1. Elements of EU law
Broadening and deepening
European integration: the road
toward the Lisbon Treaty
2. From the ECSC to the EEC
Need to overcome the intergovernmental
cooperation approach of other organizations
(OECD, OEEC, NATO)
Determination to test more innovative forms of
cooperation
May 1950 – Schuman Declaration – ECSC 1951
(validity 50 years): communitarian method
1957 – treaties of Rome establishing the EEC and
the EAEC - Euratom
Creation of a common market, without internal borders for
the circulation of goods, services, persons and capital, the
establishment of a customs union and common economic
policies.
3. The ‘settling-down’ period
1965 - Further integration through the Merger
Treaty – ECSC, EEC and Euratom sharing the
Council and the Commission + budgetary unity
1968 – establishment of the Customs Union:
Elimination of customs duties and restrictions among
members
Introduction of a common customs tariff applicable to third
country goods (the Common commercial policy as the
external dimension of the customs union)
April 1970 – the Communities are assigned own
resources to cover all expenditures. Independent
system of financing (agricultural levies and customs
duties) – 1975, the Court of Auditors to check the
correct implementation of the budget.
4. Broadening integration:
enlargement waves…
1973 – accession of Denmark, UK, Ireland:
Norway signed but did not ratify
1979-86: Greece, Spain, Portugal.
1995 – Austria, Finland, Sweden
2004 – Cyprus, Check
Rep., Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Ma
lta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia.
2007 – Romania, Bulgaria.
5. Future expansion
Aceeding country: Croatia (July 2013)
Candidate countries:
FYR Macedonia
Iceland
Montenegro
Serbia
Turkey
Potential candidates
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kosovo*
6. Deepening the integration: 1986 –
the Single European Act
Establishes 31 dec. 1992 as the deadline for the achievement of
the single internal market = “area without internal frontiers in
which the free movement of goods, services, persons and capital
is ensured”.
Community competence is broadened (environment, social and
regional policies, research and tech. dev.)
Institutional recognition of the European Council (arising from a
de facto praxis during the „70s consisting of periodical political
summits);
Broader application of the principle of qualified majority vote
within the Council of Ministers;
Increased powers for the European Parliament in the process of
the adoption of internal market regulation (assent procedure and
cooperation procedure)
Instauration of a first jurisdictional instance shouldering the ECJ
(CFI).
7. Deepening the integration: the
challenges ahead
By 1993 - achievement of the Single European Market =
abolishment of all routine checks at internal borders and of
customs formalities. However realization of a free movement of
persons, was far from being reached (The Schengen
Agreements of 1986 and 1990 were still facing many difficulties).
1992 – Maastricht Treaty: 2 issues
further economic integration - provisions for the achievement of
an Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) by 1999
strengthening political relations for the realization of a political
union.
TEU and ECT
Subsidiarity principle as a general rule for communitarian action
in areas that are not within its exclusive powers the Community
shall only take action where objectives can best be attained by
action at Community rather than at national level
8. Deepening the integration: the
reform treaties
1997 – the treaty of Amsterdam
Communitarization of asylum (govrn call person can‟t not come back home
country) policies, and competence on social policy (formerly a protocol)
Simplification and broader use of co-decision
“Closer cooperation”
2001 – treaty of Nice
Issues of institutional reform (size and composition of the Commission;
weighting the votes within the Council) and adaptation for enlargement
Procedure for “enhanced cooperation”
Stronger role to the CFI
Broader use of co-decision procedure
Charter of Fundamental rights annexed to the treaty.
29 oct. 2004 – The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was
signed but failed ratification by States.
13 dec. 2007 - Lisbon Treaty was signed - All member States have
ratified it and entered into force on 1 dec. 2009
10. Preliminary issues
Lisbon treaty – a treaty within the definition given by
IL – unanimity(all agree same thing) for the
modification of the treaty; right to recession
The EU is not a State
Principles on State responsibility apply to EU law
(responsibility for the acts committed by organs)
EU secondary law stems from treaty law – States
have agreed to be bound by it
Peculiar (unique)mechanisms of judicial
review, supervision and implementation – engender
effectiveness
An IO or something else?
11. Two Treaty texts having the
same rank:
The Treaty on the European Union
Mission and values
Democratic principles – contribution of national parliaments
Provisions for a neighborhood policy
Composition and functions of the institutions
Provisions on external action – CFSP, CSDP
Procedure for the amendment of the Treaties
Provides for legal personality of the Union
Provisions for asymmetric integration
The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
Competences of the Union (artt. 3, 4, 5)
Procedures to be used in each policy field
No more distinction among pillars, but:
Protocol on the position of UK and Ireland in respect of the area of
freedom, security and justice
Protocol on the application of the Charter of Fundamental rights to Poland
and the UK.