4. What is child Labour..??
Child labour hurts and exploits kids. Child
labor is...
Work done by kids full-time under the age
of 15.
Work that prevents kids from attending
school, such as unlimited or unrestricted
domestic work.
Work that is dangerous for kids and that is
hazardous to their physical, mental or
emotional health.
5. Factors Affecting Child Labour
Poverty
Over population
Parental Illiteracy
Urbanization
Un employments of elders
Orphans
These are some the fact which cause child labour.
6. Types of Child Labour
Categorized by Workplace :
a. Hotels
b. Restaurants
c. Tourism
d. Streets
e. Industries
7. nearly every Agriculture
industry : An estimated 60% of
child labour occurs in
agriculture, fishing,
hunting, and forestry.
Children in commercial
agriculture can face long
hours in extreme
temperatures, health risks
from pesticides, little or
no pay, and inadequate
food, water, and
sanitation.
8. About 14 million children are
Manufacturing estimated to be directly involved
in manufacturing goods, including:
Carpets from India, Pakistan,
Egypt
Clothing sewn in
Bangladesh; footwear made in
India and the Philippines
Soccer balls sewn in Pakistan
Glass and bricks made in India
Fireworks made in China, the
Dominican Republic, El Salvador,
Guatemala, India, and Peru
Surgical instruments made in
Pakistan
9. Many children, especially
girls, work in domestic
service, sometimes
starting as young as 5 or
6. This type of child labor
is linked to child
trafficking. Domestic
child laborers can be
victims of physical,
emotional, and
sometimes sexual abuse.
10. Hotels, Restaurants, and Retail
Some of the work of young people
in this sector is
considered legitimate, but there
are indications of
considerable abuse. Low pay is the
norm, and in some
tourist areas, children’s work in
hotels and restaurants
is linked to prostitution. In at least
one example, child
hotel workers received such low
pay that they had to
take out loans from their
employers; the terms of the
interest and repayment often led
to debt bondage.
11. “Unconditional Worst Millions of children are
Forms” of Child Labour involved in work that, under
any circumstance, is
considered unacceptable for
children, including the sale
and trafficking of children
into debt bondage, serfdom,
and forced labor. It includes
the forced recruitment of
children for armed conflict,
commercial sexual
exploitation, and illicit
activities, such as producing
and trafficking drugs.
12. Where does most
child labor occur?
Of an estimated
215 child laborers
around the globe:
approximately 114
million (53%) are
in Asia and the
Pacific; 14 million
(7%) live in Latin
America; and 65
million (30%) live
in sub-Saharan
Africa.
13. Health Issues
Factors that may increase the health, safety, and
developmental risk factors for children include:
Rapid skeletal growth
Development of organs and tissues
Greater risk of hearing loss
Developing ability to assess risks
Greater need for food and rest
Higher chemical absorption rates
Smaller size
Lower heat tolerance
14. Psychosocial Effects of Child Labor
Long hours of work on a regular basis can harm
children’s social and educational development.
U.S. adolescents who work more than 20 hours
per week have reported more problem behaviors
(e.g., aggression, misconduct, substance use), and
sleep deprivation and related problems (falling
asleep in school). They are more likely to drop out
of school and complete fewer months of higher
education.
The unconditional worst forms of child labor
(e.g., slavery, soldiering, prostitution, drug
trafficking) may have traumatic effects, including
longer term health and socioeconomic effects.
15. Global Economy
The many factors that lead to child labor occur on a global scale. Although
countries may agree on the importance of labor standards, in practice, many
obstacles to the enforcement of child labor standards remain. These obstacles
include global competition, free trade rules, and the structural adjustment
policies attached to international development loans.
Global Competition Free Trade Rules
As multinational corporations expand across Most child labor occurs because children and
borders, countries often compete with each families are poor and lack options for
other for jobs, investment, and industry. education or income. Many factors affect
International competition sometimes slows poverty, but international agencies are
child labor reforms by encouraging increasingly paying attention to trade policy
corporations and governments to seek low as a key factor. The 2003 UN Human
labor costs by resisting enforceable Development Report, for example, identifies
international standards and repressing trade “unfair trade rules” as one of four key
union activism. obstacles to economic progress in poor
Many labor unions and other organizations countries.
are concerned that this global “race to the Many poor countries rely heavily on exports
bottom” increases poverty while lowering of primary commodities, which have suffered
labor standards. Since the 1980’s, incomes of from declining prices as global competition
the richest 20% of the population in nearly has increased and markets have tightly
every nation have grown, while incomes of concentrated with a few firms dominating key
the middle and lower classes have stagnated sectors. For example: world coffee prices hit
or declined. 100-year lows in 2002-2003. These extremely
low prices depressed economies in parts of
Central America and Africa that depend on
coffee exports, and child labor in some
regions reportedly increased
16. Debt and Structural Adjustment
Poor countries often face staggering interest payments on development
loans from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. These
loans often require the countries to follow the policies of structural
adjustment programs: deregulation, opening trade and financial markets to
global competition, weakening labor laws or enforcement, privatizing
government jobs, and cutting government spending on public health
programs and education.
Such structural adjustment policies can intensify the conditions, such as
poverty and inadequate education funding, that lead to child labor. Debt is
one factor, in addition to war and disease, that may lower school
attendance in Sub-Saharan Africa (where 48 million children under 14
work). For example, Malawi spends 40% of its GDP to repay foreign
creditors, while only 15% of GDP is spent on healthcare and education
combined. In the 1990’s, the number of children entering primary schools
declined in 17 African countries.
17. International Trade Issues
U.S. citizens are linked to the international problem of child labor in
part through our trade relationships with other countries. It is well-
documented that some of the mined, manufactured, and agricultural
goods produced for export to the United States involve the use of
child laborers or forced labor. In 2010, the U.S. Department of Labor
issued a report entitled List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or
Forced Labor which lists 128 products from 70 countries that have
been documented to involved the use of child labor or forced labor.
A few examples of goods or commodities imported to the U.S. that
have been linked to child labor in recent years include:
Cut flowers from Colombia
Coffee from Guatemala, Kenya, and other countries
Vanilla from Madagascar
Shrimp from Thailand
Cashews from India
Bananas from Ecuador
18. Where do labor standards fit into international trade?
Terms of international trade are increasingly negotiated
through international trade institutions such as the World
Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO emerged out of
multinational negotiations held from 1986-1994, and has
since continued to negotiate rules covering trade in goods,
services, agriculture, and intellectual property. As of 2003,
the WTO includes appointees from 146 countries who
negotiate and enforce agreements with the stated aim of
helping “trade flow as freely as possible” and eliminating
measures that “restrict the free market.”
WTO rules currently do not include provisions on labor
standards or child labor, and at present there are no plans
to consider labor standards in WTO negotiations. At its
1996 Ministerial meeting, WTO members passed a
resolution stating that “the ILO should remain the
supranational agency charged with developing and
monitoring core labor standards.”
19. Ending Child
Labour Unions and grassroots groups are increasingly
recognizing direct connections between worker
rights and the fight against child labor. Recognizing
child labor as a violation of children's and workers'
rights, trade unions are joining with families and
community organizations to combat child labor, to
move children out of work and into school, and to
support core labor standards. Historically and in
today’s global economy:
strong unions are an important protection against
child labor
when parents are able to improve conditions
through effective unions, children are much less
likely to have to work
active struggles against child labor tend to
strengthen unions and workers’ rights in general
Many workers and unions in the U.S. and other
countries are supporting efforts to end child labor by
forging alliances with unions in other countries.
These alliances work to achieve enforceable global
labor standards, such as ILO Convention 182, and
hold transnational companies accountable for labor
practices.
