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Supporting your ideas
        SPE 108
Research methods
• Librarians: do not be shy about asking for help

• The catalogue: listing of all library resources,
  availability

• Periodical databases : locate magazine and
  journal articles

• Reference works: encyclopedias,
  yearbooks/almanacs, quotation books,
  biographical aids
Internet research
• Search engines: Google, Yahoo

• Virtual libraries: Librarians' Internet Index (lii.org),
  Internet Public Library (ill.org)

• Government resources: uSA.gov, Statistical
  Abstract (census.gov/compendia/statab/), World
  Factbook (cIA.gov/library/publications/the-world-
  factbook/)

• Multicultural resources: Yahoo!Regional
  (dir.yahoo.com/Regional), see listing pg. 127 of the
  text.
Evaluating Internet
        documents
• Authorship: you should never use an article you
  cannot verify the authorship of. Is the author qualified?
  Is the author an expert? How might you find this out??

• Sponsorship: most websites are published by
  groups, not individual authors. As a result, you must
  judge whether the sponsoring organization is impartial
  enough to cite in your speech. Credibility.

• Recency: how old is the article? You can looks for a
  copyright date, publication date, or date of last
  revision on a website to find out when it was last
  updated.
Using examples
• Examples help clarify your statements, give
  listeners specific details to latch on to, vivid
  examples have an impact on listeners.

• Brief examples: specific instances, used to
  illustrate a point

• Extended examples: narratives,
  anecdotes. Usually detailed and dramatic,
  they draw listeners into the speech.
Using examples
• Hypothetical examples : describes an
  imaginary situation. Can be very effective.
  Speaker creates a realistic scenario, relates it
  directly to the audience, and gets them involved
  in the speech. Best to follow up hypothetical
  scenarios with factual evidence.

• Examples can reinforce and personalize the ideas
  you are presenting. Make examples detailed and
  vivid, and practice your delivery to maximize
  impact
Statistics
• Often cited to clarify or strengthen a speaker's
  points.

• Can show the magnitude or seriousness of an
  issue.

• Statistics can be easily manipulated and
  distorted.

• Make sure you are using good research. Are the
  stats representative? Are they from a reliable
  source? How did the source come up with their
  data?
Tips for using
                statistics
• Use stats to quantify your ideas (give numerical precision)

• Use stats sparingly. Overusing numerical data won't
  resonate with listeners. Use stats to make your point.

• Always identify then source of your stats. No source = no
  credibility

• Explain what the stats mean. Don't expect the audience to
  draw their own conclusions.

• Charts can visually clarify statistical trends and comparisons
Testimony
• Quotes or paraphrases to support a point

• Expert testimony: when the source is a
  credible, recognized expert in their chosen
  field

• Peer testimony: testimony from ordinary
  people with firsthand experience, or insight on
  a topic
Testimony
• Quoting: testimony presented word for word

• Paraphrase: summarizing a source's
  remarks

• Be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately,
  only use testimony from qualified, unbiased
  sources, and always identify the people you
  quote/paraphrase.
Citing sources orally
• Careful listeners are skeptical, they will want
  to know the source of your information

• No standard format/wording

• They key is to tell your audience enough
  information so they think your research is
  credible. Examples: page 160.

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SPE 108 Research: Supporting Ideas

  • 2. Research methods • Librarians: do not be shy about asking for help • The catalogue: listing of all library resources, availability • Periodical databases : locate magazine and journal articles • Reference works: encyclopedias, yearbooks/almanacs, quotation books, biographical aids
  • 3. Internet research • Search engines: Google, Yahoo • Virtual libraries: Librarians' Internet Index (lii.org), Internet Public Library (ill.org) • Government resources: uSA.gov, Statistical Abstract (census.gov/compendia/statab/), World Factbook (cIA.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/) • Multicultural resources: Yahoo!Regional (dir.yahoo.com/Regional), see listing pg. 127 of the text.
  • 4. Evaluating Internet documents • Authorship: you should never use an article you cannot verify the authorship of. Is the author qualified? Is the author an expert? How might you find this out?? • Sponsorship: most websites are published by groups, not individual authors. As a result, you must judge whether the sponsoring organization is impartial enough to cite in your speech. Credibility. • Recency: how old is the article? You can looks for a copyright date, publication date, or date of last revision on a website to find out when it was last updated.
  • 5. Using examples • Examples help clarify your statements, give listeners specific details to latch on to, vivid examples have an impact on listeners. • Brief examples: specific instances, used to illustrate a point • Extended examples: narratives, anecdotes. Usually detailed and dramatic, they draw listeners into the speech.
  • 6. Using examples • Hypothetical examples : describes an imaginary situation. Can be very effective. Speaker creates a realistic scenario, relates it directly to the audience, and gets them involved in the speech. Best to follow up hypothetical scenarios with factual evidence. • Examples can reinforce and personalize the ideas you are presenting. Make examples detailed and vivid, and practice your delivery to maximize impact
  • 7. Statistics • Often cited to clarify or strengthen a speaker's points. • Can show the magnitude or seriousness of an issue. • Statistics can be easily manipulated and distorted. • Make sure you are using good research. Are the stats representative? Are they from a reliable source? How did the source come up with their data?
  • 8. Tips for using statistics • Use stats to quantify your ideas (give numerical precision) • Use stats sparingly. Overusing numerical data won't resonate with listeners. Use stats to make your point. • Always identify then source of your stats. No source = no credibility • Explain what the stats mean. Don't expect the audience to draw their own conclusions. • Charts can visually clarify statistical trends and comparisons
  • 9. Testimony • Quotes or paraphrases to support a point • Expert testimony: when the source is a credible, recognized expert in their chosen field • Peer testimony: testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience, or insight on a topic
  • 10. Testimony • Quoting: testimony presented word for word • Paraphrase: summarizing a source's remarks • Be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately, only use testimony from qualified, unbiased sources, and always identify the people you quote/paraphrase.
  • 11. Citing sources orally • Careful listeners are skeptical, they will want to know the source of your information • No standard format/wording • They key is to tell your audience enough information so they think your research is credible. Examples: page 160.