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Post-Catastrophe Reconstruction: Case Studies
    of Japan, Chile, Haiti, and New Orleans
     ULI Fall Conference – Los Angeles 2011



               Alexandra Stroud AIA, LEED AP
                           Director,
Tulane Master of Sustainable Real Estate Development program

                   astroud1@tulane.edu
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding



• Flooding in New Orleans. When the levees protecting New Orleans
    failed in August 2005, approximately 80 percent of the city was flooded. Some
    areas received one foot of flooding while others were submerged by more than 10
    feet of water
•   link to animation




       Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding



• Flooding in New Orleans. When the levees protecting New Orleans
    failed in August 2005, approximately 80 percent of the city was flooded. Some
    areas received one foot of flooding while others were submerged by more than 10
    feet of water
•   link to animation




       Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M


                  Less than a high school degree
                            for the population 25 years and older

Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding




• Deaths. at least 1,464 Louisiana residents. The major causes of death include:
   drowning (40%), injury and trauma (25%), and heart conditions (11%). Nearly half
   of all victims were over the age of 74.




        Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding



• Displaced residents. More than a million people in the Gulf Coast
   region. Many people returned home within days, but up to 600,000 households
   were still displaced a month later.

At their peak, hurricane evacuee shelters housed 273,000 people and, later, FEMA
trailers housed at least 114,000 households.




        Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M


                  Less than a high school degree
                            for the population 25 years and older

Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding

• Population decrease.
    – April 2000 - 484,674 before Katrina (April 2000) – Orleans Parish
    – July 2006 — to an estimated 208,548 after Katrina
        (a decrease of 276,126 people and a loss of over half of the city’s population)
    – April of 2010, the population was back up to 343,829 — (71% of what it was in
      2000)

    The metro area, with 1,167,764 residents, has 89 percent of its 2000 population of
    1,316,510.


• Secondary Schools enrollment decreased to 47 percent in post K
   enrollment

        Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding



• Housing damage.
More than a million housing units in the Gulf Coast region.

About half of these damaged units were located in Louisiana.

In New Orleans alone, 134,000 housing units — 70% of all occupied units — suffered
damage from Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent flooding.




        Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M


               Less than a high school degree
                      for the population 25 years and older

Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding


• Total damages. The total damages from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita were
   $150 billion — $135 billion from Katrina and $15 billion from Rita.
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding


• Total damages. The total damages from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita were
   $150 billion — $135 billion from Katrina and $15 billion from Rita.




        Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding


• Blight and habitable vacant properties.
          Pre-Katrina in Orleans Parish                              18,388
          March 2007                                                                98,402
          March 2008                                                                77,486
          March 2009                                                                72,615
          March 2010                                                                63,995
          September 2010                                                            59,535

        *Based on USPS addresses vacant longer than 90 days – some margin for error
        based on available data post storm




         Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Master and Recovery Planning
•Bring Back New Orleans Commission – established by Mayor Nagin in
October 2005 - January 2007

Commissioned Urban Land Institute Master Plan
ULI released its final report on November 18, 2005

•The Lambert Plan - New Orleans Neighborhoods Rebuilding Plan
September 23, 2006


•Unified New Orleans Plan (UNOP) – Recovery Plan enacted by the Louisiana
Recovery Authority October 2006 - January 2007


         Plan for the 21st Century: New Orleans 2030 –
                    enacted August 12, 2010

                                    City of New Orleans and NOLA.com
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Homeowner Recovery




    Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M

Philanthropic giving.
more than double the giving for either the 2004 South Asian
Tsunami or 9/11hool degree
for the population 25 years and older




      Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Charitable and insurance funding do not close the gap
        Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M


                 Less than a high school degree
“Big Four” Public Housing
Redevelopments
                      for the population 25 years and older
3,077 occupied units prior to
the storm

Lafitte - 896 existing units
Proposed 1500 units on and
offsite

CJ Peete - 1403 existing units
Proposed - 510 units

St Bernard– 1400 existing units
Proposed - 624 units

BW Cooper - 1550 existing
units
Proposed - 660 units
           Courtesy of nola.com and Enterprise Community Partners
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M


Choice Neighborhoods
Redevelopment awarded
August 2011

Iberville
HRI Developers with McCormack
Baron Salazar
821 units, 441 occupied

913 mixed income units proposed




                       Courtesy of hano.org and nola.com
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M

  The New Orleans metro has weathered the recession relatively
       well, buffered by the “stimulus” of Katrina rebuilding
                           investments.




•Source: GNOCDC analysis of data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Second Line Stages
NEW ORLEANS
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Make it Right
NEW ORLEANS
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Columbia Parc
NEW ORLEANS
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




930 Poydras
NEW ORLEANS
M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M




Maritime Building
NEW ORLEANS
TULANE CITY CENTER
URBANb u i l d




NEW ORLEANS

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Disaster Recovery Presentation (Corinne Packard) - ULI fall meeting - 102711

  • 1. Post-Catastrophe Reconstruction: Case Studies of Japan, Chile, Haiti, and New Orleans ULI Fall Conference – Los Angeles 2011 Alexandra Stroud AIA, LEED AP Director, Tulane Master of Sustainable Real Estate Development program astroud1@tulane.edu
  • 2. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding • Flooding in New Orleans. When the levees protecting New Orleans failed in August 2005, approximately 80 percent of the city was flooded. Some areas received one foot of flooding while others were submerged by more than 10 feet of water • link to animation Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
  • 3. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding • Flooding in New Orleans. When the levees protecting New Orleans failed in August 2005, approximately 80 percent of the city was flooded. Some areas received one foot of flooding while others were submerged by more than 10 feet of water • link to animation Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
  • 4. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Less than a high school degree for the population 25 years and older Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding • Deaths. at least 1,464 Louisiana residents. The major causes of death include: drowning (40%), injury and trauma (25%), and heart conditions (11%). Nearly half of all victims were over the age of 74. Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
  • 5. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding • Displaced residents. More than a million people in the Gulf Coast region. Many people returned home within days, but up to 600,000 households were still displaced a month later. At their peak, hurricane evacuee shelters housed 273,000 people and, later, FEMA trailers housed at least 114,000 households. Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
  • 6. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Less than a high school degree for the population 25 years and older Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding • Population decrease. – April 2000 - 484,674 before Katrina (April 2000) – Orleans Parish – July 2006 — to an estimated 208,548 after Katrina (a decrease of 276,126 people and a loss of over half of the city’s population) – April of 2010, the population was back up to 343,829 — (71% of what it was in 2000) The metro area, with 1,167,764 residents, has 89 percent of its 2000 population of 1,316,510. • Secondary Schools enrollment decreased to 47 percent in post K enrollment Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
  • 7. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding • Housing damage. More than a million housing units in the Gulf Coast region. About half of these damaged units were located in Louisiana. In New Orleans alone, 134,000 housing units — 70% of all occupied units — suffered damage from Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent flooding. Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
  • 8. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Less than a high school degree for the population 25 years and older Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding • Total damages. The total damages from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita were $150 billion — $135 billion from Katrina and $15 billion from Rita.
  • 9. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding • Total damages. The total damages from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita were $150 billion — $135 billion from Katrina and $15 billion from Rita. Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
  • 10. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Statistics from Katrina and the related flooding • Blight and habitable vacant properties. Pre-Katrina in Orleans Parish 18,388 March 2007 98,402 March 2008 77,486 March 2009 72,615 March 2010 63,995 September 2010 59,535 *Based on USPS addresses vacant longer than 90 days – some margin for error based on available data post storm Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
  • 11. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Master and Recovery Planning •Bring Back New Orleans Commission – established by Mayor Nagin in October 2005 - January 2007 Commissioned Urban Land Institute Master Plan ULI released its final report on November 18, 2005 •The Lambert Plan - New Orleans Neighborhoods Rebuilding Plan September 23, 2006 •Unified New Orleans Plan (UNOP) – Recovery Plan enacted by the Louisiana Recovery Authority October 2006 - January 2007 Plan for the 21st Century: New Orleans 2030 – enacted August 12, 2010 City of New Orleans and NOLA.com
  • 12. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Homeowner Recovery Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
  • 13. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
  • 14. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Philanthropic giving. more than double the giving for either the 2004 South Asian Tsunami or 9/11hool degree for the population 25 years and older Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
  • 15. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Charitable and insurance funding do not close the gap Courtesy of the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center
  • 16. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Less than a high school degree “Big Four” Public Housing Redevelopments for the population 25 years and older 3,077 occupied units prior to the storm Lafitte - 896 existing units Proposed 1500 units on and offsite CJ Peete - 1403 existing units Proposed - 510 units St Bernard– 1400 existing units Proposed - 624 units BW Cooper - 1550 existing units Proposed - 660 units Courtesy of nola.com and Enterprise Community Partners
  • 17. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Choice Neighborhoods Redevelopment awarded August 2011 Iberville HRI Developers with McCormack Baron Salazar 821 units, 441 occupied 913 mixed income units proposed Courtesy of hano.org and nola.com
  • 18. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M The New Orleans metro has weathered the recession relatively well, buffered by the “stimulus” of Katrina rebuilding investments. •Source: GNOCDC analysis of data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
  • 19. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Second Line Stages NEW ORLEANS
  • 20. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Make it Right NEW ORLEANS
  • 21. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Columbia Parc NEW ORLEANS
  • 22. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M 930 Poydras NEW ORLEANS
  • 23. M A S T E R O F S U S TA I N A B L E R E A L E S TAT E D E V E L O P M E N T P R O G R A M Maritime Building NEW ORLEANS
  • 25. URBANb u i l d NEW ORLEANS

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  2. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  3. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  4. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  5. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  6. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  7. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  8. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  9. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  10. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  11. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  12. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  13. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  14. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  15. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).
  16. Educational attainment is an important determinant of household incomes, workforce skills, and regional resiliency [1]. The proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined across all three of the largest parishes, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2010. In the city of New Orleans, the share of adults with less than a high school degree fell from 25 percent to 16 percent, nearly as low as the United States average.[1] Paul M. Romer, "Economic Growth," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html; Paul R. Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectation: U.S. economic policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990); and Robert Atkinson and Howard Wial, "Boosting Productivity, Innovation, and Growth through a National Innovation Foundation" (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2008).