generation and generation of electricity from renewable sources of energy by
providing suitable measures for connectivity with the grid and sale of electricity to
any person, and also specify, for purchase of electricity from such sources, a
percentage of the total consumption of electricity in the area of a distribution
licensee.
11. RE - FINANCIAL/FISCAL INCENTIVES IN INDIA
• Income Tax Holiday
• Accelerated Depreciation
• Concessional Custom Duty / Duty Free Import
• Capital Subsidy
• Energy buyback, power wheeling and banking facilities
• Sales Tax concession benefits
• Electricity Tax exemption
• Demand cut concession offered to industrial consumers who
establish power generating units from renewable energy
sources
12. Emerging Options of RE
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Bio energy
• Hydro energy
• Geothermal energy
• Nuclear Energy
• Wave and tidal energy
13.
14. Solar Energy
• A specially constructed solar panel captures
sunlight energy on solar photovoltaic (PV) cells,
which then activate electrons. These electrons
jump from atom to atom, creating the chain of
electricity which runs through a charge controller
in the form of a DC charge.
15. • Perhaps the future is here now. It has predicted that 50% of the
world's energy will come from renewable sources by 2040.
• The Earth receives 1,366 Watts per square meter (W/m2) from
the sun continuously
• India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7 kWh/m2 for 300
to 330 days in a year.
• This energy is sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant/Km2
land area.
16. • Solar energy is, and has always been, the Earth’s primary energy
resource
– Drives our climate
– Responsible for plant photosynthesis
• Solar energy has been “alternative energy” only for a few
decades in the industrialized parts of the world
• Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are the stored,
concentrated, products of photosynthesis
• Wind, biomass and hydro are the result of solar energy
input
17. Factors That Affect Quantity, Quality And Timing Of
Solar Energy Available
CLIMATE
AIM:-maximize heat gain in winter
minimize heat gain in summer
consider snow, ice and rain
18. Utilization Of Solar Energy
• Solar thermal route
– produce hot water or air, cook food, drying materials etc.
• Solar electric (solar photovoltaic) routes.
– produce electricity for lighting home, building, running
motors, pumps, electric appliances, and lighting.
19. Solar Thermal Energy Application
• Solar energy can be converted into thermal energy with the
help of solar thermal devices (solar collectors and receivers).
– Low-Grade Heating Devices - up to the temperature of 100°C.
– Medium-Grade Heating Devices -up to the temperature of 100°-300°C
– High-Grade Heating Devices -above temperature of 300°C
Solar water heaters
20. Box type solar cooker
Dish solar cooker used in a
mid-day meal scheme
21. Solar electric (solar photovoltaic) routes
• Photovoltaics: converting light to electricity
• Silicon, semi-conducting material (solar cell) transforms light
into direct current
• Power transformed by inverter into alternating current for
use
• Works with existing electrical supply
23. • Photovoltaic cells only produce electricity when sun is shining
• PV system needs clear access to sun rays most of the day, year around
• Work best when the sun rays are perpendicular to the panels
• Heat increases resistance to flow of electricity; cool, sunny days are ideal
• Operate with little maintenance
• Solar cells are currently costly; require a large initial capital investment
25. Solar Energy Benefits
• About 70% of all air pollution (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
particulates) comes from our use of fossil fuels for generating
electricity, transportation, space and hot water heating
• Solar energy emits no air or water pollutants, and virtually no solid
waste
• Solar energy produces no greenhouse gases, which are linked to
global warming and climate change
• “Fuel” doesn’t require mining, drilling or transportation, and costs
nothing
• Does not require energy supplies to be imported from insecure
regions
• Systems can be installed exactly where the energy is needed
26. Future of Solar Energy
• Solar thermal energy is already very cost-effective for providing low
temperature heat almost anywhere
• PV is very cost-effective for providing electricity in remote areas and in niche
applications
• As the costs of fossil fuels and electricity increase, PV is becoming more cost-
effective compared to electricity from conventional sources
• The costs of all solar technologies are declining
• Federal and state incentives are increasing the use of solar energy, which helps
to increase awareness and promote solar technologies
27. Country’s first Solar Housing Complex at Kolkata
• Community Hall & surrounding area
1 A Swimming Pool heated with solar collector.
2 8 kW Roof Top Solar PV System (grid connected).
3 4 kW BIPV System (grid connected).
4 Demonstration of 1.2 kW concentrating type Solar PV System (grid connected).
5 Stand alone high mast Solar Street Lights with Battery at the top and high power FL.
6 Battery operated pick-up Van.
7 Solar PV operated nameplate and signage.
8 Solar PV operated garden lights.
• The complex comprises 25 houses each of Duplex Type with floor area of each house as
1760 sq. ft. and an open area of 860 sq. ft..
28.
29. Wind
Renewable,clean and non polluting energy source
Wind movement:
day time-warm air moves up and cool air
from water replaces
night time- reverse.
Renewable energy is a fundamental piece of the
puzzle for not only a healthy planet, but a healthy
life as well.
30. History
• Over 5,000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians
used wind to sail ships on the Nile River
• windmills to grind wheat and other grains.
The earliest known windmills were in Persia
(Iran).
• 1920s, Americans used small windmills to
generate electricity in rural areas without
electric service
31. Wind farm
• Advantage
Ample
Renewable
Wide distribution
Cheap and no toxic gas emissions
less space-agro use.
• Disadvantage
Never predictable. noise
More investment and less than fuel
Transport
32. Wind farm
1.Clusters of wind machines used to produce electricity.
2. The world's largest wind farm, the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in Texas,
has 421 wind turbines that generate enough electricity to power 220,000
homes per year.
33. Wind Energy Programme in India
• Sixth Plan in 1983-84
• Monsoon influence:
– strong south-west summer monsoon starts in May-June,
when cool, humid air moves towards the land
– weaker north-east winter monsoon starts in October,
when cool, dry sir moves towards the ocean
– The gross potential is 48,561 MW and a total of about
10,242.5 MW of commercial projects have been
established until March 31, 2009.
34. Position of India
• Top five countries in terms of installed capacity
Germany (22, 300 mw),
US (16,800 mw),
Spain (15,100 mw)
India (8000 mw) and
China (6,100 mw)
• In capacity addition, the US was in the lead in 2007, followed by China
and Spain.
• China-3,449 mw of wind energy capacity, a growth of 156%
• India-1730 mw new capacity was added up to December-end 2007.
40. Hydropower – Pros and Cons
Positive Negative
Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX, Frequently involves impoundment of large
SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates amounts of water with loss of habitat due to
land inundation
Renewable resource with high conversion Variable output – dependent on rainfall and
efficiency to electricity (80+%) snowfall
Dispatchable with storage capacity Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology,
including fish migration and oxygen depletion
Usable for base load, peaking and pumped Social impacts of displacing indigenous people
storage applications
Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Health impacts in developing countries
Low operating and maintenance costs High initial capital costs
Long lifetimes Long lead time in construction of large projects
41.
42. Bio-energy
Bio-energy is renewable energy derived from biological
sources
Available in three forms as solid (Biomass), liquid (Bio-
fuels) and gaseous (Biogas)
Bio-energy currently provides over 15% of the world's energy
supply.
43. BIOENERGY: Main Benefits
Sustainability: clean and renewable energy source
Availability: increased energy access - rural areas
Flexibility: power, heat and transport
Energy security: diversified energy mix, domestic
sources
Mitigation of climate change
Diversification of rural livelihoods
Reduction in land degradation
44. Bio-energy today
Type Use Replaces Raw
material
Ethanol Transport Petrol Sugar
Maize
Biodiesel Transport Diesel Oilseeds
Biomass Electricity Coal, gas Woody
Home and oil materials,
cooking and Kerosene crop and
heating livestock
waste
45. Bio-energy at a Glance in India
Source Estimated Cumulative installed capacity
Potential, MW (as on March, 31, 2006), MW
Biomass Power 16, 000 440.50
Bagasse Cogeneration 3, 500 502.03
Family size biogas plants 120 lakh 38.34 lakh
46. Biomass
• Biomass is material derived from recently living organisms which includes
plants, animals and their by-products . It has potential to generate power
to the extent of more than 50% of the country’s requirements.
• an estimated production of 350 million tons of agricultural waste every
year, biomass is capable of supplementing coal equivalent to 200 million
tonnes producing 17,000 MW of power and resulting in a saving of about
Rs.20,000 crores every year.
• Biomass can be used in three ways – one in the form of gas through
gasifiers for thermal applications, second in the form of methane gas to
run gas engines and the third through combustion to produce steam and
thereby power
48. Biomass Gasifiers
• Biomass gasifiers convert the solid biomass ( basically woood
waste and agricultural residues ) into a combustible gas
mixture normally called as producer gas ( CO,H2,N2 and CH4)
• Gasification of biomass results in saving of 50% in fuel
consumption
49. BIO-FUEL (Ethanol & Biodiesel)
• Unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can be converted
directly into liquid fuels— biofuels— for our transportation needs (cars,
trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains). The two most common types of
biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel
• Ethanol is made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates
(starches, sugars, or celluloses) through a process similar to brewing
beer
• Uses of ethanol:- mostly used as a fuel-additive to cut down a vehicles
carbon monoxide and other smog causing emissions.
• Government of India has started nationwide launch of 5 % ethanol
blended petrol w.e.f. 1 January, 2003. The ratio should gradually be
increased to 10 and 20%.
50. Bio-diesel
• Bio-diesel is produced from soyabeans, sunflower, and more recently
Jatropha curcas and other crops. It can be extracted and refined into fuel,
which can be burned in diesel engines and buses
• Also used as an additives to reduce vehicle emissions
• It was first experimented by Rudolf Diesel to run his first diesel engine. The
engine was run on ground nut oil
• At present India produces only 30% of petroleum & rest 70% is being
imported which incurs a large amount of expenditure of about Rs 80,000
crore every year.
• If even about 5% of bio-fuel is mixed in present diesel by the year 2012 we
could supplement about 41.41% of total demand of diesel consumption.
• India has launched a bio-fuel project in 200 district of 18 states where
Jatropha curcas being cultivated. Currently widely being used for producing
biodiesel in India as promoted as very easy to grow crop
51. Jatropha curcas
Originated in Caribbean
Drought resistant, perennial, can grow well in poor soil
Can produce seeds for 50 years
Tree produces approx. 1600 liters of oil/ha
Seed has oil content of 37% which can be combusted as fuel without
undergoing the process of refining
Byproducts are used as press cake which is a good organic fertilizer
52. Biogas
Biogas is a clean and efficient fuel, generated from cow-
dung, human waste or any kind of biological materials
derived through anaerobic fermentation process.
The biogas consists of 60% methane with rest mainly
carbon-dioxide.
Biogas is a safe fuel for cooking and lighting.
By-product is usable as high-grade manure.
India has a potential of generating 6.38 x 1010 m3 of
biogas from 980 million tones of cattle dung produced
annually. In addition, 350 million tons of compost would
also be produced.
Under National Biogas and Manure Management
Programme 38.34 lakh family size and 3952 community
biogas plants has been installed in the country
54. Bio-power
• Bio-power or biomass power, is the use of biomass to generate
electricity
• Six major types of bio-power systems
i. Direct-fired
ii. Co-firing
iii. Gasification
iv. Anaerobic digestion
v. Pyrolysis and
vi. Small-modular
55. BIOENERGY: Key Challenges
Ensuring sustainability
Safeguarding food security
Protecting biodiversity
Managing competition for land and water
Controlling pollution of air, water and soils
Removing barriers to bioenergy trade
56. How can developing countries reduce trade-offs between bio-
energy crops and food production ?
Develop biomass crops that yield higher amounts of energy per unit of
land and water. Biotech could be very useful.
Focus on food crops that generate by-products that can be used for bio-
energy and breed for larger amounts of by-products.
Develop and grow biomass in less-favored areas rather than in prime
agricultural lands—an approach that would benefit some of the poorest
people
Invest in increasing the productivity of food crops themselves, since this
would free up additional land and water
Remove barriers to international trade in biofuels. The world has enough
capacity to meet food needs and grow large amounts of biomass for
energy use, but not in all countries and regions. Trade is a powerful way of
spreading the benefits of this global capacity while enabling countries to
focus on growing the kinds of food, feed, or energy crops for which they
are most competitive.
57.
58. • Geothermal power (from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and
thermos, meaning heat) is power extracted from heat stored in the
earth.
– from the original formation of the planet,
– from radioactive decay of minerals,
– and from solar energy absorbed at the surface
• Hot Springs have been used for bathing at
least since paleolithic times.
• Used for
– Space heating and bathing since ancient roman times
– Now better known for generating electricity
60. Electricity Generation
Electricity generation requires high temperature geothermal fields and
specialized heat cycles:
Dry steam plants :
Oldest & Simplest
Directly use geothermal steam of 150°C or more to turn turbines
Flash steam plants
Most common type of plant in operation today
Require fluid temperatures of at least 180°C, usually more
Binary Cycle Power Plants
The most recent development
Can accept fluid temperatures as low as 57°C
Most common type of geothermal electricity plant being built
today
Viable over a much greater geographical range
61. Installed geothermal electric capacity as of 2007
Country Capacity (MW) Country Capacity (MW)
USA 2687 Russia 79
Philippines 1969.7 New Guinea 56
Indonesia 992 Guatemala 53
Mexico 953 Turkey 38
Italy 810.5 China 27.8
Japan 535.2 Portugal 23
New Zealand 471.6 France 14.7
Iceland 421.2 Germany 8.4
El Salvador 204.2 Ethiopia 7.3
Costa Rica 162.5 Austria 1.1
Kenya 128.8 Thailand 0.3
Nicaragua 87.4 Australia 0.2
TOTAL 9731.9
• Geothermal electricity is generated in 24 countries around the world. About 10
GW of geothermal electric capacity is installed as of 2007, generating 0.3% of
global electricity demand.
• An additional 28 GW of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for district
heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural
applications.
62. Environmental Impact
CO2, H2S
Global Warming Acid Rain
• Existing geothermal electric plants emit an average of
90-120 kg of CO2 per MWh of electricity, a small fraction
Trace amount of of the emission intensity of conventional fossil fuel
mercury, arsenic, etc. plants.
with hot water
• Some are equipped with emissions-controlling systems
that reduces the exhaust of acids and volatiles
• Geothermal plants can theoretically inject these
substances, along with the gases, back into the earth, in
a form of carbon sequestration.
63. Economics
• Immune to fluctuations in fuel cost
• High capital costs
• Drilling accounts for most of the costs of electrical plants
• Exploration of deep resources entails very high financial risks
• Construction costs: about 2-5 million € per MW of capacity
• Operational costs: 0.04-0.10 € per kWh
A 2006 report by MIT, that took into account the use of enhanced geothermal system,
estimated that an investment of 1 billion US dollars in research and development over
15 years would permit the development of 100 GW of generating capacity by 2050 in
the United States alone
64. Indian Scenario
• India has 400 medium to high
enthalpy geothermal springs,
clustered in seven provinces.
• Capacity to produce 10,600 MW of
power- five time greater than the
combined power being produced
from non-conventional energy
sources such as wind, solar and
biomass.
Reykjavik, Iceland-based Glitnir Bank is
partnering with Noida, India's LNJ
Bhilwara Group, a diversified business
with operations in power generation.
The Icelandic bank will hold a 40 percent
stake in the geothermal venture, with
Bhilwara holding 60 percent. The
venture is being set up with initial capital
of $10 million for its exploration phase.
65.
66. • Nuclear power is any nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from
atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions.
• The only method in use today is through nuclear fission, though other methods might one
day include nuclear fusion and radioactive decay.
• All utility-scale reactors heat water to produce steam, which is then converted into
mechanical work for the purpose of generating electricity or propulsion.
• On June 27, 1954, the USSR's Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant became the world's first nuclear
power plant to generate electricity for a power grid, and produced around 5 megawatts of
electric power.
• In 2007, 14% of the world's electricity came from nuclear power with the U.S., France, and
Japan together accounting for 56.5%.
• As of 2007, the IAEA reported there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation in the
world, operating in 31 countries.
• More than 150 nuclear-powered naval vessels have been built, and a few radioisotope
rockets have been produced.
67.
68. Life Cycle
Mining
Nuclear plant
Reprocessing
plant
Repository
69. Indian Scenario
Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source
of electricity in India after thermal, hydro
and renewable sources of electricity
As of 2008, India has 17 nuclear power
plants in operation generating 4,120 MW
while 6 other are under construction and
are expected to generate an additional
3,160 MW.
In February 2009, India also signed a
US$700 million deal with Russia for the
supply of 2000 tons nuclear fuel
India now envisages to increase the
contribution of nuclear power to overall
electricity generation capacity from 4.2% to
9% within 25 years
70.
71. Quantum mechanics predicts the existence of what are usually What is Zero
called ''zero-point'' energies for the strong, the weak and the energy?
electromagnetic interactions, where ''zero-point'' refers to the
energy of the system at temperature T=0, or the lowest
quantized energy level of a quantum mechanical system.
Although the term ''zero-point energy'' applies to all three of
these interactions in nature, customarily it is used in reference
only to the electromagnetic case.
Origin of zero-point energy is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
He at absolute
0; not freezed??
72. IS IT POSSIBLE TO TAP ZERO POINT ENERGY?
Huh!!
It is possible
So u’ll make
to tap zero
perpetual motion
energy
machine
Stochastic electrodynamics interpretation of the Bohr orbit does suggest a way
whereby energy might be extracted
Patent has been issued and experiments have been underway at the University
of Colorado (U.S. Patent 7,379,286)
80. Turning Tides into Usable Energy
• Ebb generating system
• A dam (barrage) is built across the
mouth of an estuary.
• Sluice gates allow incoming tides to
fill the basin.
• As the tide ebbs, the water is forced
through a turbine system to
generate electricity.
81. Rim turbine used at Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia
Tubular turbine proposed for use in the Severn tidal project in Great Britain
82. Shrouded turbine
East river turbine
Tidal turbine at NYC
Turbine blade, SeaGen, UK
83. Advantages
• Renewable
• Abundant (estimated that it could produce 16% of worlds energy.)
• Pollution free (except during construction)
• Relatively consistent (unlike wind that is inconsistent and is highly
concentrated in certain areas depending on the topography.)
• Water is a free resource
• Presents no difficulty to migrating aquatic animals (avoidable)
Disadvantages
• Disturbance/Destruction to marine life (effect wave climate that effects
shallow/shore plant life)
• Expensive to construct (estimated 1.2 billion dollars.)
• Reliability ( have not been around long so we do not know long-term
reliability is.)
• Recreational costs (visual impact, sport fishing, swimming, etc.)
• Cost of Maintenance Higher
• Power transmission from offshore facilities harder
• Power quality (waves fluctuation)
84. Turning Waves into Usable Energy
• One of the best means to harness energy from Ocean.
• 0.1% of ocean energy, if harnessed, could more than satisfy
world energy demand
• Wave hits the wave converter and converts its force into energy
and is fed to generator to produce electricity
86. Tapered channel system, Australian
Islay wave power CRC
station
Floating system, USA
Oscillating water column
system
87. Advantages
• The energy is free - no fuel needed, no waste produced.
• Most designs are inexpensive to operate and maintain.
• Waves can produce a great deal of energy.
• There are minimal environmental impacts.
Disadvantages
• Depends on the waves - sometimes you'll get loads of energy,
sometimes nothing.
• Needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently strong.
• Must be able to withstand very rough weather.
• Disturbance or destruction of marine life
• Possible threat to navigation from collisions because the wave
energy devices rise only a few feet above the water.
• Degradation of scenic ocean front views from wave energy devices
located near or on the shore, and from onshore overhead electric
transmission lines.
89. Society Business
Find alternate energy sources – Rising cost of traditional energy
• Increasing cost of “dirty” energy – Potential business opportunities
• Less money for consumer goods – High initial investment
• Harmful pollution
Benefits from alternate energy
• Lower energy cost
• Less pollution
• Tax benefits
Government
– Decrease the nation’s oil/coal/gas dependency
– Secure the nation’s future energy supply
– Promote R&D investment
90. Estimated Cost of Production (per kilowatt-hour)
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
Coal 2 – 6 cents
Gas 3 - 4 cents
Nuclear 2 –14 cents
NONCONVENTIONAL ENERGY
Large-Scale Hydro 1.5-2.5 cents
Small-Scale Hydro 5 -12 cents
Biomass 3 – 9 cents
Geothermal 4 – 6 cents
Wind 3 – 9 cents
Solar 12 -40 cents
Fuel Cell 8 -15 cents
Wave Energy 4 – 9 cents
