This document discusses different approaches to understanding the state - the juridical-normative approach and the empirical-descriptive approach. It then provides definitions and key elements of the state, including that it consists of a community occupying a territory with its own government and sovereignty. The document goes on to describe different types of societies and theories on the origins of the state, forms of government, political systems, roles of government in the economy, and differences between presidential, parliamentary, and traditional types of government.

2.  2 Approaches
 1. Juridical-Normative (Jurisprudence)
 -understands the state as “it should
 be” based on some epistemological
 standard
 2. Empirical-Descriptive
 (Social Sciences)
 -understands the state based on
 empirical findings of anthropology and
 sociology.

3. “A community of persons, more or less,
permanently occupying a definite portion of
territory, having a government of their own
to which the great body of inhabitants
render obedience, and enjoying freedom
from external control” (De Leon 1997: 5).

4.  1. PEOPLE: inhabitants,
 citizens, aliens, permanent
 residents
 2. TERRITORY: includes aerial,
 terrestrial, fluvial,
 and maritime
 domains
 3. GOVERNMENT: totality of
 authorities which
 rule a society.
 4. SOVEREIGNTY: the supreme power
 of the state that
 governs society

5. INTERNAL: Power of the state to rule itself.
EXTERNAL: Freedom of the state to run its
 affairs without interference of other
 states.

6. A. HUNTING AND GATHERING TRIBE: Nomadic, travels by band, men
engage in hunting, women
gather fruits and vegetables,
egalitarian
B. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY: Semi-nomadic, engages in swidden
or “slush and burn” agriculture,
burns the forest, create temporary
garden & plant root crops.

7.  C. PASTORAL SOCIETY : HIGHER POPULATION, CONSISTS
 MOSTLY OF CLANS AND RELATIVES,
 ENGAGES IN CATTLE RAISING, THERE
 PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF ANIMALS,
 SLAVES.
 D. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY: OWNERSHIP OF LAND RESULTING
 TO SOCIAL CLASSES AND STATE
 FORMATION, USE OF PLOW & BEAST
 OF BURDEN, RISE OF PRIVATE
 OWNERSHIP, EXISTENCE OF SOCIAL
 INEQUALITY, PRODUCTION OF
 SURPLUS.

8.  E. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: HIGH POPULATION, URBAN & STATE
 SOCIETY, USE OF TRACTOR OR
 MACHINERY FOR AGRICULTURE,
 EXISTENCE OF SOCIAL CLASSES
AND
 HIGHER LEVEL OF SOCIAL
INEQUALITY,
 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

9.  HYDRAULIC: state emerged from arid areas to manage
systems of irrigation, drainage and flood control.
 ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: state emerged because of the
need to regulate production and exchange of products
between zones.
 LONG-DISTANCE TRADE ROUTES: state emerged to create
centers of trade, exchange or supply between long trade
routes.
 MULTIVARIATE: state emerged because of circumscription
(resource concentration), increasing population and warfare.

10.  1.DIVINE RIGHT: emerged because of divine
intervention. God gave monarchs authority to rule.
 2.NECESSITY OR FORCE: created by warfare or
annexation of territories by great warriors.
 3.PATERNATISTIC: originated from one family
which grew into lineage, clans, and ultimately a
state.
 4. SOCIAL CONTRACT: created through voluntary
agreement of the people to create a state.

11. POLICE POWER
POWER TO REGULATE FREEDOMS
AND PROPERTY OF CITIZENS FOR THE
PROMOTION OF: PUBLIC SAFETY,
HEALTH,
MORALS, PUBLIC
CONVENIENCE &
PROSPERITY
POWER OF TAXATION
POWER OF THE STATE TO IMPOSE
CHARGES AND BURDENS UPON
PERSONS, PROPERTY OR PROPERTY
RIGHTS FOR THE USE AND SUPPORT
OF GOVERNMENT.
POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN
THE RIGHT OF THE GOVERNMENT TO
TAKE AWAY AND APPROPRIATE
PRIVATE PROPERTY FOR PUBLIC USE
UPON JUST COMPENSATION.

12.  STATE: a complex society with a centralized
government, fixed territory, high population, and
sovereignty.
 GOVERNMENT: a political organ that provides
direction to the state, the totality of authorities that
govern a state; only a part or element of a state.
 NATION: an ethnic concept which primarily refers
to the ethnic background of the people in the state.
The US is a multicultural nation.

13. MONARCHY
RULED BY ONE OR TWO MONARCHS (KING OR QUEEN OR BOTH)
SUB-TYPES:
1. ABSOLUTE: MONARCH AS HEAD OF STATE & GOVERNMENT, E.G.
SAUDI ARABIA, BRUNEI
2. LIMITED OR CONSTITUTIONAL:
MONARCH ACTS ONLY AS CEREMONIAL HEAD OF
STATE; THE HEAD OF GOVERNMENT IS USUALLY THE PRIME
MINISTER, E.G. ENGLAND, JAPAN
DEMOCRACY
RULED BY THE PEOPLE EITHER DIRECTLY OR THROUGH
REPRESENTATIVES
SUB-TYPES: DIRECT OR INDIRECT (REPUBLICAN)
ARISTOCRACY RULED BY FEW RICH PEOPLE OR ELITE

14. UNITARY
1 SET OF GOVERNMENT
E.G. PHILIPPINES
FEDERAL
2 SETS OF GOVERNMENT: FEDERAL &
STATE
E.G. USA, MEXICO

15. LAISSEZ-FAIRE
GOVERNMENT OWNS LITTLE OR NO
INDUSTRY AT ALL AND REDISTRIBUTES
LITTLE IN WELFARE PROGRAMS.
WELFARE
GOVERNMENT OWN LITTLE OR NO
INDUSTRY BUT REDISTRIBUTES WEALTH
OR AID TO THE POOR; SOCIAL
DEMOCRACY, “CRADLE-TOGRAVE”
BENEFITS FOR THE CITIZENS.
STATISM
THE STATE AS NUMBER 1 CAPITALIST,
OWNING AND CONTROLLING BUSINESS
AND INDUSTRIES.

16. PRESIDENTIAL PARLIAMENTARY
TRADITIONAL
TYPE
FRENCH TYPE
HEAD OF STATE
(Usually ceremonial or
nominal position)
President President Prime Minister
MANNER OF SELECTION Highest vote in a
nationwide election
Elected by
members of
Parliament, usually
from the leading
party
Usually Appointed by the
President
HEAD OF
GOVERNMENT
(Usually the chief executive
of the country)
President Prime Minister President
MANNER OF SELECTION Highest vote in a
nationwide election
Elected by
Members of the
Parliament (MPs)

17. PRESIDENTIAL PARLIAMENTARY
TYPE BICAMERAL: 2 houses
making laws or
statutes: Senate &
House of
Representatives
UNICAMERAL: 1 legislative
house—the House of Parliament
or General Assembly
MEMBERS
Upper house: senators
Lower house:
congressmen/women
Members of the Parliament
(MPs)