Open source jura CBS (03 11-2010)

Open Source jura

Advokat Martin von Haller Grønbæk
Partner, Bender von Haller Dragsted

CBS - 14-03-2011

2

mandag den 4. april 2011

– Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted
– Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)
– Editorial board IFOSSLR
– Co-founder, Creative Commons DK
– Co-founder, Danish Internet Society Chapter
– Legal advisor to Umbraco and Composite
– Experience with GPL enforvement in Denmark

2


Martin von Haller Grønbæk

– http://www.bvhd.dk
– http://www.openlife.dk
– http://www.vonhaller.dk
– http://www.linkedin.com/in/vonhaller
– http://www.23hq.com/mhg
– http://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller
– http://www.facebook.com/vonhaller

– mhg@bvhd.dk
– martin@groenbaek.net
– groenbaek@gmail.com

3

Martin von Haller Grønbæk

–Legal500: “At IT boutique
Bender von Haller Dragsted,
Martin von Haller Grønbæk is
the Danish expert on open
source and emerging issues
around Web 2.0 and internet
law.”

4

Agenda
• Historien bag FLOSS
• Varemærker og OSS
• Ophavsret og OSS
• Patenter og OSS
• OSS Licenser
• Copykeft
• Business models
• Cases

3


http://vodpod.com/watch/
46377-revolution-os-1hr-25-
mins
7


Free Software
• Hacker culture
• Richard Stallman
• Free Software Foundation
• Software should be free
• GNU “GNU is not Unix”
• BSD and ATT

8


Linus, Tux and Linux

Linux and Open source
• Linus Torvalds
– Linux released under the GPL v2
• Eric Raymonds
– Cathedral and the Bazaar
• Bruce Perens
– Open Source Initiative

10


Bruce Perens


• 2002
OSS and Microsoft
– Steve Balmer: “Copyright cancer”, “communism”
• 2004
– SCO, Patent threaths, “Beware of infectious GPL”
• 2006
– Umbraco
• 2008
– Peaceful co-existence, Novell deal
• 2009
– Contributions to Linux
• 2010
– Composite
• 2013
– Winux?
13


Communisme ?


Communism ?

Cancer?

• 1998
OSS Business
– Netscape
• 1999
– Cygnus
• 2000
– VA Linux, RedHat
• 2005
– IBM, SUN
• 2006
– Purple Scout, Redpill Linpro
• 2008
– MySQL sold to SUN (2009: to Oracle) Symbian
• 2010
– (almost) All Fortune500 companies use OSS
17


Begreber
• Free software
• Open source software
• Copyleft
• Free Software Foundation
• Open Source Initiative
• Free Libre Open Source
Software

18


Free vs. Open

FLOSS


Free Software ideologi
• “All software should be free”
• Du får fire friheder
• Du skal sikre disse friheder for
andre
• Når du videredistribuere fri
software, sikre software disse
friheder til næste led

21


“Free not as in free
beer but as in
freedom”

Open source
initiative


Open Source principerne
• Ret til at distribuere
• Adgang til kildekolde
• Ret til af lave afledede værker
• Opretholdelse af kodens “integritet”
• 5-10: Ikke-diskrimination
– Kommerciel anvendelse
– Ikke begrænsninger i andre aftaler
– Ingen geografiske begrænsninger
– Patenter
24


Overhold principperne!
Ellers lad være med at
kalde det OSS


Giv æren
til den,
som den
tilkommer

Ophavsret
● The programmer or the producer owns the
software
● Property rights are limited
● Copyright is limited in time
● The user is a user not an owner
● The license is an agreement not a law
● The license grants positively defined user
rights.
● All residual rights belongs to the licensor
● Without copyright no licenses


Open source
og
varemærker

Open source
og patenter


Patents
• “A set of exclusive rights granted by a state to
an inventor or his assignee for a limited period
of time in exchange for a disclosure of an
invention”
• FSF: “a patent on any performance of a
computer realised by means of a computer
program"
• Licensor shall not restrict use by patents
(downstream)
• OSS licensee shall not claim patents against
licensor or sublicensee (upstream and
downstream)
30


Patent trolls

Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2
– MIT License
– New BSD license
• Copyleft, reciprocal or hereditary licences
– Weak copyleft
• Artistic license v1
• Eclipse Public License
• Mozilla Public License v.1.1
– Strong copyleft
• GNU GPL v1-3
• GNU LGPL v1-3 32


Copyleft - the basics
• You don’t have to redistribute or distribute
• (Exception: “written offer valid for any
third party” in GPL, v. 2)
• Comply or cease use, or call back
distribution
• Make combined program, including
modifications and otherwise closed code
available under GPL (or compatible licens)

33


GPL


Derivative work
• A work based on one or more pre-
existing works
• Improvement, translation, correction
• Not collective work
• Modifications are copyrighted
themselves
• Very few court cases
• GPL: Combinations

36


Combination
• Combination of code into a whole
• NB: All combinations are permitted and
“private” combinations have no restrictions
• Mechanism of communication
• Semantics of the communication
• Output not covered
• (Exc: GPL program copies text into output)
• Output of language interpreter
• (Exc: “bindings” interpreter to program)
• Library is under GPL, program is not
• Program is under GPL, module is not
37


Combination cont.
• CMS Templates
– Exc: Javascript calls
• Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) DLLs
• Plug-ins under a GPL program
– dynamically linked plug-ins
– fork and exec to invoke plug-ins
• System library exception
• Aggregate work is not combined work
• Linking exception
• LGPL allows linking to closed applications
– Java archive files
38


Distribution
• GPL v2: Distribution
• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance
• In soft- and hardware
• ASP loophole og network exception
• Affero Public License
• Contractors on/off-site
• Outsourcing
• Mergers and Acquisitions
• Let recipient download the GPL’ed code

39


Escapes
• Make deal with licensor
• Replace code
• Work around
• GPL v3, sec. 8
– Termination notice
• NDA: Developer can agree not to
release changes at all
• NDA: Developer can agree only to
release changes to customer

40


Enforcement
• The GPL is enforceable!
– Germany 2004: Netfilter/Iptables;
2006: D-Link
– US 2007: BusyBox; 2008: Jacobsen
vs. Katzer
– SCO
• Copyright holder
• Injunction
• GPL-VIOLATIONS.ORG

41


Damages
• Compensation under copyright
• No penal damages or stipulated
damages
• Economic loss suffered by licensor
• Rule of thumb: 2 x license fee
• Legal fees

42


Tivo
• Anti-Tivoization
– Hardware restrictions
– Cryptography
– Tivo, OLPC
– GPLv3 (not business distribution)

43


Business models
• Dual licensing
– Warranties
– Copyleft exemptions
• Services
– Warranties
– Support and maintenance
– Consultancy
– Accesories
• Marketing and distribution
• Hardware sales
44


The Mindstorm story


LEGO goes open source
1 May 2006. LEGO press release

Hackers, Get Ready! LEGO Group
Announces Open Source Firmware,
Developer Kits for LEGO®
MINDSTORMS® NXT

Consumer-directed robotics experience
creation to enter “NXT” phase with open
firmware, Software, Hardware and
Bluetooth Developer Kits to launch in
August


Background
● Mindstorms robots launched in 1998
● The best-selling LEGO product ever
● Huge Mindstorm community
● LEGO was and is not a software
company
● Only minor upgrades to the firmware
● Several parallel Mindstorms OS’s


Challenges
● LEGO was not comfortable with
“openness”
● LEGO has been and is extremely reliant
on strong IPRs
● ”You don't give away IPRs for free”
● Turbulent period for LEGO in general
● Third party software included


Solution
● Embrace User driven innovation
● Open source as the enabler
● Third party permission for
redistribution under an OS license
● Choice of license
− ”Genuine” open source licence
− Permissive (Academic) or Copyleft
(reciprocal license)


The OS license choice
● Mozilla Public license v. 1.1
● Weak copyleft
● Modification is limited altering
the files
● “I did not understand GPL v.2”
● LEGO was only concerned with
modifications of the actual files

50


The “beauty” of the solution!
• Huge press coverage and goodwill
• Large number of downloads of
code
• Much more “intelligence” in the
bricks
• Convincing strategy towards
competitors
• Option to “close” the code again
• Many more bricks sold!

51


Dual
licensing


CASE: MySQL
Dual-licensing
• The software company perspective
• The same code is licensed under two
different licences:
– MySQL Community Server: GPL v.
2 with FOSS exception
– MySQL Enterprise: Commercial
license

53


Owner's prerogative
● The owner can decide to release under
any and as many terms she likes
● Dual licensing is only possible for
owner's own modfications
● Or assigned modifications
● Control is necessary to mitigate liability
● ”Closing in” the code again


Copyright and control
• MySQL has exclusive copyright
to the code
• MySQL controls and certifies the
code
• The GPL does not give any
rights to use MySQLs
trademarks

55


Why pay?

• Certification of the code
• Warranties
• Maintenance and support
• Copyleft exemption

56


Still not convinced?

• MySQL AB was in 2008 bought
by Sun Microsystem, Inc. for
approximately USD $1 billion in
total consideration

57


CASE: NITA
• Danish National IT and Telecom
Agency
• eFaktura (eInvoice)
• Electronic invoices to, from and
between public agencies
• Core service: UDDI registry for
webservice to identify senders
and receivers

58


Challenges
• Two applications provided by
NITA to user (e.g. ERP
vendors)
• API between users’ ERPs and
UDDI WS
• Reference implementation
integrating API with ERP
• NITA wanted to release the
application under an OS
license

59


Goals
• Satisfying the politicians
• Wide adoption of UDDI
• Community based
improvement of the API
• Many vendors should
integrate API into their ERP

60


Solutions
• API
– Copyleft
– Mozilla public license v. 1.1
(maybe EUPL v. 1.1)
• Reference implementation
– Permissive licence
– FreeBSD license

61


Thanks for listening!
Also available at
http://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller/


Creative Commons
- some rights reserved
Advokat Martin von Haller Grønbæk
Partner, Bender von Haller Dragsted

CBS - 14-03-2011


Agenda
Behovet for CC Varme emner

Forholdet til CC International
ophavsret
CC og biblioteker
CC licenserne
Support Free
Eksempler på Culture and Open
anvendelse Content!


Personalia
IT-Lawyer, partner at Bender von Haller Dragsted

Advises a.o on open source and content licensing

Co-founder of Forening for Dansk Internet Handel
(FDIH), Open Source Leverandør Foreningen (OSL),
Danish Chapter of Internet Society (ISOC DK), DK-
Hostsmaster A/S and ... Creative Commons DK

Board member of several SME IT companies

Member of the Danish IT-security committee

Openness fanatic!

“in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed is king”


Digital indhold
Formand for bestyrelsen i Saxo.com

Danmarks største Internet boghandel

Fremtidens platform for digitalt indhold

for produktion

markedsføring og salg

distribution

Deling!


– http://www.bvhd.dk
– http://openlife.dk
– http://www.vonhaller.dk
– http://www.linkedin.com/in/vonhaller
– http://www.23hq.com/mhg
– http://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller
– http://www.facebook.com/vonhaller

– mhg@bvhd.dk
– martin@groenbaek.net
– groenbaek@gmail.com


#1
Åbent indhold

#1
Free Culture

Mennesker
kommunikerer!

EMRK art 10, Stk. 1.
Enhver har ret til ytringsfrihed. Denne ret omfatter
meningsfrihed og frihed til at modtage eller meddele
oplysninger eller tanker, uden indblanding fra offentlig
myndighed og uden hensyn til landegrænser. Denne artikel
forhindrer ikke stater i at kræve, at radio-, fjernsyns- eller
ﬁlmforetagender kun må drives i henhold til bevilling.


Envejs
kommunikation


Censur


Propaganda


Forbruger
af
informationer


(Relativ) passiv
modtager


Ny teknologi
ændrer verdenen

Det store gennembrud

Demokratisering af
adgang til at modtage og
afgive information

ReadWrite web


Post dotcom


Web 2.0

“Participatory culture”


ReMix


MashUps


eFolklore


Kulturelt
og kreativt
overskud


Innovation og økonomi


Demokrati


Ophavsret er nødvendig
og rigtig


Men
ophavsret
en er en
del af den
sociale
kontrakt


Ophavsret skal fremme
innovation og vækst


Er der behov for
beskyttelse?


Tanker behøver som
udgangspunkt ingen
beskyttelse


Manifestationen er
sårbar


Give incitament
til at skabe


Regulering af økonomi


Er der et markedsvigt?


Ikke redistribution


Kaldor-Hicks


Marginal samfundsnytte
ved øget regulering


Ikke forhindre
innovation


Ikke
beskytte
særinter
esser

Ikke
kriminalisere
en hel
generation


Der ﬁndes ikke et 11.
bud

Menneskeret står over
ophavsret

Ophavsretten skal
genﬁnde sin balance


Lobbyisterne ejer
lovgivningsprocessen


Balancen må
genﬁndes gennem
markedet for
indhold


Fleksibitet
Transperans
Tilgængelighed


Fair licenser!


Licenses
Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives (by-
nc-nd)

Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike (by-nc-
sa)

Attribution Non-commercial (by-nc)

Attribution No Derivatives (by-nd

Attribution Share Alike (by-sa)

Attribution (by)


All licenses

You always retain your copyright

Applies worldwide

Lasts for the duration of the work’s
copyright

Is not revocable


All licenses allows
To copy the work

To distribute it

To display or perform it publicly

To make digital public performances of
it (e.g., webcasting)

To shift the work into another format
as a verbatim copy


All licenses requires
To get your permission to do any of the things
you choose to restrict

To keep any copyright notice intact on all copies
of your work

To link to your license from copies of the work

Not to alter the terms of the license

Not to use technology to restrict other
licensees’ lawful uses of the work as a verbatim
copy


Licenses are expressed
Commons Deed. A plain-language summary of
the license, complete with the relevant icons.

Legal Code. The ﬁne print that you need to
be sure the license will stand up in court.

Digital Code. A machine-readable translation
of the license that helps search engines and
other applications identify your work by its
terms of use.


Choose a license


Search for CC materials


CC international


http://creativecommons.org/projects/ccplus


+
COMPANY
COMMERCIAL LICENSE

What works?

All digital content

Music

Audio

Text

Photos

...and “physical” ie. paperbased works too


Biq questions

What does “Commercial”
mean?
What about data and
databases?
What is a “derivative work”?


Open learning and open educational
resources

Based on CC licenses

Projects

ODEPO Project.

OE Community Site.

Educator's Licensing Portal


“re-useful”

Opening and marking research and data for legal reuse —
Scholar's Copyright Project

“one-click”

Facilitating the transfer of physical materials for verifying and
extending research — Biological Materials Transfer Project

“de-fragmentation”

Integrating/connecting research, data, materials and services
from disparate sources, for permission-free access —
NeuroCommons and Health Commons


I choose

Edward O. Wilson

Photo by Jim Harrison, Feb. 2003

Lead the next scientific revolution.
Submit your best work to PLoS Biology. www.plos.org


Collecting societies
Exclusive rights
Efﬁcient enforcement
KODA agreement

NC licences are allowed

No compensation


Public domain

Works not covered by copyright

Moral rights

International challenges

CC0 - all rights waiver


Helt konkret:
Staten skal frigive
indhold under CC!


<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.5/
dk/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://
i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nd/2.5/dk/88x31.png" /></a><br /><span
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" property="dc:title">CC
presentation at Forskernet</span> by <a xmlns:cc="http:/ /
creativecommons.org/ns#" href="http:/ /openlife.dk"

Also available at
http://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller/


Thanks for the
attention!

mhg@bvhd.dk
martin@groenbaek.net
http://www.bvhd.dk
http://openlife.dk


Open source jura CBS (03 11-2010)

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