1. DATA INTERPRETATION Basics of Data Interpretation

2. Data Interpretation can be defined as "the application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study". Data interpretation is something that is pretty common in education circles. They come as questions in tests to understand how much a student has understood the subject at hand. In school, college, university and higher educational levels, data interpretation is common. Introduction

3. In various entrance exams for colleges too, data interpretation is used as a means to understand a student's grasp of the subject. It is very important to understand how to interpret data in order to do well in these tests. It is especially important in case of students planning to study finance and mathematics. Introduction

4. The act of organizing and interpreting data to get meaningful information. It involves scientific methods for organizing, summarizing and analyzing data. Valid conclusion & Making Reasonable decisions based on the analysis. Meaning of Data Interpretation

5. Skill Requires to Crack…

6. The data pertaining to any situation can be presented in one or more of the following ways: Methods of Presenting Data

7. Any statistical data pertaining to any kind of situation can be generally represented in the form of Table. It is the easiest and the most accurate ways of presenting data. In a table, data is arranged systematically in columns and rows. Numerical Data Tables

8. Title of the Table: It gives the description of the contents of the table and precisely defines the kind of data and the period for which it occurred. Column Heading: This defines the information contained in various columns and also specifies the unit of measurement in some cases. Head Note: Unit of measurement is specified in the head note. Foot Notes: Used point out any exceptions in arriving at the data. Numerical Data Tables

9. Time Series Tables Spatial or Geographical Series Table Frequency Distribution Table Cumulative Frequency Table Classification of Numerical Data Tables

10. A series of values of a variable arranged according to the successive periods of time in a tabular form is called a time series tables. Here, the data is presented with reference to a time period, year, month, week or day, may be either ascending or descending period of time. Time Series Tables

11. Spatial or Geographical Series Table A series of values of some variable arranged according to location or a geographical basis in a tabular form.

12. Frequency Distribution Table When summarizing large masses of raw data it is often useful to distribute the data into classes or categories and to determine the number of individuals belonging to each class, called class frequency. A tabular arrangement of data by classes, together with the corresponding class frequencies is called Frequency Distribution Table.

13. Cumulative Frequency Table Cumulative frequency of a class interval is the sum of frequencies of all classes up to that class (including the frequency of that particular class). Consider the following cumulative frequency table which shows the marks obtained by 30 students in an examination

14. Example-01 The following table gives data of number of cars produced and sold by three companies. It also gives the number of cars that can be produced by the three companies. Capacity utilization is defined as the ratio of production to capacity and sale efficiency is the ratio of sales to production.

15. Problem-01 The capacity utilization was the highest for which of the following category of cars? HM 1998 MUL 1998 MUL 1988 HM 1998 The only way to solve the question is to calculate the percentage of capacity utilization. % of capacity utilization = (Production/Capacity) x 100 Ans: C

16. Problem-02 The sales of three companies put together has risen by what percentage from 1998 to 1998? 223% 115% 310% 285% Sales of 1988 Sales of 1998 Increase in percentage = (Sales 1998-Sales1988/Sales 1988) x 100 Ans: A

17. Problem-03 The highest growth percentage in sales over the period was…. Between three companies. 135% PAL 312% for MUL 230% for PAL 405% for MUL From the table , we can find that max. number increases in MUL Hence percentage increases Increase in percentage = (Sales 1998-Sales1988/Sales 1988) x 100 Ans: C

18. Problem-01 The capacity utilization was the highest for which of the following category of cars? HM 1998 MUL 1998 MUL 1988 HM 1998 The only way to solve the question is to calculate the percentage of capacity utilization. % of capacity utilization = (Production/Capacity) x 100 Ans: C

19. Problem-04 If all cars that remained unsold at the end of the year were auctioned, which company had the biggest auction in terms of the number of cars put for sale? HM 1998 MUL 1998 PAL 1988 MUL 1998 The difference in the production and sales is maximum for MUL 1998 (425000-417000) = 8000 Ans: B

20. Example-02 Study the following table carefully and answer the questions given below

21. Problem-01 What is the respective ratio of the number of adult females to the total number of female children staying in all the societies together 243 :82 112 : 71 82 : 243 71 : 112 None of these You need to find the female and male kids Ans: A

22. Problem-02 What is the total number of female children staying in all the societies together? 314 433 410 343 None of these Ans: C

23. Problem-03 What is the respective ratio of the total number of adult males in societies A and B together to the total number of adult males in societies E and F together? 75:79 14:17 79:75 17:14 None of these Ans: D

24. Problem-04 What is the total number of members staying in all the societies together? 3520 3360 4100 3000 None of these Ans: B

25. Problem-05 What is the difference between the number of male children in society B and the number of male children in society F? 84 14 96 26 None of these Ans: C

26. A Cartesian graph indicates the variation of a quantity with respect to two parameters calibrated on the X and Y axis respectively. Useful for determining trends and rates of exchange. CARTESIAN GRAPHS

28. More than one Dependent Variable Graph

29. Graph having Two Scales

30. Range GraphCLASSIFICAITON OF CARTESIAN GRAPHS

31. Simplest type of graph. The values of the dependent variable are plotted on the Y-axis. The time factor, independent variable is taken along X-axis. SINGLE DEPENDENT –VARIABLE GRAPH