The document describes the muscles of the thoracic limb/forelimb in horses, oxen, and dogs. It discusses the muscles of the shoulder girdle, including the dorsal and ventral divisions. It then covers the muscles of the shoulder, including the lateral and medial groups. Finally, it summarizes the muscles of the arm, which act on the elbow joint and forearm fascia. The document provides details on the name, structure, origin, and insertion of each muscle.

1. The Muscles Of The Thoracic Limb/Fore Limb

2. The Muscles Of The Shoulder Girdle
This group consists of those muscles which connect the thoracic limb with the head,neck,and trunk.It consists of two divisions------Dorsal
& Ventral.
A.Dorsal Division
This division consists of two layers.
First Layer
Sr.No Name Of Muscle Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion
Ox Ox
Mid-dorsal raphe & Scapular Spine
Thin,Divided supraspinous Dog
Flat,Triangular,Divid into cervical ligament Scapular Spine
ed into two parts by Thick,Wide & thoracic Dog
an aponeurotic & Undivided portions by Mid-dorsal raphe &
portion aponeurosis supraspinous
1. Trapezius ligament
(a) Horse Horse
Funicular part of Scapular Spine &
Trapezius Cervacalis nuchal ligament fascia of
shoulder & arm
(b) Arises by a Horse Horse
Trapezius Thoracalis narrow,thin Supraspinous Tuber spine of
aponeurosis ligament scapula
Second Layer
Sr.No Name Of Muscle Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion

3. Has one Ox Ox
part Nuchal ligament Dorsal border
Dog & adjacent
This consists of Rhomboide This consists of Nuchal ligament, scapula
two parts us three parts 4th – 6th thoracic Dog
Cervicalis spine Same to Ox
(a) (a) Horse Horse
Rhomboideus Rhomboideus Funicular part of Medial surface
Cervicalis Cervicalis nuchal ligament of cartilage of
Dog scapula
Nuchal ligament as Dog
far forward as C2 or Medial surface
2.. Rhomboideus C3 of cervical
angle of
scapula
(b) (b) Horse Horse
Rhomboideus Rhomboideus Spinous process of Medial surface
Thoracalis Thoracalis 2nd to 7th thoracic of cartilage of
vertebra by means scapula
Cervical part is Small of dorso-scapular Dog
narrow,pointed at ligament Medial surface
its anterior Dog of dorsal angle
extremity 4 - 6th or 7th
th of scapula
thoracic spine
(c)
Rhomboideus
Capitis
It is a narrow band Nuchal crest

4. Horse Horse
Lumbo-dorsal fascia Teres
Ox tuberosity of
Thoraco-lumbar humerus,in
fascia common with
Dog teres major
3. Latissimus Dorsi Wide,Right Broadest Extensive,Broades Thoraco-lumbar Ox
angled triangular muscle of t muscle of the fascia Teres
the back back tuberosity of
humerus
Dog
Teres
tuberosity of
humerus
B.Ventral Division
Sr.No Name Of Muscle Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion

5. Extends along the Horse Horse
side of neck from (1)Mastoid Deltoid
head to Separated into two Separated process of tuberosity &
arm,Incompletely parts by clavicle into two parts temporal bone crest of
divisible into two by clavicle & nuchal crest humerus,&
portions (2) Wing of the fascia of
(a) (a) (a) atlas & shoulder &
Cleido-mastoideus Cleido-occipitalis Cleido-cervic transverse arm
alis process of Ox
Attached to mastoid Arises on occipital C2,C3,C4 Deltoid
process & occipital bone & nuchal Wider & Ox tuberosity
bone by a broad ligament attached to Occipital and fascia of
tendon median raphe bone, nuchal limb
4. Brachiocephalicus of neck & to ligament, Dog
occipital bone mastoid Median
(b) (b) (b) process raphe of
Cleido-transversarius Cleido-mastoideus Cleido-mastoi Dog neck &
deus Clavicle occipital
Attached to Smaller & arises bone. The
transverse processes by round tendon Narrow & ventral part
by four fleshy on mastoid attached to attaches to
digitations process & rectus mastoid mastoid
capitis ventralis process process
major,& by thin
tendon on
mandible
Ox Ox
Cranial Cranial(des
sternum cending):
Dog crest of
Cranial humerus
sternum distal to
deltoid
tuberosity
Thinner than in Undivided Caudal(tran

6. This is of two types horse & its two & sverse):
parts are not so Small covers elbow
clearly separable joint to insert
on medial
fascia of
forearm
Dog
Superficial Same to OX
5. Pectoral Muscle (a) Horse Horse
Anterior Superficial Cariniform (1)Deltoid
Pectoral Muscle cartilage of tuberosity &
sternum crest of
Short,Thick,Somewh humerus
at (2)Fascia of
rounded,Superficially arm
it is convex & deeply
it is flattened
(b) Horse Horse
Posterior Superficial (1)Ventral (1)Fascia on
Pectoral Muscle edge of proximal 3rd
sternum as far of forearm
Wide,Thin & back as 6th (2)Curved
Pale,Mixed with a cartilage line of
good deal of fibrous (2)Fibrous humerus with
tissue raphe preceding
common to the muscle
two muscles
Ox Ox
Ventral Anterior(su
sternum and bclavius):su
adjacent praspinatus
cartilage m.
More thicker & Undivided,Homolo Has no Dog Posterior(pe
extensive than gue of subclavius scapular part Ventral ctoralis
superficial muscle of man sternum and ascendens):

7. muscle,consists of adjacent lesser
two parts cartilage tubercle of
humerus
Dog
Same to Ox
6. Deep Pectoral (a) Horse Horse
Muscle Anterior Deep Anterior half of Aponeurosis
Pectoral Muscle lateral surface which covers
of sternum & supraspinatu
Prismatic (like cartilages of s at its
prism),entirely fleshy st dorsal end,&
1 four ribs
scapular
spine
(b) Horse Horse
Posterior Deep (1)Abdominal (1)Anterior
Pectoral Muscle tunic part of
(2)Xiphoid medial
Largest of pectoral cartilage& tuberosity of
group,triangular or ventral aspect humerus
fan shaped,entirely of sternum (2)Anterior
fleshy (3)Carttilages part of lateral
of 4th -9th ribs tuberosity of
humerus
(3)Tendons
of origin of
coraco-brach
ialis
No clear Dog Dog
Large,Fan Clearly divided division into Last five Upper part of
shaped,Consists of into cervical & cervical & cervical costal
two parts thoracic parts thoracic parts vertebrae & surface of
first eight ribs scapula
(a) (a) Horse Horse
Serratus Cervicis Serratus Cervicis Transverse Cranial
processes of triangular

8. Large last four or area on
five cervical costal
vertebrae surface of
Ox scapula &
adjacent part
7. Serratus Ventralis C4-5TH rib of cartilage
Ox
Triangular
area on
antero-super
ior part of
costal
surface of
scapula
(b) (b) Horse Horse
Serratus Thoracis Serratus Thoracis Lateral Caudal
surfaces of 1st triangular
In domesticated Relatively thin & eight or nine area on
animals there is no covered by very ribs costal
clear division of strong Ox surface of
muscle as is found in aponeurosis scapula &
man & apes 4th-9th ribs adjacent part
of cartilage
Ox
Middle &
posterior
parts of
subscapulari
s
Ox Ox
Wing of atlas Scapular
& spine &
Omo-transversariu inconstantly,tr fascia
8. s Present & unites with Present Present ansverse Dog
Cleido mastoideus process of Wing of atlas

9. muscle axis
Dog
Lower part of
scapular spine

10. The Muscles Of The Shoulder
The muscles of this group arise on the scapula & end on the arm.They may be divided into two groups---- Lateral Group(covering the
lateral) & Medial Group(Covering the costal) surface of scapula.
A.Lateral Group
Sr.No Name Of Muscle Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion
Clearly Clearly Horse Horse
1. Deltoideus Undivided,Ori divided into divided into (1)Upper part of Deltoid tuberosity &
gin is partly acromial & scapular & posterior border brachial fascia
fleshy,Widest scapular acromial parts scapula
about its parts (2)Scapular spine
middle
(a) (a) Ox Ox
Pars Pars Acromion Deltoid tuberosity on
Acromialis Acromialis Dog humerus
Length of scapular Dog

11. Short,thick & spine Fascia of lateral arm
fusiform
(b) (b) Ox Ox
Pars Pars Caudal border of Deltoid tuberosity on
Scapularis Scapularis scapula,Scapular humerus
spine Dog
Triangular Dog Same to Ox
Lower edge of
acromion
Horse Horse
Thin at its Supraspinous Anterior parts of
2. Supraspinatus neck but Same to Large fossa,Spine,Lower proximal tuberosities
becomes Horse part of scapular of humerus
thicker cartilage Ox
distally,Branch Ox Same to Horse
ed Same to Horse Dog
Dog Same to Horse
Same to Horse
Horse Horse
Infraspinous fossa (1)Lateral tuberosity
& Scapular of humerus
cartilage (2)Posterior
Ox eminence of lateral
3. Infraspinatus Terminates at Terminates at Terminates at Same to Horse tuberosity
2 tendon 1 tendon 1 Dog
tendon,Bipenn Same to Horse Ox
ate, Same to Horse
Round Dog
Same to Horse
Horse Horse
(1)Rough lines on Deltoid tuberosity &
distal & posterior a small area just
part of infraspinous above it
fossa Ox

12. (2)Caudal border of Same to Horse
Flat,Triangular Same to Short & scapula Dog
4. Teres Minor ,Much smaller Horse Fusiform (3)Tubercle near Tubercle on upper
than foregoing the rim of glenoid part of deltoid ridge
muscles cavity
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Tubercle on caudal
border of scapula
B.Medial Group
Sr.No Name Of Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion
Muscle
Horse Horse
Subscapular fossa Posterior
Undivided, Ox eminence of
Wide, Deep surface of medial tuberosity
Divided,Flat & Divided into Multipennate scapula of humerus
5. Subscapularis Triangular,Base is 3 branches ,
thin Intersected Dog Ox
by fibrous Same to Ox Medial tubercle of
septa humerus
Dog
Same to Ox
Horse Horse
Caudal angle & Teres tuberosity
adjacent caudal of humerus in
border of scapula common with
Ox latissimus dorsi
Same to Horse Ox
6. Teres Major Flat,Widest at its Same to More Thick Dog Same to Horse
middle,Most part is Horse Dorsal part of the Dog

13. fleshy caudal scapula Teres tuberosity
midway down
humerus
Horse Horse
Coracoid process Proximal shaft of
of scapula humerus
7. Coraco-brachiali Belly spreads out & Same to Short & Ox Ox
s divided into two Horse Undivided Same to Horse Same to Horse
parts belly Dog Dog
Same to Horse Same to Horse
Horse Horse
Very Just above the Caudal surface of
8. Capsularis small,Fleshy,One Absent Absent caudal part of rim shaft of
half inch wide of glenoid cavity humerus,a short
distance below
head

15. The Muscles Of The Arm
This group consists of 5 muscles which are grouped around the humerus.They arise from the scapula & humerus,& inserted into the
forearm.They act on the elbow joint & the fascia of the forearm.
Sr.No Name Of Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion
Muscle
Horse Horse
Tuber scapulae (1)Radial
Ox tuberosity
Supraglenoid (2)Medial ligament
Strong,Fusiform, tubercle of scapula of elbow joint
Inclosed in a Smaller,Less Long,Fusiform, Dog (3)Fascia of
1. Biceps double sheath of tendinous,Situat Tendon of origin Same to Ox forearm & tendon
Brachii fascia,Distally ed more medially is round,Tendon of extensor carpi
divide in two than Horse of insertion is radialis
parts,Tendon of bifid Ox
origin is molded Medial tuberosity
of proximal radius
& adjacent ulna
Dog
Same to Ox
Horse Horse
Caudoproximal Craniomedial side
side of humerus of proximal radius
Ox
2. Brachialis Entirely fleshy Very little Spirals to insert
curved Ox next to biceps
Proximocaudal Dog
humerus Spirals to insert
Dog just proximal to
Same to Ox biceps
Horse Horse

16. (1)Tendon of (1)Deep fascia of
insertion of forearm
latissimus dorsi (2)Olecranon
(2)Caudal border Ox
Tenser of scapula (1)Fascia of
3. Fasciae Thin Slender Thin & Narrow Ox forearm
Antibrachii Tendon and lateral (2)Olecranon
surface of the Dog
latissimus dorsi Same to Ox
Dog
Same to Ox
Clearly divided Divided into Divided into four
into three heads three heads heads
(a) (a) (a) Horse Horse
Long Head Long Head Long Head Caudal border of Lateral & caudal
scapula side of the
Largest of three Ox olecranon
heads,Powerul, Caudal margin of Ox
Thick,Triangular scapula Olecranon
4. Triceps Dog Dog
Brachii Caudal margin of Same to Ox
scapula
(b) (b) (b) Horse Horse
Lateral Head Lateral Head Lateral Head Humerus Lateral surface of
Ox olecranon
Strong,Quadrilate Shaft of humerus Ox
ral,Thick belly Dog Olecranon
Same to Ox
Dog
Same to Ox
(c) (c) (c) Horse Horse
Medial Head Medial Head Medial Head Medial side of Medial and cranial
humerus side of olecranon.
Smallest of More developed Very long Ox Ox
three,Fleshy than Horse & Shaft of humerus Olecranon

17. except at its extends upto Dog Dog
insertion neck of humerus Same to Ox Same to Ox
(d) Dog Dog
Accessory Head Shaft of humerus Olecranon
Horse Horse
5. Anconeus Small,Entirely Present Absent Distal 3rd of caudal Lateral surface of
fleshy surface of olecranon
humerus
The Muscles Of The Forearm & Manus

18. A.Extensor Division
Sr.No Name Of Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion
Muscle
Horse Horse
(1)Lateral Metacarpal
condyloid crest of tuberosity
Extensor Largest muscle of humerus Ox
1. Carpi extensor Like that of Horse Like that of (2)Coronoid fossa 2 or 3rd
nd
Radialis division,Rounded Horse Ox metacarpal bone
belly Lateral condyloid Dog
crest of humerus 2 or 3rd
nd
Dog metacarpal bone
Lateral condyloid
crest of humerus
Horse Horse
(1)Distal (1)Extensor
extremity of process of 3rd
humerus phalanx
Less (2)Proximal (2)Dorsal face of
Common Bulky,Compound, At fetlock joint it Has four bellies extremity of proximal
2. Digital Fusiform belly divides into two radius extremities of 1st
Extensor branches (3)Lateral surface & 2nd phalanges
of shaft of ulna Ox
Ox Extensor process
(1)Lateral of distal phalanx
epicondyle of of each digit
humerus
(2)Ulna Dog
Dog Extensor process
Lateral of the distal
epicondyle of phalanx of each
humerus digit

19. Ox Ox
Lateral Dorsal proximal
Medial epicondyle phalanges
3. Digital Has two More superficial Dog Dog
Extensor branches part Lateral condyloid nd
2 metacarpal
crest bone
Horse Horse
(1)Lateral An eminence on
tuberosity of front of proximal
radius extremity of 1st
(2)Shaft of ulna phalanx
(3)Lateral Ox
ligament of elbow 2 & 3rd
nd
joint phalanges of
Lateral Pennate,Thin & Stronger than Not rarely fused Ox medial digit
4. Digital fusiform belly Horse (2)Lateral Dog
Extensor ligament of elbow Dorsal proximal
joint phalanges of 3rd
(2)Lateral to 5th digit
tuberosity of
radius & ulna
Dog
Lateral
epicondyle of
humerus
Horse Horse
Lateral border of Head of 2nd
radius metacarpal
Ox Ox
Extensor Cranial radius Most medial
5. Carpi Small,Pennate,Flat Same to Horse Abducts the 1st Dog metacarpal bone
Obliquus belly, digit Cranial radius Dog
st
1 metacarpal
bone

24. B.Flexor Division
Horse Horse
Medial Proximal end of
epicondyle of 2nd metacarpal
humerus bone
Short tendon of Ox Ox
1. Flexor Carpi origin,Flat & fusiform Same to Horse Has bifid tendons Same to Horse Same to Horse
Radialis belly Dog Dog
Medial 2 & 3rd
nd
epicondyle of metacarpal bone
humerus
Horse Horse
Medial Proximal edge
Has two heads epicondyle of of accessory
Humeral Head: Has two heads humerus carpal bone
Larger,Flat,Curved,Tap Humeral Head: Ox Ox
2. Flexor Carpi er at both ends Same to Horse Larger Same to Horse Same to Horse
Ulnaris Ulnar Head: Ulnar Head: Dog Dog
Smaller,Very thin Smaller Medial Accessory
epicondyle for carpal bone
humeral head
Posterior
border for
ulnar head
Horse Horse
Lateral Accessory
epicondyle of carpal bone &
hunerus proximal side of
Ox lateral splint

25. 3. Ulnaris Flat belly intersected by Same to Horse Large,Flat,Abducto Same to Horse bone
Lateralis tendinous tissue r of paw Dog Ox
Lateral Same to Horse
epicondyle of Dog
hunerus Accessory
carpal bone &
5th metacarpal
Horse Horse
(1)Medial (1)Eminence on
epicondyle of proximal
humerus extremity of 2nd
Blended at its (2)Caudal side phalanx
origin with of radius (2)Distal
4. Superficial Multipennate belly middle flexor of Ox extremity of 1st
Digital fuses with deep carpus, Divides distally Digital annular phalanx
Flexor flexor,Humeral head is Divides into two into four branches ligament Ox
fleshy,Radial head is bellies(superfici Dog Palmar surface
strong fibrous al & deep) Medial of middle
epicondyle of phalanges
humerus Dog
Middle
phalanges of all
digits
Horse Horse
(1)Medial Semilunar crest
epicondyle of & adjacent
humerus surface of
Same heads as in (2)Medial cartilage of 3rd
Largest muscle of flexor Same heads as Horse surface of phalanx
group, in Horse olecranon Ox
Has three heads. Divides into two Passes through Ox Volar surfaces
5. Deep One originates from branches near carpal canal before Medial of 3rd phalanges
Digital humerus, one on distal end of branching & Then epicondyle of Dog
Flexor proximal side of radius, metacarpus Gives off a branch humerus 3rd phalanges
one on proximal side of to 1st digit & divides Dog of 2nd to 5th

26. ulna. into four branches Medial digits
epicondyle of
humerus
Horse Horse
Deep flexor Fibrous tissue
Two very slender tendon under nodule of
7. Lumbricales fusiform muscles Absent Very delicate Dog horn at fetlock
Volar surface Dog
of tendons of st
1 phalanges of
deep flexor 3rd,4th,5th digits
Horse Horse
Proximal Fascia at fetlock
More muscular extremity of Ox
Three in than Horse Four in small Sesamoid bones
number,Present in Divides into number,Well metacarpal & detach slips to
8. Interossei metacarpal groove three & then developed & fleshy bone the extensor
into five Ox tendons
branches Distal row of Dog
carpus & Same to Ox
proximal ends
of metacarpals
Dog
Same to Ox
Ox Ox
Metacarpal nd rd
2 &3
bone phalanges
9. Pronator Absent Present Fusiform Dog Dog
Teres Medial Dorsal surface &
epicondyle of medial border of

27. humerus radius
Dog Dog
Pronator Consists of thin Palmar surface Interosseous
10. Quadratus Absent Absent layer of fibers of radius & border of ulna
interosseous
ligament
Dog Dog
11. Palmaris Deep didital Superficial flexor
Longus Absent Absent Small flexor below for 3rd & 4th
middle of digits
forearm
Dog Dog
12. Supinator Absent Absent Short,Flat,Fusiform Lateral Upper medial
epicondyle of radius
humerus
Dog Dog
Tendon of 1ST phalanges of
13. Palmaris Absent Absent Very small superficial 3rd,4th,5th digits
Brevis didital flexor at
carpus
Abductor Dog Dog
14. Pollicis Absent Absent Very small,Pale Fibrous band Distal end of 1st
Brevis connecting metacarpal bone
superficial & 1st phalanx of
flexor tendon 1st digit
with medial
carpal
sesamoid
Dog Dog
Flexor Volar carpal Volar sesamoid
15. Pollicis Absent Absent Present ligament over of 1st digit
Brevis 2nd metacarpal
bone
Adductor Largest of the Dog Dog
16. Pollicis Absent Present thumb muscles Interossous 1 phalanx of 1st
st

28. muscle digit
Adductor nd Dog Dog
Present b/w 2
Digiti Absent Absent interossous muscle Volar carpal 1st phalanx of
17. Secundi & adductor digiti ligament 2nd digit
quinti
Dog Dog
18. Adductor Absent Absent Present Close to 1st phalanx of 5th
Digiti Quinti preceeding digit
muscle
Dog Dog
Ligament TH
5 digit with
connecting next muscle
19. Flexor Digiti Absent Absent Present accessory
Quinti carpal to 3rd &
4th metacarpal
bones
Dog Dog
Abductor Larger than two Accessory Lateral
20. Digiti Quinti Absent Absent preceeding carpal bone sesamoid of 5th
muscles digit & lateral
ligaments