1. Brain and CranialBrain and Cranial
NervesNerves

3. TerminologyTerminology
 HemispheresHemispheres
 Gyrus (Gyri)Gyrus (Gyri)
 Sulcus (Sulci)Sulcus (Sulci)
 Longitudinal FissureLongitudinal Fissure
 VentriclesVentricles
– CSFCSF

6. Anatomy of the BrainAnatomy of the Brain
 CerebrumCerebrum
 CerebellumCerebellum
 DiencephalonDiencephalon
– ThalamusThalamus
– HyothalamusHyothalamus
 Brain StemBrain Stem
– MidbrainMidbrain
– PonsPons
– MedullaMedulla
oblongataoblongata

7. CerebrumCerebrum
 AnatomyAnatomy
– Frontal lobeFrontal lobe
– Parietal lobeParietal lobe
– Occipital lobeOccipital lobe
– Precentral gyrusPrecentral gyrus
– Postcentral gyrusPostcentral gyrus
 FunctionsFunctions
– Sensory cortexSensory cortex
– Motor cortexMotor cortex
– EmotionEmotion
– IntellectualIntellectual
processesprocesses
– AuditoryAuditory
– VisualVisual
– SpeechSpeech

11. CerebellumCerebellum
 AnatomyAnatomy
– HemispheresHemispheres
 FunctionsFunctions
– Compares intendedCompares intended
movement withmovement with
what is actuallywhat is actually
happeninghappening
– Smooth,Smooth,
coordinatedcoordinated
movementsmovements
– Posture/balancePosture/balance

13. Brain StemBrain Stem
 AnatomyAnatomy
– Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
– PonsPons
– MidbrainMidbrain
 FunctionsFunctions
– MedullaMedulla
 Relays motor andRelays motor and
sensory informationsensory information
 Regulates heartbeat,Regulates heartbeat,
breathing and bloodbreathing and blood
vessel dilationvessel dilation
– PonsPons
 Control breathingControl breathing

19. Protective CoveringsProtective Coverings
(Meninges)(Meninges)
 Dura materDura mater
Dense connective tissueDense connective tissue
 ArachnoidArachnoid
Nonvascular connective tissueNonvascular connective tissue
 Pia materPia mater
Highly vascularHighly vascular
Covers surface of the brain and spinal cord andCovers surface of the brain and spinal cord and
invaginates along cortical surface to forminvaginates along cortical surface to form
perivascular spacesperivascular spaces

22. Cerebral Spinal FluidCerebral Spinal Fluid
 Formed in the choroid plexusFormed in the choroid plexus
 Reabsorbed into saggittal sinus byReabsorbed into saggittal sinus by
arachnoid villiarachnoid villi
 Protects brain against concussiveProtects brain against concussive
traumatrauma
 removes waste productsremoves waste products

23. Foramen of Monro

24. Cranial NervesCranial Nerves
 I:I: OlfactoryOlfactory
 II:II: OpticOptic
 III:III: OculomotorOculomotor
 IV:IV: TrochlearTrochlear
 V:V: TrigeminalTrigeminal
 VI:VI: AbducensAbducens
 VII: FacialVII: Facial
 VIII:VestibulocochlearVIII:Vestibulocochlear
– AcousticAcoustic
 IX:IX: GlossopharyngealGlossopharyngeal
 X:X: VagusVagus
 XI:XI: AccessoryAccessory
 XII: HypoglossalXII: Hypoglossal
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/cn/cranial.htm

25. MnemonicMnemonic
 OnOn
 OldOld
 Olympus’Olympus’
 TowerTower
 TopTop
 AA
 FinFin
 AndAnd
 GermanGerman
 ViewedViewed
 AA
 HopHop

26. MNEMONICMNEMONIC
 OLFACTORYOLFACTORY
 OPTICOPTIC
 OCULOMOTOROCULOMOTOR
 TROCHLEARTROCHLEAR
 TRIGEMINALTRIGEMINAL
 ABDUCENSABDUCENS
 FACIALFACIAL
 VESTIBULOCOCHLEVESTIBULOCOCHLE
ARAR
 GLOSSOPHARYNGEGLOSSOPHARYNGE
ALAL
 VAGUSVAGUS
 ACCESSORYACCESSORY

 OHOH
 ONCEONCE
 ONEONE
 TAKESTAKES
 THETHE
 ANATOMYANATOMY
 FINALFINAL
 VERYVERY
 GOODGOOD
 VACATIONVACATION
 A-HEADA-HEAD

28. CN I: OLFACTORYCN I: OLFACTORY
 Cranial nerve ICranial nerve I
 Function:Function:
– smellsmell
 Clinical test forClinical test for
damage:damage:
– determine whetherdetermine whether
a person can smella person can smell
something aromaticsomething aromatic

29. CN II: OPTICCN II: OPTIC
 Cranial nerve IICranial nerve II
 Function:Function:
– visionvision
 Clinical test forClinical test for
damage:damage:
– tests peripheral visiontests peripheral vision
and visual acuityand visual acuity
 Effects of damage:Effects of damage:
– blindness in part or all ofblindness in part or all of
the visual fieldthe visual field

30. CNIII: OCULOMOTORCNIII: OCULOMOTOR
 Cranial nerve IIICranial nerve III
 Function:Function:
– eye movements, opening ofeye movements, opening of
eyelid, constriction of pupil,eyelid, constriction of pupil,
focusing, proprioceptionfocusing, proprioception
 Clinical tests for injury:Clinical tests for injury:
– differences in pupil size;differences in pupil size;
pupillary response to light; eyepupillary response to light; eye
trackingtracking
 Effects of damageEffects of damage
– dropping eyelid, dilated pupil,dropping eyelid, dilated pupil,
double visiondouble vision

31. CNIV: TROCHLEARCNIV: TROCHLEAR
 Cranial nerve IVCranial nerve IV
 Function: eye movementsFunction: eye movements
and proprioceptionand proprioception
 Clinical test for injury: abilityClinical test for injury: ability
to rotate eye inferolaterallyto rotate eye inferolaterally
 Effects of damage – doubleEffects of damage – double
vision, patient tilts headvision, patient tilts head
toward affected sidetoward affected side

32. CN V: TRIGEMINALCN V: TRIGEMINAL
 Cranial nerve VCranial nerve V
 Function: sensory nerve of theFunction: sensory nerve of the
faceface
 Clinical test for injury:Clinical test for injury:
– corneal reflex; sense ofcorneal reflex; sense of
touch, pain, and temperature;touch, pain, and temperature;
clench teeth; move mandibleclench teeth; move mandible
side to sideside to side
 Effects of damage:Effects of damage:
– loss of sensation andloss of sensation and
impaired chewingimpaired chewing

33. CN VI: ABDUCENS ANDCN VI: ABDUCENS AND
CN VII: FACIALCN VII: FACIAL
 Cranial Nerve VICranial Nerve VI
 Function: EyeFunction: Eye
movementsmovements
 Clinical test: lateral eyeClinical test: lateral eye
movementmovement
 Effects of damage:Effects of damage:
inability to rotate eyeinability to rotate eye
laterally; at rest – eyelaterally; at rest – eye
rotates mediallyrotates medially
because of action ofbecause of action of
antagonistic musclesantagonistic muscles
 Cranial Nerve VIICranial Nerve VII
 Function: facialFunction: facial
expression; sense ofexpression; sense of
tastetaste
 Clinical test: motorClinical test: motor
functions – close eyes,functions – close eyes,
smile, whistle, frown,smile, whistle, frown,
raise eyebrows; tasteraise eyebrows; taste
 Effects of damage:Effects of damage:
inability to control facialinability to control facial
muscles; distortedmuscles; distorted
sense of tastesense of taste

34. CN VIII:CN VIII:
VESTIBULOCOCHLEARVESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
 Cranial Nerve VIIICranial Nerve VIII
 Function: hearing and equilibriumFunction: hearing and equilibrium
 Clinical tests: test hearing, balance,Clinical tests: test hearing, balance,
and ability to walk a straight lineand ability to walk a straight line
 Effects of damage: deafness,Effects of damage: deafness,
dizziness, nausea, loss of balance,dizziness, nausea, loss of balance,
and nystagmusand nystagmus

35. CN IX:CN IX:
GLOSSOPHARANGEALGLOSSOPHARANGEAL
AND CN X: VAGUSAND CN X: VAGUS Cranial Nerve IXCranial Nerve IX
 Function: swallowing,Function: swallowing,
salivation, gagging; touch,salivation, gagging; touch,
pressure, taste, and painpressure, taste, and pain
sensations from tongue,sensations from tongue,
pharynx, and outer earpharynx, and outer ear
 Clinical tests: gag reflex,Clinical tests: gag reflex,
swallowing, and coughingswallowing, and coughing
 Effects of damage: difficultyEffects of damage: difficulty
swallowingswallowing
 Cranial Nerve XCranial Nerve X
 Function: swallowing; taste;Function: swallowing; taste;
speech; respiratory, CV, andspeech; respiratory, CV, and
GI regulation; sensations ofGI regulation; sensations of
hunger, fullness, andhunger, fullness, and
intestinal discomfortintestinal discomfort
 Clinical tests: test withClinical tests: test with
cranial nerve IXcranial nerve IX
 Effects of damage:Effects of damage:
hoarseness or loss of voice;hoarseness or loss of voice;
impaired swallowing and GIimpaired swallowing and GI
motilitymotility

36. CN XI: ACCESSORYCN XI: ACCESSORY
ANDAND
CN XII: HYPOGLOSSALCN XII: HYPOGLOSSAL Cranial Nerve XICranial Nerve XI
 Function: swallowing; head,Function: swallowing; head,
neck, and shoulderneck, and shoulder
movementsmovements
 Clinical tests: rotate headClinical tests: rotate head
and shrug shoulders againstand shrug shoulders against
resistanceresistance
 Effects of damage: impairedEffects of damage: impaired
movement of head, neck,movement of head, neck,
and shoulders; paralysis ofand shoulders; paralysis of
sternocleidomastoidsternocleidomastoid
 Cranial Nerve XIICranial Nerve XII
 Function: tongue movementsFunction: tongue movements
of speech, foodof speech, food
manipulation, and swallowingmanipulation, and swallowing
 Clinical test: tongue functionClinical test: tongue function
 Effects of damage: difficultyEffects of damage: difficulty
in speech and swallowing;in speech and swallowing;
atrophy of tongue; inability toatrophy of tongue; inability to
stick out (protrude) tonguestick out (protrude) tongue