shampoo actions, types of shampoo etc...

1. HAIR SHAMPOOS

2. Definition
A liquid or cream preparation of soap or
detergent to wash the hair .
OR
Liquid soap for washing HAIR to remove the
dirt,used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin
particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants
and other contaminant particles that gradually
build up in hair.

3. INTRODUCTION
• The word shampoo in English is derived from
Hindustani chāmpo.
• Shampoos are typically composed of 10 to 30
ingredients.
• Several types of ingredients are particularly
important, including “Surfactants" that aid in
cleansing and lathering.
• “Conditioners" and “Active ingredients" that
affect the hair and scalp.
• “Additives" that stabilize the product.

4. Ideal Properties
• To make the hair smooth and shiny.
• Produce good amount of Foam.
• Should not cause irritation to scalp,skin and
eye.
• Should completely,effectively remove dirt.
• Impart pleasant fragrance to hair.

5. Functions of Shampoo
IT SHOULD
• Effectively and completely remove dirt (or)
soil.
• Effectively wash the Hair.
• Produce a good amount of Foam to satisfy
the User.
• Be readily removed by rinsing with water.
• Impart a pleasant fragrance to the Hair.
• Not have any side effects (or) causes irritation
to the skin and eye.

6. Classification
I. Based on Appearance:
Powder Shampoos
Liquid Shampoos or Lotion
Gel Shampoos or Solid Cream
Cream Shampoos
Oil Shampoos
Miscellaneous-anti dandruff,
medicated shampoo

7. II.Based on Use or Function:
Conditioning Shamoops
Antidandruff
Therapeutic
Baby
Balancing
Clarifying
III.Based on Origin:
Herbal
Egg

8. Action
All Shampoos contain Surfactants.Surfactant
molecule has two parts—Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail.
At high concentration they form Miscelle.
When Shamooping,Anionic surfactants
containing hydrophobic tailgets adsorbed to
grease or dirt of hair.
Thus, these dirt are removed by further rinsing.

9. Raw Materials:
a) Water: This is the main ingredient in all shampoo
recipes, comprising about 60-80% of the solution,
inexpensive , it aids in diluting the cleaning agents,
thereby reducing irritation, and makes the shampoo
formula easier to spread on the hair and scalp.
b)Surfactants: Surfactants are compounds that lower the
surface tension of a liquid, the interfacial tension
between two liquids. Surfactants may act as
detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming
agents, and dispersants.
c)Foam Boosters and Stabilizers: Used to increase Foam
forming tendency. Eg: Coco Diethanolamide-
used as foam booster and viscosity builder.

10. d)Opacifiers: A chemical agent added to a
material, such as rocket propellant, to make it
opaque(not transparent or not allowing light
to pass through).
Eg:Spermaceti.
e)Clarifying Agents: To make clear by removing
impurities or solid matter, as by heating gently
or filtering.
Eg:Ethanol,proponol.
f)Anti-dandruff Agents: Removal of dandruff
from scalp of hair.
Eg:Selenium,Salicylic acid.

11. g)Conditioning Agents: To offset the effects of
surfactants, most shampoo recipes include
conditioners to help smooth, soften and
reduce brittleness.
Eg:Lanolin,Glycerol,Propylene glycol.
h)Thickening Agents: or Viscosity Builders. What
this basically means is – how to make
shampoo thick and creamy,include salts and
gums.Gums improve viscosity because of their
gel-like properties.
Eg:Tragacanth gum,carboxy methyl cellulose.

12. i)Sequestering Agents: Used to prevent
precipitation of insoluble calcium,magnesium
salts in hard water.
Eg:EDTA
j)Perfumes: Shampoos include perfumes and
pigments most are highly concentrated and used
sparingly.
Eg :fruit fragrance
k)Colors: Used to impart color, different colors are
used.
Eg:Strawberry.
g: methylparaben.

13. L)Preservatives: Shampoo formula containing
water has the potential to be contaminated by
pathogens. For this reason it is essential to
include preservatives among shampoo
ingredients, to prevent the growth of
molds.Preservatives usually comprise only 0.1
– 0.5% of the formulation.

14. Quality Control Tests
a)Foam Stability: Cylinder shake method was
used for determining foaming ability. 50ml of
the 1% shampoo solution was put into a
250ml graduated cylinder and cover the
cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times.
The total volumes of the foam contents after 1
minute shaking were recorded. The foam
volume was calculated. Foam should retain for
atleast 5mins.
Foam Stability = V2-V1

15. b)Dirt Dispersion:
Put two drops of shampoo in a large test tube
10ml dirt water and one drop of Indian Ink.
Close the Test tube and shake for 5min.
Estimate the amount of Ink in the foam.
The dirt should stay in water portion.
c)Wetting Action: Canvas disk is used, is one
inch in diameter is floated on the surface of a
solution and the time required for it to sink is
measured accurately.

16. d)Viscosity: Is determined using Brookefield
Viscometer.
100ml of shampoo is taken in a beaker and
spindle is dipped in it for about 5min and then
reading is taken.

17. e)pH: Mix 1gram of shampoo with 9ml of water
and determine the pH using pH meter at 27
degrees Celsius.

18. f)Determination of Non-Volatile alcohol soluble
matter: It is determined by calculating the
chloride content.
• Take 10grams of sample in beaker,evaporate
to dryness on steam bath, digest with 50ml of
95%ethanol.
• it on steam bath for 2min.Filter the
ethanolic solution through glass filtered
funnel which is fitted to Buchner’s flask to
which suction pump is applied.
• Wash the beakers 5times with 30%of hot
ethanol and transfer to funnel.

19. • Transfer entire filter in the Buchner’s flask to
wide mouthed flat bottomed flask.
• flask in oven at temperature of 100degrees
Celsius till constant mass is obtained.
• Dissolve residue in 50ml water two drops of
Methyl orange indicator, if solution is yellow in
color then neutralize with dilute nitric acid to get
pink color.
• Finally titrate with silver nitrate using Potassium
chromate indicator. Carryout BLANK also.
Chloride content in Shampoo(x)=V*0.584/100
%non volatile alcohol soluble matter=x/wt.of
sample*100

20. g)Determination of free Alkali:
Done by two methods.
I. Ethanol method: Weigh 2 to 10grams of sample,
digest with 200ml boiled ethanol on steam
bath to mix well and filter it.
 Wash the beaker several times with hot
ethanol, heat filterate for few min two drops
of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate with
Sulphuric acid or Hydrochloric acid.

21. II.Barium chloride method: 10grams of sample
100ml ethanol,Reflux for 15min.
 Shake frequently at 5min interval 5ml
Barium chloride to remove any traces of
carbonates.
 Stop Reflux and allow to cool few drops of
phenolphthalein indicator and titrate with
Sulphuric acid.
= 4.71*V*N
W

22. h)Microbial Assay: Evaluation of preservative
activity.
I.Preparation of Pre-innoculum:
 Take a loopful culture of S.aureus
aseptically,transfer and sterilise.
 Cooled 100ml Soya bean Casien digestive
medium mix and Incubate at 37degress celsius
for 24hours.
II.Preparation of Pour plates:
 Sterilised Soya bean Casien digest agar 100ml ,
cooled to 40degress,mix with 5ml of 24hours old
pre-innoculated culture.
 Immediately pour in plates,allow to set .

23. Making WELLS on agar plates:
Wells are dug on agar plates,take 100ml of
sample.
 Add to well aseptically ,incubate at 37degress
for 24 to 48hours.
 Observe Zone of Inhibition.

24. i)Skin – irritation Test:
Draize test in Rabbits where a patch test technique
is used on the intact skin of Albino Rabbits.
 A set of 6Rabbits used for testing each material.
Shampoos should be tested only for a short
duration thatis,not more than(NMT)4hours as
these products come in contact with skin only for
a short duration.
 These preparations are diluted between
concentrations of 8 to 10%.
 These patches are then removed and the skin
sites are scored for the changes on the surface of
the skin like Oedema,erythma formation.The
products are then classified as----mild
irritant,moderate and severe.

25. Skin Sensitisation Test: Test on GUNIEA pig.
Eye-Irritancy Test: On the basis of ability to
cause injury to Cornea, Iris, Conjunctiva when
the substances is appiled to EYE.
The test is carriedout on Adult Albino Rabbits.
Occular reactions are read which unaides Eye.
Readings are made 24,48,72hours at 4 and 7
days after treatment (or)as long as injury
persists.
Any preparation is called an Eye Irritant which
shows Corneal and Iris lesions which persists
even after 7days.

26. Reference:
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.thefreedictionary.com/shampoo
 dictionary.reference.com/browse/shampoo
 PP Sharma