1. Biology 248 Anatomy & Physiology II Chapter 19 Vicki Maroon National Institute of Technology

16. Hyaline cartilage Ciliated epithelium Smooth muscle Lumen of trachea Connective tissue Connective tissue Hyaline cartilage Ciliated epithelium Lumen of trachea Smooth muscle Thyroid gland Incision Trachea Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Jugular notch

20. Intralobular bronchiole Blood flow Alveolus Smooth muscle Alveoli Blood flow Blood flow Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Pulmonary arteriole Pulmonary venule Capillary network on surface of alveolus Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Capillary Alveolus Simple squamous epithelial cells

24. Blood vessel Capillary Alveolus Bronchiole Alveolus

28. Review:

33. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) External intercostal muscles pull ribs up and out Diaphragm contracts Sternum moves Up and out Sternocleidomastoid elevates sternum Pectoralis minor elevates ribs Diaphragm contracts more Inspiration

36. Expiration Diaphragm Diaphragm (a) (b) Abdominal organs recoil and press diaphragm upward Posterior internal intercostal muscles pull ribs down and inward Abdominal organs force diaphragm higher Abdominal wall muscles contract and compress abdominal organs

42. Know this table!

50. Respiratory muscles Forceful breathing Nerve impulses Nerve impulses Pontine respiratory group Ventral respiratory group Dorsal respiratory group Medullary respiratory center Respiratory areas Basic rhythm of breathing Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

59. Alveoli

62. Capillary lumen Alveolus Macrophage Capillary Alveolus Red blood cell Diffusion of CO 2 Diffusion of O 2 Capillary endothelium Interstitial space Alveolar epithelium Type I (squamous epithelial) cell of alveolar wall Type II (surfactant- secreting) cell Fluid with surfactant Respiratory membrane Cell of capillary wall Alveolar fluid (with surfactant) Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium Basement membrane of capillary endothelium Respiratory membrane

64. AS AS BM IS RBC EP

65. Alveolus Diffusion of CO 2 Diffusion of O 2 Capillary Alveolar wall Blood flow (from body tissues) Blood flow (to body tissues) P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg P O 2 = 40 mm Hg P O 2 = 104 mm Hg P O 2 = 104 mm Hg P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg

71. Alveolus Capillary 2 2 2 (a) (b) Blood flow (from body tissues) Alveolar wall Oxygen molecules Hemoglobin molecules Diffusion of oxygen Oxyhemoglobin molecule Hemoglobin molecules Diffusion of oxygen Blood flow (to lungs) Blood P O = 40 mm Hg Blood P O = 95 mm Hg Tissue cells Tissue P O = 40 mm Hg

72. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Oxyhemoglobin dissociation at 38°C % saturation of hemoglobin 10 0 40 50 60 70 90 80 100 1 10 120 130 140 20 30 P O 2 (mm Hg)

78. Tissue cell Cellular CO 2 Plasma Red blood cell Capillary wall Blood flow to systemic venule Tissue P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg CO 2 dissolved in plasma P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg Blood flow from systemic arteriole CO 2 combined with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin H 2 CO 3 H + combines with hemoglobin P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg HCO 3 - + H + CO 2 + H 2 O HCO 3 -

79. HCO 3 - Red blood cell HCO 3 - Cl - Cl - Cl - HCO 3 - Plasma Capillary wall

80. CO 2 CO 2 Alveolus Alveolar wall Capillary wall CO 2 HCO 3 - Carbaminohemoglobin Plasma Red blood cell P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg CO 2 CO 2 dissolved in plasma Blood flow from pulmonary arteriole HCO 3 - + H + H 2 CO 3 H + released from hemoglobin Blood flow to pulmonary venule P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg + H 2 O CO 2 + hemoglobin