3. Vidisha
Singh
Lung
Transplant
Lungs
are
the
largest
portion
in
our
respiratory
system,
they
are
capable
of
breathing
20,
000
times
a
day.
We
have
two
lungs.
The
right
lung
is
on
the
right
side
of
the
chest
cavity
and
the
left
lung
on
the
left
side
of
the
chest
cavity,
but
the
left
lung
contains
two
lobes.
Each
lobes
of
the
lung
is
like
a
balloon
filled
with
spongy
tissues
and
they
are
responsible
of
exchanging
gasses,
from
Carbon
dioxide
to
oxygen
and
visa
versa.
(Lee
Woodard,
2011)
This
essay
will
help
provide
some
information
Figure
1:
Comparison
of
a
healthy
lung
and
a
lung
of
a
smoker.
(Lungs
Transplant,
2011)
on
what
lungs
are,
the
reasons
for
lung
transplant,
the
basic
procedure
of
a
lung
transplant,
the
advantages
and
the
disadvantages,
the
One-‐World
Issue
(Cultural
and
Economical
issues)
and
my
perspective.
Lungs
being
the
important
part
of
the
body
should
be
protected
and
the
symptoms
should
be
considered.
(look
at
figure
1
for
a
comparison
of
a
smoker’s
lung
and
normal
healthy
lung)
If
a
person
has
failed
lungs
(can
be
one
or
both)
should
get
a
lung
transplant.
It
is
important
to
know
the
symptoms
of
lung
failure,
some
examples
are:
permanent
enlargement
of
air
sacs
(alveoli)
with
loss
of
completely
exhaling
(emphysema),
heredity
lunch
blockage
(cystic
fibrosis),
long-‐term
(chronic)
Figure
2:
Before
the
transplant
procedures
(Admin,
2008)
inflammation
(sarcoidosis)
and
permanent
scarring
and
thickening
of
lung
tissue
(idiopathic
pulmonary
fibrosis).
These
symptoms
should
be
considered
and
checked
if
any
appear.
(Lung
Transplant,
2011)
4. Vidisha
Singh
If
the
symptoms
appear,
then
a
transplant
is
needed
unless
the
doctor
advices
better
options.
But
if
the
transplant
is
needed
then
to
get
the
transplant,
there
needs
to
be
many
things
that
need
to
be
considered
and
checked
like;
(see
figure
2
for
before
the
transplant
procedure)
donation
of
new
lungs
by
a
person
who
has
been
declared
brain-‐dead
but
remains
on
life-‐support.
The
donor’s
tissue
must
be
matched
as
closely
as
possible
to
that
recipients’
to
reduce
the
chances
of
transplantation
tissue
being
rejected.
When
the
recipient
is
unconscious
and
pain-‐
free,
an
incision
is
made
on
the
chest.
Tubes
are
used
to
re-‐route
blood
to
the
heart-‐
lung
bypass
machine
to
provide
oxygen
during
the
surgery.
(Lung
Transplant,
2008)
One
or
both
lung
could
be
removed,
and
the
donor’s
lungs
are
stitched.
Chest
tubes
are
inserted
to
drain
out
air,
fluid,
and
blood
out
of
the
chest
for
several
days
so
the
lungs
can
fully
re-‐expand
and
recover.
Sometimes
heart
and
lung
transplantation
are
done
together,
if
heart
is
diseased.
(Lung
Transplant,
2011)
For
every
transplant,
there
are
bright
sides
and
there
are
also
downsides.
But
looking
on
the
bright
side
of
this
transplantation,
there
are
many
benefits
to
the
recipients
after
he
has
the
transplantation.
The
benefits
are
that
even
though
the
recipient
loses
one
damaged
and
malfunctioned
lung,
but
gains
back
the
lung
but
more
healthier.
(Lung
Transplantation,
2011)
Following
that
the
recipient
will
have
a
cleaner
lung
with
no
infectious
disease
that
will
threaten
the
recipient’s
life
again
unless
the
recipient
has
habits,
which
could
damage
the
lungs
again.
But
amazingly,
after
the
transplant
the
recipient
will
have
more
energy,
be
more
active
and
independent
along
with
being
able
to
gain
weight
easily.
Luckily
physicians
have
medications
for
rejection
of
new
lungs
called
immune-‐suppressing
drugs,
this
helps
the
lungs
be
settled
into
the
body
without
any
attack
from
the
immune
system.
This
transplant
holds
many
benefits
that
will
improve
the
patient’s
life
further.
5. Vidisha
Singh
Unfortunately
there
are
not
any
transplants
yet,
which
have
not
got
any
after
transplant
reactions
or
drawbacks
in
other
words
disadvantages.
The
downside
of
this
transplant
can
get
real
risky
if
the
new
lung/s
from
the
donor
isn’t
healthy,
because
the
whole
point
of
a
transplant
is
to
get
new
lung/s,
which
could
improve
life
quality
again.
Other
precaution
that
needs
to
be
taken
care
of
is
the
age
of
the
donor
and
the
blood
type
also
the
donor’s
tissue
must
be
matched.
After
the
lung
transplant
is
completed,
the
immune
system
may
believe
that
the
new
lung/s
are
invaders
and
they
will
try
to
immunize
them.
This
should
be
treated
as
soon
as
possible.
This
could
be
detected
by
the
signs
of
rejection,
which
are;
fever,
flu-‐like
symptoms
(chills,
dizziness,
nausea,
general
feeling
of
illness,
night
sweats),
increased
difficulty
in
breathing,
worsening
pulmonary
test
results,
increased
chest
pain
or
tenderness
and/or
increase
of
decrease
in
body
weight
of
more
than
2
kilograms
in
a
24
hour
period.
Lung
transplant
not
being
an
easy
transplant
to
do
can
cause
quite
a
few
deaths
during
the
first
3
months,
or
first
5
years,
this
is
why
no
specialist
guarantees
long
life
after
the
transplant
(see
figure
3
for
more
survival
data).
The
risks
after
the
transplantation
are
infection,
internal/external
bleeding
and/or
malfunction
of
the
donor’s
lung
or
even
poor
healing
where
donor’s
airway
attached
to
the
recipient’s
airway.
Besides
long-‐terms
use
of
immune
suppressing
drugs
can
cause
diabetes,
kidney
damage
or
infections
that
can
kill
the
patient.
Figure
3:
Survival
Data
(OPTN/SRTR,
2009)
6. Vidisha
Singh
One
World
issues
also
concern
the
recipient
or
the
donor
and
lung
transplant.
One
of
the
One-‐World
Issues
that
affects
the
lung
transplantation
idea
is
Cultural
Issue.
This
issue
has
two
sides
that
have
different
opinions.
It
is
believed
in
some
cultures
that
a
person
has
to
give
back
its
organs
to
the
Earth,
take
it
to
heaven
or
take
his
organs
to
his
next
life
in
order
to
gain
salvation
(freedom
from
the
birth
cycle)
and/or
nirvana.
(Vicky
R.
Bowden,
2010)
While
on
the
other
side
cultures
like
Catholic
Christians
believe
that
it
is
good
deed
to
save
many
people’s
life
just
through
one
person’s
donation.
Few
groups
like
the
Shinto
disfavor
organ
donation;
these
are
cultures
that
follow
the
folk
customs
of
the
Gypsies.
These
cultural
groups
believe
that
the
body
should
be
returned
back
to
god
after
the
death
of
one
or
that
body
after
death
is
impure.
(BBC,
2009)
While
the
Roman
Catholic
Church
is
in
favor
of
organ
donation,
because
it
acts
out
like
a
charity
and
means
of
saving
many
lives
just
by
giving
in
one’s.
This
is
a
Cultural-‐Ethical
Issue,
because
it
has
ethical
implication
since
Ethical
issue
evolves
around
making
a
choice
based
on
what
is
‘right
and
‘wrong’
according
to
the
laws,
customs,
rules
or
beliefs.
The
second
One-‐World
Issue
that
concerns
the
people
is
the
Economical
factor
or
in
other
words,
Economical
Issue.
It
is
knows
that
basically
all
transplants
costs
a
lot;
even
if
most
of
the
amount
is
paid
by
the
insurance
company.
The
costs
that
cover
this
are;
the
physician
fee,
admission
fee,
procurement,
post-‐transplant
admission,
30-‐day
pre-‐transplant
fee
and
Immuno-‐suppressant
fee.
(see
figure
4
for
transplant
fees.)The
fee
also
depends
on
how
serious
the
case
is
and
what
type
of
lung
transplant
is
wanted-‐
Single
Lung,
Double
Lungs
or
Heart-‐Lung
Transplant.
It
is
mostly
the
high
status
people
who
have
economic
means
support
who
are
able
to
spend
this
much
money
without
any
worry
for
the
transplant
surgery.
The
U.S.
Average
2008
First-‐year
Billed
Charges
for
a
Single
lung
was
$450,
400;
Double
lung
7. Vidisha
Singh
transplant
cost
was
$657,
800
and
Heart-‐Lung
transplant
cost
$1,
123,
800
in
2008.
Normally
this
issue
concerns
a
lot
of
people
because
of
their
economic
means
support
and
the
insurance
support.
Figure
4:
Fees
covered
in
the
transplant
(Financing
A
Transplant,
2010)
This
lung
transplant
essay
covered
the
topics
of
what
lungs
are,
reasons
for
lung
transplant,
basic
procedure
of
lung
transplants,
the
advantages
and
the
disadvantages
and
the
One-‐World
Issue.
My
belief
and
view
on
lung
transplant
is
that
the
cultural-‐ethical
belief
of
different
people
is
quite
interesting
because
of
difference
of
thoughts
and
opinions,
another
thing
that
takes
me
back
is
the
precautions,
the
symptoms
before
and
after
the
lung
transplant,
it
is
quite
fascinating
how
the
science
developed
and
is
developing.
To
help
resolve
some
problems
dealing
with
Cultural-‐Ethical
Belief
is
a
very
complicated
and
almost
impossible
complication
to
resolve,
because
a
group’s
law,
customs
and
rules
cannot
be
changed
unless
their
leader/holy
book
or
sprit
advises
them
to.
Though
one
thing
8. Vidisha
Singh
could
be
changed
that
is
the
reason
why
lung
transplant
are
happening,
if
people
manage
to
stop
drugging
their
lungs
or
using
any
material
or
object
that
harms
that
part,
then
it
would
be
more
convenient,
untroubled
and
life
saving
method
to
follow.
9. Vidisha
Singh
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