1. WEST AFRICA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
PROGRAMME (WAAPP-NIGERIA)
REPORT OF A BASELINE STUDY ON STATUS OF USE,
REGISTRATION AND REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA
BY
WEST AFRICA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY PROGRAMME (WAAPP-NIGERIA)
Consultants:
Professor A. M. Emechebe (National Consultant)
Professor F. Ekeleme (Zonal Consultant)
Dr. S. R. Yusuf (Zonal Consultant)
Dr. C. Isanbor (Zonal Consultant)
OCTOBER, 2013
2. CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................... 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 6
1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1
1.2
PREAMBLE ............................................................................................................................................ 8
PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES AND TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE STUDIES ............................................................ 9
2
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY OF STUDIES .............................................................................................. 10
3
STATUS OF USE OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA ................................................................................................... 11
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
FARMERS’ PRACTICES AND KNOWLEDGE .................................................................................................... 11
PROCUREMENT AND FIELD APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES BY FARMERS ............................................................... 11
TYPES OF CROPS GROWN BY FARMERS ...................................................................................................... 14
TYPES OF PESTS AND DISEASES AGAINST WHICH FARMERS APPLY PESTICIDES ..................................................... 14
TYPES OF PESTICIDES USED BY FARMERS .................................................................................................... 17
FARMERS’ PRACTICES IN THE USE AND HANDLING OF PESTICIDES .................................................................... 21
3.6.1
Reading of manufacturers’ labels on pesticide containers prior to use of pesticides .............. 21
3.6.2
Wearing personal protective clothing during handling and use of pesticides ......................... 21
3.6.3
Observing pre-harvest waiting period ...................................................................................... 21
3.6.4
Waiting for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed fields ................................................... 22
3.6.5
Proper Storage of Pesticides .................................................................................................... 23
3.6.6
Disposal of empty/used pesticides containers and packages .................................................. 23
3.6.7
Awareness of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control........................................... 23
3.6.8
Use of pesticides to protect stored primary farm produce....................................................... 28
3.6.9
Remedies taken to minimize adverse effects/damage due to pesticides applied to stored
produce or to crops, or due to exposure of applicators to pesticides ..................................................... 28
3.7
TRAINING GIVEN TO FARMERS ON SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF PESTICIDES ....................................................... 28
3.8
USE OF PESTICIDES TO CONTROL MAJOR PEST OUTBREAKS BY DIVISION OF PEST CONTROL SERVICES OF THE FEDERAL
DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK AND PEST CONTROL, FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ............. 32
3.9
CONSULTANTS’ COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................ 33
3.9.1
Comments: ............................................................................................................................... 33
3.9.2
Recommendations: .................................................................................................................. 34
4
ROLE OF PESTICIDE MARKETERS IN PESTICIDE USE IN NIGERIA .................................................................... 35
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
TYPES OF MARKETERS............................................................................................................................ 35
SUPPLIERS OF PESTICIDES SOLD BY MARKETERS: .......................................................................................... 35
STORAGE OF PESTICIDES BY MARKETERS .................................................................................................... 35
CLASSES OF PESTICIDE MARKETERS ........................................................................................................... 35
TYPES OF PESTICIDES SOLD BY MARKETERS ................................................................................................. 35
PACKAGING OF PESTICIDES IN DIFFERENT SIZES TO MEET PURCHASING POWERS OF VARIOUS CLASSES OF FARMERS ... 35
LABELLING OF RE-PACKAGED PRODUCTS .................................................................................................... 36
TRAINING OF FARMERS ON SAFE AND APPROPRIATE USE OF PESTICIDES ........................................................... 36
ADVICE GIVEN ON PROPER DISPOSAL OF USED PESTICIDE CONTAINERS ............................................................. 36
NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP WITH NAFDAC ............................................................................................... 36
REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES WITH NAFDAC ........................................................................................... 37
1
3. 4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
5
MARKETERS’ PROVISIONS/ARRANGEMENTS FOR DISPOSAL OF EXPIRED PESTICIDES............................................. 37
MARKETING OF PESTICIDE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT BY PESTICIDE MARKETERS ................................................. 37
MARKETING COMPANIES DO NOT MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCE PESTICIDES ...................................................... 37
COUNTRIES FROM WHICH MARKETERS PROCURE PESTICIDES.......................................................................... 38
TRAINING OF RETAILERS OF PESTICIDES ..................................................................................................... 38
TRAINING OF FARMERS BY RETAILERS........................................................................................................ 38
STATUS OF PESTICIDE RETAILING IN RURAL MARKETS IN NINE STATES OF NIGERIA ............................................ 39
CONSULTANTS' RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................... 45
4.19.1
Recommendation 4: .......................................................................................................... 45
4.19.2
Recommendation 5: .......................................................................................................... 45
STATUS OF REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA ................................................................................. 45
5.1
CONSULTANT RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................... 49
5.1.1
Recommendation 6: ................................................................................................................. 49
6...... ROLES OF MINISTRIES, DEPARTMENTS & AGENCIES IN THE USE & REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 49
6.1
ROLES OF MDAS IN THE USE AND REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN THE THREE STUDY ZONES ............................... 49
6.1.1
Roles of MDAs in the North-East/ North-West study zone ...................................................... 50
6.1.2
Roles of MDAs in the South-East/South-South study zone....................................................... 56
6.1.3
Roles of MDAs in the South-West/North-Central zone ............................................................ 61
6.2
ROLES OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MDAS IN THE USE AND REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA ..................... 66
6.2.1
Roles of NAFDAC ...................................................................................................................... 66
6.2.2
Roles of NESREA (National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency) 67
6.2.3
Roles of Pest Control Division of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 68
6.2.4
Roles of the Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) ............................................................. 68
6.2.5
Roles of Headquarters of Federal Ministry of Environment ..................................................... 69
6.3
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NATIONAL POLICY ON CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT ............. 69
6.3.1
Federal Ministry of Environment and its Parastatals: .............................................................. 69
6.3.2
Federal Ministry of Health and its Parastatals: ........................................................................ 70
6.3.3
Federal Ministry of Agriculture and its Parastatals:................................................................. 70
6.3.4
Federal Ministry of Commerce and Industries and its Parastatals: ......................................... 71
6.3.5
Federal Ministry of Labour: ...................................................................................................... 71
6.3.6
Federal Ministry of Transportation: ......................................................................................... 71
6.3.7
Federal Ministry of Justice:....................................................................................................... 71
6.3.8
Federal Ministry of Science and Technology and its Parastatals: ............................................ 71
6.3.9
Consumer Protection Council of Nigeria (CPC): ........................................................................ 72
6.3.10
Nigeria Customs Services: ................................................................................................. 72
6.3.11
Federal Road Safety Corps: ............................................................................................... 72
6.3.12
Nigeria Police Force and other relevant security agencies :.............................................. 72
6.4
CONSULTANTS’ COMMENTS, SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................... 72
6.4.1
Comments: ............................................................................................................................... 72
6.4.2
Recommendation ..................................................................................................................... 74
7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 75
8
DOCUMENTS CONSULTED ............................................................................................................................. 75
2
4. List of Tables
Table 1. Sources of pesticides purchased by farmers in nine states of Nigeria ............................ 12
Table 2. Formulation of marketed pesticides and farmer’s satisfaction with sizes of pesticides
offered for sale ............................................................................................................. 13
Table 3. Pesticide application equipment and their applicators in nine states of Nigeria ............ 13
Table 4. Types of crops grown across nine states of Nigeria and percentage of farmers that
produce them ............................................................................................................... 14
Table 5. Crops grown in nine states of Nigeria .............................................................................. 16
Table 6. Types of diseases and groups of pests against which farmers apply pesticides across
nine states of Nigeria.................................................................................................... 17
Table 7. Types of diseases and groups of pests against which farmers apply pesticides in each
of nine states of Nigeria ............................................................................................... 18
Table 8. Types of pesticides being used in 9 states of Nigeria ...................................................... 19
Table 9. Percentage of farmers/hired applicators that read labels on pesticide containers, and
wear personal protective clothing during handling and use of pesticides .................. 22
Table 10. Percentage of farmers that observe pre-harvest waiting period after applying
pesticides, and wait for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed field .................... 22
Table 11. Storage of pesticides in relation to children’s reach in nine states of Nigeria .............. 23
Table 12. Location of pesticide storage facility in nine States of Nigeria ...................................... 24
Table 13. Disposal of used/empty pesticide containers and packages in nine states of Nigeria .. 25
Table 14. Awareness of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control in nine states of
Nigeria .......................................................................................................................... 26
Table 15. Non-Chemical disease and pest control measures identified by farmers in nine
states of Nigeria............................................................................................................ 27
Table 16. Use of pesticides (synthetic and plant-derived) to protect stored primary produce in
nine states of Nigeria.................................................................................................... 29
Table 17. Types of synthetic pesticides and substances used to protect stored produce in nine
states of Nigeria............................................................................................................ 30
Table 18. Remedies used in seven states of Nigeria to minimize adverse effects of pesticides ... 31
Table 19. Percentage of farmers that received training on safe and effective use of pesticides . 32
Table 20. Percentage contribution by organizations to training of farmers across the states ..... 32
Table 21. Pesticides recommended by the Division for the control of above pests ..................... 33
Table 22. Types of training given to farmers by pesticides marketers .......................................... 36
3
5. Table 23.Types of advice on disposal of used pesticide containers by pesticide marketers ........ 36
Table 24. Pesticide marketers’ perception of their relationship with NAFDAC ............................ 37
Table 25. Arrangement made by markets for disposal of expired pesticides ............................... 37
Table 26. Countries from which pesticide marketers in nine states of Nigeria obtain their
pesticides ...................................................................................................................... 38
Table 27. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Imo, Benue and Kano States ............... 40
Table 28. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Abia and Edo States ............................ 41
Table 29. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Gombe and Kaduna States ................. 42
Table 30. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Oyo and Niger States .......................... 43
Table 31. List of banned chemicals in Nigeria................................................................................ 48
Table 32. Restricted chemicals (To be used with permit from NESREA) ....................................... 49
Table 33. Control of pests and diseases of crops/animals by farmers using pesticides as
recommended by National Research Institutes in Borno and Kaduna States ........... 53
Table 34. Control of pests and diseases of crop/animals by farmers using pesticides as
instructed by Gombe, Kaduna and Kano states Ministries of Agriculture and ADPs... 54
Table 35. Pesticide marketers operating in the north-east and north-west zones of Nigeria ...... 56
Table 36. Pesticides recommended to farmers by National Agricultural Research Institutes in
Abia, Imo and Edo States for control major pests and diseases .................................. 58
Table 37. Pesticides recommended to farmers by Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development, State Ministry of Agriculture and the State ADPs in Abia, Imo and
Edo States for control major pests and diseases ......................................................... 59
Table 38. Control of pests and diseases of crops/animals by farmers using pesticides as
instructed by National Agricultural .............................................................................. 62
Table 39. Control of pests and diseases of crops/animals by farmers using pesticides as
instructed by National Agricultural Research Institutes in Niger and Oyo States ...... 64
Table 40. Pesticides recommended to farmers by Benue State Ministry of Agriculture and
Benue State ADP ........................................................................................................... 66
4
6. Abbreviations and acronyms
ABU
ADP(s)
BARDA
CPC
CRIN
EA(s)
ECOWAS
FMARD
FAO
FCT
FRIN
GDP
GWP
IAR
IAR & T
IFDC
IITA
KASCO
KNARDA
LCRI
LGA(s)
MDAs
MLOs
MRLs
MTRMs
NAERLS
NAFDAC
NAPRI
NARIs
NCCM
NCRI
NESREA
NGO (s)
NIFOR
NIHORT
NRCRI
PIC
PIM
RLOs
SMA
SON
UN
WHO
Ahmadu Bello University
Agricultural Development Programme(s)
Benue State Agricultural Development programme
Consumer Protection Council
Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria
Extension Agent(s)
Economic Community of West African States
Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Food and Agricultural Organization
Federal Capital Territory
Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria
Good Distribution Practice
Good Warehouse Practice
Institute for Agricultural Research
Institute of Agricultural Research and Training
International Fertilizer Development Center
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
Kano State Agricultural Supply Company
Kano State Agricultural& Rural Development Authority
Lake Chad Research Institute
Local Government Area(s)
Ministries, Departments and Agencies
Mycoplasma-Like Organisms
Maximum Pesticide Residue Limits
Monthly Technical Reviews
National Agricultural Extension Research Liaison Services
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control
National Animal Production Research Institute
National Agricultural Research Institute
National Committee on Chemical Management
National Cereals Research Institute
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency
Non-Governmental Organization
Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research
National Institute for Horticultural Research
National Root Crops Research Institute
Prior Informed Consent
Product Information Management
Rickettsia-Like Organisms
State Ministry of Agriculture
Standard Organization of Nigeria
United Nations
World Health Organization
5
7. Executive Summary
Baseline studies were carried out in nine states of Nigeria to document the present status of the
use, registration and regulation of pesticides. The objectives of the study was to (i) identify the
extent of use of pesticides in Nigeria; (ii) identify the procedure for registration, production,
importation and sales and usage of the pesticides; (iii) identify the approved procedures for
regulation and registration of pesticides by ECOWAS and other international communities; and
(iv) make recommendations on how to streamline Nigeria’s procedures with international
standards. A total of 360 farmers were interviewed in 57 Local Government Areas (LGAs) across
the nine states through questionnaires. In each state also, key informant interviews through
questionnaires were administered to relevant Federal and State Ministries, Departments and
Agencies (MDAs). In addition, five pesticide marketers were interviewed in each state. Also the
consultants visited two rural produce markets in each State. The result of the survey showed
that most of the farmers interviewed were males (83%); within the age group 41-50 years, (41%)
and above 50 years, (29%). About 92% of farmers interviewed use pesticides and this varied
among the states. Farmers purchased their pesticides from the open markets (74%);
farmergroups and cooperatives (8%); government agencies (12%) and NGOs (4%).A small
proportion of farmers (2%) sourced pesticides from other sources. Across the states, 43% of
pesticide applications were done by farmers while 30% and 26% of the applications were made
by hired applicators and farmers’ family members, respectively using knapsack sprayer (87%).
Overall, farmer’s decision on how to apply pesticides was mainly based on advice by EAs (23%),
and the type of pest (22%). Farmers’ knowledge about how to mix pesticide with water to
obtain the spray mixture was derived from instructions on the product label, information by
fellow farmers or advice of pesticide marketer or hired applicator. Across the nine states, 72% of
the farmers use pesticides to protect stored primary farm produce from storage pests. Type of
pesticides used by farmers was crop specific and in some cases location dependent. Although
some similarities exist, the method of storing pesticides, place of storage and disposal of empty
pesticide cans varied from state to state. Across the states, 49% of farmers received training on
the safe and effective use of pesticides. The MDAs give advice and recommend synthetic
pesticides to farmers for control of pests and diseases in their zones. However, only about 8% of
the MDAs were aware of the World Health Organization classification of pesticides by hazards.
Although, the MDAs have no power/authority to enforce the rules & regulations on labelling,
packaging and storage of pesticides, the ADPs in all the states studied organize meetings and
awareness campaign to address the issues. Majority of the MDAs provide necessary training on
safe and efficient use of pesticides to extension agents. NAFDAC has the responsibility for
pesticide registration in Nigeria. Although, the National Environmental Standards and Regulation
Enforcement Agency (NESREA) is actively involved in ensuring safe use and management of
pesticides, in Nigeria, its major function of enforcing the regulation on pesticide use is hindered
by the absence of a national pesticide legislation.
6
8. Based on our studies, the consultants have made the following seven recommendations:
Recommendation 1: The consultants strongly recommend that farmers should store
pesticides in locked pesticide store away from residence and out of reach of children and
unauthorized persons.
Recommendation 2: The consultants recommend that farmers should be most strongly
advised to always dispose used/empty containers of pesticides as directed on the label or,
where this directive is unavailable, by puncturing or shredding, burning or deep burial in
soil. Alternatively, such containers/packages can be returned to the agro-dealers who will
dispose of them in special disposal sites. On no account should used pesticide containers be
sold to the public.
Recommendation 3: Convinced that the above improper actions of farmers with respect to
pesticide use are due to ignorance or misinformation, the consultants strongly recommend
that the State ADPs and NGOs intensify regular, informative and widely distributed training
of farmers and pesticide applicators in all aspects of best practices in the procurement,
handling and use of pesticides and on the proper disposal of spent/used/empty pesticide
packages and containers.
Recommendation 4: It is strongly recommended that the appropriate regulatory
authority make every effort to enforce regulation that requires that all re-packaged
products bear the same label as the original product.
Recommendation 5: The consultants strongly recommend that appropriate regulatory
authority make it mandatory that all pesticides retail/wholesale outlets, stores or
facilities within the markets are located at one designated corner of the market, and
must be separated from food/feed-selling outlets, stores or facilities.
Recommendation 6: The consultants recommend that a complete list of banned and
restricted chemicals be widely circulated to all stakeholders in both the public and
private sectors.
Recommendation 7: The consultants, recognizing the urgent need to develop a legal
framework for the control of pesticides in Nigeria, strongly recommend that the Federal
Government facilitate the enactment into law, Agricultural Chemicals (Pesticides)
Regulation Law. The purpose of legislation on the control of and use of pesticides is to
enable the Nigerian society to obtain the benefits from the use of pesticides with minimal
adverse effect to man and livestock health and the environment.
7
9. 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble
The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO of UN) defines pesticide
as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or
controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal diseases, unwanted species of
plants or animals causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production,
processing, storage, transporting or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and
wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances which may be administered to animals
for the control of insects, arachnids or other pests in or on their bodies. The term also
includes substances applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the
commodity from deterioration during storage and transport.
In agricultural crop production, the term “pest” is used in the broad (FAO of UN) concept to
refer to arthropod pests (insects, mites and millipedes), pathogens (viroids, viruses, MLOs,
RLOs, eu-bacteria, fungi, algae, and nematodes), vertebrates (rodents and birds), parasitic
flowering plants, and non-parasitic weeds (both annuals and perennials).
Although agricultural pesticides constitute one of the effective techniques for the
management of pests, there are international guidelines on pesticide use, pesticide
legislation and pesticide registration. Judicious and effective use of pesticides, among
others:
Promotes practices which reduce risks in the handling of pesticides, including
minimizing adverse effects on humans, livestock, wildlife and the environment and
preventing accidental poisoning resulting from improper handling;
Ensures that pesticides are used effectively and efficiently for the improvement of
agricultural production and of human, animal and plant health;
Promotes integrated pest management (IPM). IPM is the careful consideration of all
available pest control techniques, and subsequent integration of appropriate
measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides
and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or
minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of
healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystem (i.e.,pesticides that
are, as far as possible, target specific and degrade into innocuous constituent parts
or metabolites after use) and encourages natural pest control mechanisms, including
biological control agents, as well as non-chemical pesticides.
Pesticide Registration involves the process whereby responsible national government or
regional authority approves the sale and use of a pesticide, following the evaluation of
comprehensive scientific data demonstrating that the product is effective for the
intended purpose and does not pose an unacceptable risk to human, animal health or
the environment. The purpose of registration is to ensure that pesticides, when applied
8
10. according to registered label directions, will be effective and efficient for the purposes
claimed, and safe. Thus, registration allows availability of suitable pesticides and ensures
their proper, effective and safe use. Many countries have set up regulatory procedures
to control trade practices and the production and use of pesticides. These regulatory
procedures are embedded in pesticide registration procedure and in pesticide
legislation.
Pesticide legislation means any laws or regulations introduced to regulate the
manufacture, marketing, distribution, labelling, packaging, use and disposal of pesticides
in their qualitative, quantitative, health and environmental aspects.
Judicious and effective use of pesticides in Nigeria involves shared responsibility by
many actors, including Nigerian government and pesticide exporting countries, national
and international research and development organizations; ADPs; NGOs; Federal and
State ministries of agriculture, environment, trade and health; NAFDAC; Federal and
State departments of agriculture; local government departments of agriculture; farmers
and farmer associations;extension delivery services and agents; manufacturers and
marketers of biological pesticides and application equipment; food industry and
marketers of agricultural produce.
The present study will provide information on the present status of the use, registration
and regulation of pesticides in Nigeria through baseline studies on these aspects of the
pesticide sector of the country.
1.2 Purpose and objectives and terms of reference of the studies
The objectives of the studies are to:
Identify the extent of use of pesticides in Nigeria;
Identify the procedure for registration, production, importation and sales and
usage of the pesticides;
Identify the approved procedures for regulation and registration of pesticides
by ECOWAS and other international communities; and
Make recommendations on how to streamline Nigeria’s procedures with
international standards.
It is expected that the studies will result in the following:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Creation of a conducive environment for trans-boundary trade in
pesticides;
Recommendations on effective quality control mechanisms for pesticides
in Nigeria;
Check-mating the sale of unauthorised pesticides in Nigeria.
The Terms of reference for the studies are given in Annex 1.
9
11. 2
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY OF STUDIES
The studies were implemented by four consultants comprised of three Zonal Consultants
and one National Consultant. The country was divided into three study zones, namely; (i)
South-East and South-South zone, (ii) South-West and North-Centralzone, and (iii) NorthWest and North-East zone. Professor Friday Ekeleme covered the South-East and SouthSouth zone, while Dr. Chukwuemeka Isanbor covered the South-West and North-Central
zone; the North-West and North-East zone was covered by Dr. Sani Ringim Yusuf. The
National Consultant (Professor Alphonse Mgbanu Emechebe) covered one state in each of
the three zones, as well as some Federal Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs),
most of which are located in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja.
The zonal consultantsimplemented the studies in two states in each of the three study
zones, the choice of states being restricted to those with at least one National Agricultural
Research Institute (NARI). The six states that met this criterion were Abia and Edo (for
South-South and South-East), Oyo and Niger (for South-West and North-Central) and
Kaduna and Borno (for North-East and North-West). However, the consultants noted that
there is limited use of pesticides in millet-based cropping systems (that is prevalent in Borno
State), while more useful information on pesticide usage would be obtained from Gombe
State, in the same zone, where there is wide-spread cultivation of horticultural crops on
which considerable amount of pesticides are applied. Consequently, the North-East and
North-West zonal consultant visited Lake Chad Research Institute (LCRI), Maiduguri (Borno
State) but conducted field work on pesticide usage in Gombe State.
In each state, the consultant trained two enumerators (sourced from the ADP) to administer
questionnaires to forty (40) farmers/farmer organisations. The 40 farmers interviewed in
each state were selected with the aid of the ADP from 10-25% of the LGAs of the state. In
each state also, the consultant administered questionnaires and conducted key informant
interviews with relevant MDAs, especially the State Ministry of Agriculture,State Agricultural
Development Programme (ADP), the State Agricultural Supply Company and the NARIs. In
addition, the consultants interviewed five pesticide marketers and visited two rural markets
in each state.
The following six instruments for data collection were used for the studies (Annexes 2-7):
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Questionnaire for farmers and farmer organizations
Questionnaire for pesticide marketers
Questionnaire for key informant interview for NAFDAC
Questionnaire for key informant interview for MDAs
Questionnaire for key informant interview for SON
Notes on what to look-out for in rural markets and large produce markets (where
available).
10
12. WAAPP-Nigeria provided the consultants with letters of introduction (on WAAPP-Nigeriaheaded paper) to the various stakeholders.
On completion of the field work, the consultants re-convened for three days at the WAAPPNigeria office in Abuja to consider the collected data and agree on the next line of action.
To assist with data analysis, the consultants spent all three days to code answers provided in
the farmer questionnaire and that of the pesticide marketers. One of the consultants
(Professor F. Ekeleme) hired data entry technicians to enter the data in computer before
analysis. The coded data were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution of
respondents and tabulation) using Procedure Frequency in SAS version 9.3 [SAS Institute
Inc., 2001].The results of the other questionnaires for the zones were written-up by the
respective consultants. They were then integrated into one comprehensive report.
3
STATUS OF USE OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA
3.1 Farmers’ practices and knowledge
On the whole, a total of 360 farmers were interviewed in 57 Local Government Areas (LGAs)
across the nine States (Abia, Benue, Edo, Gombe, Imo, Kaduna, Kano, Niger and Oyo). Most
of the farmers were males (82.8%) while the rest (17.2%) were females. The distribution of
farmers according to their ages was as follows: aged less than 20 years, (0.6%); aged 20-30
years, (7.1%); aged 31-40 years, (22.6%); aged 41-50 years, (40.8%) and above 50 years,
(28.8%). The present status of the use of pesticides by farmers is presented in six different
sub-headings. About 92.3% of farmers across the nine states use pesticides; the figure
among the states varies from 77.5% in Imo to 100% in Benue and Oyo.
3.2 Procurement and field application of pesticides by farmers
Farmers purchase pesticides from various retail and wholesale sources, namely open market
(comprised of shops of pesticides marketers and mobile pesticide vendors), farmer groups
and cooperatives, government agency (e.g., ADPs and government input supply companies)
and NGOs. Across the nine states, farmers purchased their pesticides from the open
markets (73.9%), farmer groups and cooperatives (8.0%), government agencies (12.1%) and
NGOs (4.1%), while a very small proportion of farmers (1.8%) sourced pesticides from other
sources (Table 1).
11
13. Table 1.Sources of pesticides purchased by farmers in nine states of Nigeria
State
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
Across States
Percentage of farmers’ pesticide need purchased from:
Open
Farmer
Government
NGOs Other
market
groups
agency
sources
cooperatives
80.0
5.0
2.5
12.5
0.0
95.1
0.0
2.4
2.4
0.0
60.5
29.0
2.6
7.9
0.0
40.4
7.7
51.9
0.0
0.0
75.0
2.8
5.6
8.3
8.3
75.0
8.3
6.3
6.3
0.0
74.5
2.1
19.5
0.0
0.0
83.8
10.8
5.4
0.0
0.0
87.5
8.3
2.8
2.1
0.0
73.9
8.0
12.1
4.2
1.8
Among the states, the quantity of pesticides that farmers purchased from the open market
varied from 40.4% in Gombe State to 95.1% in Benue State. The quantities of pesticides
sourced from farmer groups and cooperatives, government agencies and NGOs varied from
0.0% (for Benue State) to 29.0% (forEdo State), 2.1% (for Oyo State) to 51.9 (forNiger State),
and 0.0% (for Kano and Niger States) to 12.5% (forAbia State), respectively. There were no
other sources of pesticide in all states, except Imo (8.3%) and Kano (3.9%).
Across the nine states, the pesticides are purchased as liquid formulation (61.9%) or as
powder, including tablets (38.1%). Among the states, the percentage of pesticides procured
as liquids varied from 50% (for Abia and Benue) to 91.9% (for Niger State)[Table 2]. The sizes
of the pesticide packages/packs offered for sale was satisfactory to 81% of the farmers.
However, among the states, farmers’ satisfaction with the sizes of pesticide packs available
in the market varied from 53.9% (for Abia) to 100% (for Kano) [Table 2].
The pesticides were applied with the knapsack sprayer, motorized back pack, and Ultra Low
Volume (ULV) applicator or weedwiper (Table 3). Across the states, 87.4% of the
applications were done with the knapsack sprayer, the corresponding figures for motorized
back pack, weed wiper, and ULV applicator being 5.5%, 2.8% and 0.8%, respectively. Only
2.5% of the applications were made with other techniques/methods (Table 3).
12
14. Table 2.Formulation of marketed pesticides and farmer’s satisfaction with sizes of pesticides
offered for sale
% of pesticides
Farmers’ satisfaction with
size of pesticide packs
marketed
State
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
Across States
Liquid
50.0
50.0
78.1
76.9
58.8
52.1
60.9
91.9
61.9
61.9
Powder
50.0
50.0
22.
23.1
41.2
47.9
39.1
8.1
38.1
38.1
Satisfied
53.9
92.5
87.9
73.7
68.8
79.0
100.0
94.7
77.3
81.0
Not satisfied
46.2
7.5
12.1
26.3
31.3
21.1
0.0
5.3
22.7
19.0
The pesticides were applied by the farmer, a family member or a hired applicator. Across
the states, 42.8% of pesticide applications were done by farmers while 29.7% and 27.5% of
the applications were made by hired applicators and farmers’ family members, respectively
(Table 3). Among the states, applications made with the knapsack, motorized backpack,
weed wiper and ULV applicator varied from 73.7% (Imo) to 100% (Abia and Benue); 0.0%
(Abia, Benue and Imo) to 20% (Gombe); 0.0% (Abia, Benue, Gombe, Kaduna and Kano) to
13.2% (Imo) and 2.6% (Edo, Imo, and Niger).
Across the states, farmers decision on how to apply pesticides was based on advice by EAs
(23.4%), advice by pesticide marketers (13.8%), the type of pest (22.0%), past experience
(11.3%), extent of pest damage (8.7%), type of crop (6.2%), recommendation by other
farmers (6.2%), training received (1.7%), cost and/or availability of pesticide (1.1%), advice
by hired pesticide applicator (0.9%) and type of pesticide (0.3%).
Table 3.Pesticide application equipment and their applicators in nine states of Nigeria
State
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
Across
States
% of applications made with
Motorized Weed
Knapsack
back pack
wiper
100.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
81.6
13.2
2.6
80.0
20.0
0.0
73.7
0.0
13.2
97.5
2.5
0.0
97.5
2.5
0.0
76.3
7.9
7.9
90.7
2.3
2.48
87.4
5.5
2.8
ULV
applicator
0.0
0.0
2.6
0.0
2.6
0.0
0.0
2.6
0.0
0.8
Persons applying pesticides (%)
Farmer
Family
Hired
member applicator
57.4
18.5
24.1
23.2
39.1
37.7
51.3
10.8
18.0
37.0
39.1
23.9
41.5
17.1
41.5
30.4
28.3
41.3
26.1
28.3
45.7
58.7
26.1
15.2
63.2
26.3
10.5
42.8
27.5
29.7
13
15. Farmers’ knowledge about how to mix pesticide with water to obtain the spray mixture was
derived from instructions on the product label, information by fellow farmers or advice of
pesticide marketer or hired applicator.
The reasons that were given across the states by farmers that do not apply pesticides
included:
Lack of funds (45.8%)
Fear of hazards associated with use of pesticides (20.3%)
High cost of pesticides (13.6%)
Ignorance of the value of pesticides in agricultural production (11.9%)
No incidence of pests and diseases in their farm (8.5%)
3.3 Types of crops grown by farmers
The farmers in the study zones grew a wide range of crops which varied with state and agroecological zone.The types of crops grown across the nine states and the percentage of
farmers that cultivate them are given in Table 4. Also, the crops grown in each of the nine
states are listed in Table 5.
3.4 Types of pests and diseases against which farmers apply pesticides
The farmers interviewed in the nine states reported that they use pesticides to control a
large number of pests and diseases of crops in the field and in stored products, as well as
ticks on ruminants. In most cases, farmers provided information only on the pest groups
and very rarely on specific name of the pest or disease. Table 6 lists the types of pests and
diseases that farmers control with pesticides across the nine states surveyed in these
studies, while the types of pests and diseases listed by farmers in each of the states is
presented inTable 7.
Table 4.Types of crops grown across nine states of Nigeria and percentage of farmers that
produce them.
S/No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Crop
Maize
Cassava
Yam
Cowpea
Rice
Groundnut
Sorghum
Millet
Soybean
Tomato
Egg plant
Pepper
Okra
% of farmers
producing crop
20.8
10.4
8.9
8.4
7.1
5.7
5.3
3.6
3.6
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.2
14
17. Table 5.Crops grown in nine states of Nigeria
Abia
Maize
Cassava
Eggplant
Fluted pumpkin
Yam
Cocoa
Rice
Okra
Spinach
Pepper
Melon
Plantain
Cucumber
African yambean
Mucuna
Groundnut
Oil palm
Pineapple
Benue
Yam
Cassava
Maize
Groundnut
Cowpea
Rice
Sorghum
Citrus
Soybean
Mango
Sweet potato
Bambaranut
Okra
Spinach
Millet
Cocoyam
Melon
Pepper
Sugarcane
Tomato
Edo
Cassava
Maize
Plantain
Groundnut
Cocoa
Okra
Pepper
Pineapple
Tomato
Cocoyam
Cowpea
Melon
Oilpalm
Spinach
Rice
Gombe
Cowpea
Maize
Groundnut
Millet
Rice
Sorghum
Soybean
Spinach
Cotton
Pepper
Tomato
Imo
Maize
Cassava
Yam
Eggplant
Pineapple
Cucumber
Okra
Melon
Cocoyam
Fluted pumpkin
Spinach
Pepper
Plantain
Citrus
Groundnut
Oil palm
Sweet potato
Tomato
Kaduna
Maize
Cowpea
Soybean
Sorghum
Rice
Groundnut
Sugarcane
Tomato
Cocoyam
Millet
Onion
Kano
Maize
Rice
Sorghum
Cowpea
Millet
Onion
Tomato
Groundnut
Soybean
Melon
Sugarcane
Pepper
Cucumber
Egg plant
Bambara nut
Cabbage
Fluted pumpkin
Niger
Maize
Rice
Sorghum
Millet
Yam
Groundnut
Cowpea
Okra
Soybean
Oyo
Maize
Cassava
Yam
Cowpea
Tomato
Pepper
Spinach
Cocoyam
Cashew
Egg plant
Groundnut
Melon
Okra
Plantain
Cocoa
Sorghum
Sweet potato
Note: In each state, the crops are listed in descending order of importance, beginning with one grown by highest percentage of farmers and ending with that grown by
lowest percentage of farmers.
16
18. 3.5 Types of pesticides used by farmers
The results of the survey showed that the farmers use many types of pesticides. Most of the
pesticides are herbicides and insecticides with the rest being fungicides, rodenticides,
acaricides and nematicides. Many of pesticides were recorded with their trade names;
consequently many of them contain the same active ingredients. Among the states, the
number of types of pesticides being used to control pests and diseases varied from 14 (for
Niger State) to 54 (for Abia State); these are listed in Table 8.
Table 6.Types of diseases and groups of pests against which farmers apply pesticides across
nine states of Nigeria
Serial
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Pest/Disease type
Insects in general
Weeds
Termites
Grasshopper and Locust
Storage Bruchids
Cocoa blackpod disease
Aphids
Caterpillars
Stemborers
Whiteflies
Rodents
Smuts
Ants
Mealybug
Ticks
Nematodes
Millipedes
Birds
Crickets
Mites
% Farmers
controlling
pest/diseases with
pesticide
25.4
20.3
12.0
9.2
6.9
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.1
2.7
2.3
1.3
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.3
17
19. Table 7.Types of diseases and groups of pests against which farmers apply pesticides in each of nine states of Nigeria
Abia
Grasshoppers&
Locusts
Weeds
Blackpod disease
Caterpillars
Insects
Stemborers
Bruchids
Termites
Whiteflies
Rodents
Aphids
Crickets
Nematodes
Benue
Insects
Weeds
Termites
Aphids
Birds
Blackpod
disease
Millipedes
Rodents
Nematodes
Edo
Termites
Insects
Weeds
Aphids
Grasshoppers & Locust
Bruchids
Ants
Blackpod
disease
Stemborers
Whiteflies
Millipedes
Rodents
Gombe
Insects
Weeds
Smuts
Aphids
Stemborers
Imo
Insects
Blackpod
Disease
Termites
Weeds
Grasshoppers &
Locust
Birds
Rodents
Bruchids
White flies
Kaduna
Weeds
Insects
Termites
Bruchids
Ticks
Smuts
Whiteflies
Nematodes
Kano
Weeds
Insects
Aphids
Caterpillars
Termites
Whiteflies
Niger
Insects
Termites
Grasshoppers &
Locusts
Mealybug
Rodents
Bruchids
Ants
Nematodes
Ticks
Whiteflies
Oyo
Grasshoppers &
Locusts
Bruchids
Termites
Caterpillars
Stemborers
Mealybug
Insects
Millipedes
Mites
Nematodes
Rodents
Whiteflies
= Insects grouped together
18
20. Table 8.Types of pesticides being used in 9 states of Nigeria
Abia
Herbicides:
Roundup
Primextra
Razedown
Gramozone
Paraquat
Tackle
Rizene
Touchdown
Uproot
Benue
Herbicides:
Atrazine
Delsate
Sarosate
Vinash
Glyphosate
Weed burner
2, 4-D
Gramozone
Paraquat
Edo
Herbicides:
Paraforce
Roundup
Tochdown
Delsate
Atrazine
Weed burner
Sarosate
Slasher
Tackle
Gombe
Herbicides:
Gramozone
Paraquat
Primextra
Glyphosate
Atrazine
Galex
Insecticides:
Termex
Best Action
Imo
Herbicides:
Roundup
Glyphosate
Glycol
Gramozone
Paraquat
Touchdown
Uproot
Atrazine
Butachlor
Atrazine
Codal Gold
Galex
Oryzo Plus
ParaForce
Sandoz H
Insecticides:
Karate
Decis
Action 40
DD Force
DDVP
Gamalin
Aldrin dust
Furandan
Marshal
Shogun
Oryzo Plus
Roundup
Clear weed
Galex
Pendimethalin
Tackle
Touchdown
Butachlor
Cutlass
Fusilade
Atrachlor
Primextra
Uproot
Insecticides:
Best Action
Karate
Dragon
Uproot
Insecticides:
Termex
Action 40
DD force
DDVP
Zap-PZap
Snipper
Vetox 85
Biovan 100EC
Perfect killer
Delvap super
Uppercott
Aldrin dust
Best Action
Cypermethrin
Delta force
Actellic dust
Perfect killer
Karate
Attacke
Cypermethrin
Dragon
Tricel
Nuvan 100EC
Seven 85
Cotspring
VIP
Vetox 85
Delta force
Aldrin
Delvap super
Kombat C
Zap-Pzap
Dragon
Karto
DDT
Phostoxin
Laraforce
Parathion
Fungicides:
Ridomil
Tackle
Weedoff
Insecticides:
Aldrin dust
Cypermethrin
Karate
DD force
DDVP
Termex
Decis
Perfect killer
Attacke
DDT
Force up
Lindane
Rogor
Sharp
shooter
Snipper
Fungicides:
Kaduna
Herbicides:
Gramozone
Paraquat
Atrazine
Glyphosate
Butachlor
Roundup
Slasher
Weed killer
Weed
crusher
Atrachlor
Control Total
Glytex
Grasscutter
Magic
Sarosate
Touchdown
Vinash
Wacot H
Insecticides:
Phostoxin
DD force
Kombat C
Ranbo
Marshal
Cypermethrin
Delthrin
Kano
Herbicides:
Butachlor
Gramozone
Paraquat
Oryzo Plus
Glyphosate
Glycol
Pendimethalin
Atrazine
2, 4-D
Niger
Herbicides:
Gramozone
Paraquat
Atrazine
Insecticides:
Cypermethrin
Actellic dust
Carbofuran
Gamalin
Karate
Oyo
Herbicides:
Paraforce
Multhrazine
Gramozone
Towndown
Roundup
Paraquat
Atrazine
Insecticides:
DDVP
Delsate
Control Total
Disburn
Paraforce
Ronstar 25EC
Roundup
Tackle
Laso
Insecticides:
Kombat C
Best Action
DD force
Uppercott
Cypermethrin
Rocket
Tricel
Delvap super
Rodenticides:
Klerat
Nematicides:
Carbofuran
Laraforce
Gamalin
Quickforce
Extra force
Nuvacron
Rocket
Penta Force
Endoforce
Force Up
Imidatcot
Phostoxin
Snipper
Termex
Termidust
Karate
Perfect killer
Cotspring
Decis
19
21. Actellic dust
Basudin
Best Action
DDT
Demacron
Diazinon
Imidacot
Lindane
Phostoxin
Rogor
Delvap Super
Dimethoate
Kombat C
Parathion
Malathion
Sharp
shooter
Termex
Vetox 85
Fungicides:
Apron Plus
Z-Force
Rodomil
Benlate
Copper
sulphate
Contizeb
Mancozeb
Fungi Kill
Captan
Nematicides:
Furadan
Nemagon
Karto
DD Force
Perfect Killer
Termex
Action 40
Aldrin
Cypermethrin
Furadan
Fungicides:
Rodomil
Copper
sulphate
Fernasan D
Nematicides:
Furadan
Nemagon
Rodenticides:
Malathion
Perfeckthion
Wormforce
Fungicides:
Apron Star
Rodomil
Aldrex T
Fernasan D
Rodenticides:
Klerat
Aldrex T
Benlate
Mancozeb
Captan
Pextox
Laraforce
Actellic dust
Furadan
Uppercott
Cypercott
Fungicides:
Alstar
Mancozeb
Nematicides:
Furadan
Dimethoate
Force up
Perfect killer
Rambo
Sharp shooter
Terminator
Vitoate
Fungicides:
Mancozeb
Profit
Ratax
20
22. 3.6 Farmers’ practices in the use and handling of pesticides
The studies revealed prevailing practices of farmers in the use and handling of pesticides.
The practices are as follows:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
Reading of manufacturers’ labels on pesticide containers prior to use of pesticides
Wearing personal protective clothing during handling and use of pesticides
Observing pre-harvest waiting period after applying pesticides
Waiting for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed field
Storage of pesticides
Disposal of empty/used pesticide containers and packages
Awareness of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control
Use of pesticides to protect stored primary farm produce
Remedies taken to minimise adverse effects/damage due to pesticides applied to
stored produce or to crops, or due to exposure of applicators to pesticides.
The extent of compliance of farmers and their hired pesticide applicators to the above
practices is summarized below.
3.6.1 Reading of manufacturers’ labels on pesticide containers prior to use of
pesticides
Across the nine states, 78% of the farmers/hired applicators read manufactures’ labels and
follow the instructions before using pesticides; by contrast, 22% of the farmers do not read
these labels (Table 9). Among the states, the percentage of farmers that read labels varied
from 51.3% (Kano State) to 90.0% (Gombe State). By contrast, the percentage of farmers
that do not read labels varied from 10.0% (Gombe State) to 48.7% for Kano State (Table 9).
3.6.2 Wearing personal protective clothing during handling and use of pesticides
The percentage of farmers, their family members or hired pesticide applicators that wear
personal protective clothing during handling or application of pesticides, across the nine
states surveyed was 54.3%, compared to 45.7% that do not wear personal protective
clothing. Among the states, the percentage of farmers, their family members or hired
applicators that wear personal protective clothing varied from 53.3% (Oyo State) to 93.9%,
for Edo State (Table 9). [The percentages of farmers that claimed to be using protective
clothing across and amongst the States are apparently higher than what obtains in practice.]
3.6.3 Observing pre-harvest waiting period
Across the states, the percentage of farmers that observe pre-harvest waiting period after
applying pesticides was 80.5%; thus, 19.5% of the farmers do not observe this waiting
period (Table 10). However, among the states, the percentage of farmers that observe the
waiting period varied from 97.5% (Gombe State) to 55% in NigerState, while that of the
farmers that do not observe the waiting period varied from 2.5% (for Gombe State) to
45.0%, for Niger State (Table 10).
21
23. Table 9.Percentage of farmers/hired applicators that read labels on pesticide containers,
and wear personal protective clothing during handling and use of pesticides
State
Read labels
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
Across States
89.5
82.5
87.9
90.0
81.3
55.3
51.3
94.4
75.0
78.2
Do not read
labels
10.5
17.5
12.1
10.0
18.8
44.8
48.7
5.6
25.0
21.8
Wear
protective
clothing
61.9
60.5
93.9
82.9
84.4
86.8
55.0
62.2
53.3
54.3
Do not wear
protective clothing
38.1
39.5
6.1
17.1
15.6
13.2
45.0
37.8
46.7
45.7
Table 10.Percentage of farmers that observe pre-harvest waiting period after applying
pesticides, and wait for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed field
State
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
All States
Observe preharvest
waiting period
80.0
85.0
76.5
97.5
87.9
81.6
82.5
55.0
79.1
80.5
Do not observe
pre-harvest
waiting period
20.0
15.0
23.5
2.50
12.1
18.4
17.5
45.0
20.9
19.5
Wait at least 12 hours
before entering
sprayed field
76.9
72.5
73.5
97.5
87.9
65.8
70.0
76.9
86.4
78.7
Do not wait 12
hours before
entering sprayed
field
23.1
27.5
26.5
2.5
12.1
34.2
30.0
23.1
13.1
21.3
3.6.4 Waiting for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed fields
Across the states, percentage of farmers that wait for at least 12 hours before entering
sprayed fields was 78.7%, compared to 21.3% that do not wait before entering fields after
applying pesticides (Table 10). Among the states, however, the percentage of farmers that
wait for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed fields ranged from 65.8% (Kaduna State)
to 97.5%, for Gombe State, while the percentage of those that do not wait varied from 2.5%
(for Gombe State) to 34.2%, for Kaduna State (Table 10).
22
24. 3.6.5 Proper storage of pesticides
The percentage of farmers across the states that reported storing pesticides out of reach of
their children was 94.8%, with 5.2% not bothering to store pesticides out of children’s reach.
Among the states, the percentage of farmers that stored their pesticides out of reach of
children varied from 85% (Abia) to 100% in Benue State (Table 11). Across the states, the
location of pesticide store included: the farm store, the back-yard out of reach of children,
cupboard or wooden box, the same place as farm produce, hidden place in farm, shade
outside the residence, ceiling in the residence, uncompleted building, wardrobe in
residence, tree top in the farm, in implements’ shade, under the bed, with hired applicator,
and round pot in residence. The situation of pesticide storage in the states is presented in
Table 12.
Table 11.Storage of pesticides in relation to children’s reach in nine states of Nigeria
State
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
All States
Stored out of reach
85.0
100.0
91.2
95.0
96.9
97.4
95.0
97.4
95.5
94.8
Not stored out of reach
15.0
0.0
8.8
5.0
3.2
2.6
5.0
2.6
4.6
5.2
3.6.6 Disposal of empty/used pesticides containers and packages
The survey results show that farmers dispose of used and/or empty pesticide containers or
packages in different ways which include: burning, burying in soil, puncturing and throwing
away, washing and use to purchase fuel, washing and use for ablution/donation to
mosques, washing and re-using, returning to marketer/government agency, sale to agrodealer, throwing into river, and selling to buyers. The situations in each state and across the
states are given in Table 13.
3.6.7 Awareness of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control
About 67% of the farmers across the states indicated that they are aware of non-chemical
methods of pest and disease control. Table 14 shows the percentages of farmers that are
aware or unaware of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control in each of the nine
states. Thenon-chemical methods identified by farmers included: manual weeding, handpicking of insects, crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, deep ploughing/harrowing,
cultural methods, use of neem products, bio-control, spreading ash and detergent washing
powder, bush burning, mulching, scarecrows, early planting/harvesting, mixed cropping,
healthy seed, fallowing, rogueing, and mechanical traps for rodents/monkey. The specific
ones identified in each state are presented in Table 15.
23
25. Table 12.Location of pesticide storage facility in nine States of Nigeria
Storage facility and/or location
Farm store
Back-yard
Cupboard/wooden box
Hidden place in farm
Same place as farm produce
Shade outside residence
Ceiling of residence
Uncompleted building
Wardrobe in residence
Tree top in farm
Farm implement shade
Under bed
With hired applicator
Round pot in residence
States
Across
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Abia
X
X
X
X
Benue
X
X
X
Edo
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gombe
X
X
X
X
Imo
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Kaduna
X
Kano
X
X
Niger
X
X
X
X
Oyo
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
24
26. Table 13. Disposal of used/empty pesticide containers and packages in nine states of Nigeria
Pesticide container disposal method
Burning
Burying in soil
Puncturing & throwing away
Washing and use to purchase fuel
Washing & use for ablution
Washing and re-using
Return to marketer/
government agency
Sale to agro-dealer
Throwing into river/stream
Wash and sell to buyers
Throwing away in farm
Across
States
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Abia
X
X
X
Benue
X
X
Edo
X
X
X
Gombe
X
X
X
Kaduna
X
X
X
X
X
Kano
X
X
X
X
X
Imo
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Niger
X
X
X
X
Oyo
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
25
27. Table 14.Awareness of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control in nine states of
Nigeria
State
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
Across States
Awareness of non-chemical
control methods
76.9
Unaware of non-chemical
control methods
23.1
100.0
73.5
97.5
80.0
63.1
57.5
76.9
86.4
66.9
0.0
26.5
2.5
20.0
36.8
42.5
23.1
13.64
33.1
26
28. Table 15. Non-Chemical disease and pest control measures identified by farmers in nine states of Nigeria
Disease/pest control measures
Manual weeding
Hand-picking of insects
Crop rotation
Planting resistant varieties
Deep ploughing/harrowing
Cultural methods
Use of neem products
Bio-control
Spreading ash & washing powder
Bush burning
Mulching
Scarecrow
Pruning
Early planting/harvesting
Mixed cropping
Fallowing
Rouging
Mechanical traps for rodents and monkey
Healthy seed
Across
states
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Abia
X
X
X
X
X
X
Benue
X
X
X
X
Edo
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gombe
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Imo
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Kano
X
X
Niger
X
X
Oyo
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Kaduna
X
X
X
X
27
29. 3.6.8 Use of pesticides to protect stored primary farm produce
The survey results revealed that farmers use pesticides to protect stored primary farm
produce from storage pests and diseases. Across the nine states, 72.2% of the farmers use
pesticides to protect stored primary farm produce from storage pests, while 26.8 do not use
pesticide in this respect. Table 16, gives the percentage of farmers using these pesticides in
each of the nine states. The percentage of farmers that protect their stored produce with
pesticides in the nine states varied from 51.3% (Imo State) to 100% for Gombe State (Table
16).The types of pesticides used to protect stored produce in each of the states are listed in
Table 17.
3.6.9 Remedies taken to minimize adverse effects/damage due to pesticides
applied to stored produce or to crops, or due to exposure of applicators to
pesticides
The farmers were asked to list the remedies they take to minimize adverse effects on their
health or damage due to pesticide applied to stored produce or to crops in the field. The
remedies listed by the farmers across the states include the following:
Drinking milk
Wearing protective clothing
Washing body after applying pesticides
Strict observance of waiting time
Follow expert instructions
Careful handling of pesticides
Following manufacturer’s instructions on label
Carefulness plus timely application of pesticides
Wash produce before consumption
Do not store pesticide in bedroom
Using small quantity of pesticide
Taking milk and septrin (antibiotic)
The use of these remedies in seven of the states is given in Table 18. It is noted that some
of the remedies are applied before or during use of pesticides while others are used to
mitigate effect of exposure to pesticides, or accidental ingestion of pesticides.
3.7 Training given to farmers on safe and effective use of pesticides
The results of these studies showed that some farmers have received training on the safe
and effective use of pesticides. Across the states, percentage of farmers that received this
training was 49.4%; thus the remaining 50.6% of the farmers have not received training on
the safe and effective use of pesticides. Among the states, the percentage of farmers that
have received training varied from 25% (Imo) to 92.3%, for Gombe state (Table 19). By
28
30. contrast, the percentage of farmers that have not been trained on safe and effective use of
pesticides varied from 7.7% (for Gombe State) to 75%, for Imo State.
Table 16.Use of pesticides (synthetic and plant-derived) toprotect stored primary produce in
nine states of Nigeria
State
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
Across States
Pesticide used on
stored produce
53.7
92.5
86.5
100.0
51.3
72.5
85.0
58.3
67.4
72.2
Pesticides not used
on stored produce
46.3
7.5
13.5
0.0
48.7
27.5
15.0
41.7
32.6
27.8
29
31. Table 17.Types of synthetic pesticides and substances used to protect stored produce in nine states of Nigeria
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
Actellic dust
Phostoxin
Phostoxin
Actellic dust
Ash + pepper
Phostoxin
Phostoxin
Phostoxin
Power force
Phostoxin
Rat Killer
Apron Plus
Cypermethrin
Methylbromide
DDVP
Gamalin
Apron plus
Pifpaff
Darafin 500 EC
Neem Ash
Furadan
Rat Killer
Aldrin dust
Actellic dust
DDVP
Furadan
Ultra force
Gamalin
Apron Plus
Dry pepper
Phostoxin
Vetox 85
Best
Rambo
Gamalin
Laraforce
Rambo
Furadan
Orange peel
Ranbo
Apron Plus
Snipper
Actellic dust
DDT
Phostoxin
Refina
Otapiapia
Darafin500EC
Karate
Furadan
Dry pepper
Pifpaff
DDVP
Apron plus
Apron Plus
Actellic dust
Aldrin dust
Furadan
Dry pepper
Cypermethrin
Karate
Actellic dust
Furadan
Furadan
Ash + pepper
Karate
Pepper+ ginger
Best
Laraforce
Aldrin dust
Snipper
Ash + pepper
Dry pepper
DDVP
Neem Ash
Dry pepper
Rat Killer
Neem Ash
Termik
Pepper+ginger
Termex
Karate
Termex
Tobacco leaf
30
32. Table 18.Remedies used in seven states of Nigeria to minimize adverse effects of pesticides
Remedy taken minimize adverse
effect of pesticides
Drink milk or various oils
Wear protective clothing
Wash body after applying pesticide
Observe waiting period
Wash produce before consumption
Handle pesticide carefully
Follow instructions on label
Timely application of pesticide
Do not store pesticide in bedroom
Follow expert instructions
Use small quantity of pesticide
Across
States
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Abia
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Benue
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Take milk and septrin (antibiotics)
X
X
X
Edo
X
X
X
X
X
Kano
X
X
Niger
X
X
X
X
X
X
Imo
X
X
Oyo
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
The organizations or groups that train farmers on the safe and effective use of pesticides include
the following:
ADPs through EAs
Fellow farmers
NGOs (local and international)
Marketers
Research institutes (national and international)
Schools
Hired pesticide applicator.
The contribution of the above across the states is given in Table 20.
31
33. Table 19.Percentage of farmers that received training on safe and effective use of pesticides
State
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
Across States
% farmers that
% farmers that have not received
received training trained
40.0
60.0
55.0
45.0
61.8
38.2
92.3
7.7
25.0
75.0
57.9
42.1
50.0
50.0
66.7
33.3
31.8
68.1
49.4
50.6
Table 20.Percentage contribution by organizations to training of farmers across the states
Organization/group
ADPs
Fellow farmers
NGOs
Marketers
Research Institutes
Schools
Hired pesticide applicator
% of farmers trained
by organization/group
65.4
7.3
13.3
6.2
3.4
2.8
1.7
3.8 Use of pesticides to control major pestoutbreaks by Division of Pest Control
Services of the Federal Department of Livestock and Pest Control, Federal
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
The Division of Pest Control Services of the Federal Department of Livestock and Pest Control is
the technical arm of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development that is responsible for
issues about pesticides. The information below was, therefore, provided by the Division of Pest
Control Services, on behalf of the Ministry.
32
34. i) Pests and diseases which the Division controls with pesticides, incollaboration with
State Ministries of Agriculture, and farmers,and the pesticides used are as presented
in Table 21.
Table 21.Pesticides recommended by the Division for the control of above pests
Pest
Quelea/ Village weaver birds
Grasshoppers
Locusts
Rodents
Aphids
Tsetseflies
Armyworms
Pesticide used to control pest
Fenthion, DDVP
Lamdacyhalothrin, Cypermethrin
Fenthion, DDVP
Rocumin, Phostoxin
Cypermethrin, Lamdacyhalothrin
Cislin, Deltamethrin
DDVP, Cypermethrin
ii) The Division reported that it trains EAs on the safe and efficient use of pesticides. The
trained EAs then train farmers and pesticide applicators on the safe use, handling,
storage and disposal of pesticides.
iii) Although, the Division promotes adoption of IPM in principle, its main national
assignment is the control of major (widespread) outbreaks of the above pests by
application of synthetic chemicals. To do this, it adopts the “fire brigade approach”
that demands rapid response through application of synthetic pesticides.
iv) The pesticides used to control the above pest outbreaks are purchased by the Division
from “reputable and trusted” marketers. The application of the pesticides is
implemented and/or coordinated by the Division, with the collaboration of the State
Ministries of Agriculture, using the following techniques and application equipment:
Aerial spraying with aircraft to control Quelea birds.
Both ground spraying with knapsack (if localised) and aerial spraying with
aircraft (if several LGAs, whole state or several states are affected) to control
locusts and grasshoppers.
Both ground spraying with knapsack (if localised) and aerial spraying with
aircraft (if several LGAs, whole state, or several states are affected) to control
armyworms.
3.9 Consultants’ comments and recommendations
3.9.1 Comments:
The following practices, actions and activities of farmers in the handling and use of pesticides
constitute risks to human or animal health and the environment:
33
35. i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Using banned pesticides, especially persistent organic pollutants, (e.g. DDT, Aldrin,
Lindane, Gamalin) in crop production.
Not reading manufacturers’ label on pesticide packages/containers before handling/using
pesticides. This was the practice of 22% of the farmers across the nine states and 49% of
farmers in Kano State.
Not wearing personal protective clothing during handling and use of pesticides. About
46% of the farmers across the states do not wear personal protective clothing.
Not observing pre-harvest waiting period before harvesting sprayed crop. A total of 20%
and 45% of farmers across the states and in Niger State, respectively do not observe the
waiting period.
Not waiting for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed fields. This occurred with 21% of
farmers across the states and 34% of farmers in Kaduna State.
Not storing pesticides out of the reach of children. Fortunately, this was not reported in
Benue State but was reported in 5% of farmers across the states and 15% in Abia State.
Storing pesticides in improper places (e.g. same place as farm produce, wardrobe inside
residence, tree top in the farm, under the bed, uncompleted building).
Improper disposal of empty/used pesticide containers/packages. The improper methods
used include: (a) washing and use in ablution; (b) washing and re-use for domestic
purposes; (c) throwing away into river/stream; and (d) selling to buyers.
3.9.2 Recommendations:
i. Recommendation 1:
The consultants strongly recommend that farmers should store pesticides in locked
pesticide store away from residence and out of reach of children and unauthorized
persons.
ii.
Recommendation 2:
The consultants recommend that farmers should be most strongly advised to always
dispose used/empty containers of pesticides as directed on the label or, where this
directive is unavailable, by puncturing or shredding, burning or deep burial in soil.
Alternatively, such containers/packages can be returned to the agro-dealers who will
dispose of them in special disposal sites. On no account should used pesticide containers
be sold to the public.
iii.
Recommendation 3:
Convinced that the above improper actions of farmers with respect to pesticide use are
due to ignorance or misinformation, the consultants strongly recommend that the State
ADPs and NGOs intensify regular, informative and widely distributed training of farmers
34
36. and pesticide applicators in all aspects of best practices in the procurement, handling and
use of pesticides and on the proper disposal of spent/used/empty pesticide packages and
containers.
4
ROLE OF PESTICIDE MARKETERS IN PESTICIDE USE IN NIGERIA
The role of pesticide marketers in pesticide use in Nigeria is summarized below:
4.1 Types of marketers
From the results of the survey, the marketers fall into two broad groups, namely (i)
wholesalers/retailers (90%) and (ii) multinational companies (10%).
4.2 Suppliers of pesticides sold by marketers:
Multinationals in Nigeria (60.4%)
Manufacturers overseas (18.9%)
Wholesalers in Nigeria (11.3%)
Open markets in Nigeria (7.6%)
4.3 Storage of pesticides by marketers
The marketers store their pesticide in one of two ways:
i)
ii)
Pesticide stored in cartons placed on shelves in small stores in the market (56%).
Pesticides stored on elevated wooden stacks in warehouses (44%), reportedly
according to WHO recommendations.
4.4 Classes of pesticide marketers
The marketers were either wholesalers or retailers or both. Only a few of the multinationals are
solely wholesalers, with others being both retailers and wholesalers. On the other hand, the large
indigenous companies are both wholesalers and retailers while the smaller ones are only
retailers.
4.5 Types of pesticides sold by marketers
The wide range of pesticides sold by the marketers (wholesalers and retailer) consists of
herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, acaricides, nematicidesand aboricides.
4.6 Packaging of pesticides in different sizes to meet purchasing powers of various
classes of farmers
On the whole, 90% of the marketers reported that they repackage pesticides in different sizes to
meet purchasing powers of various classes of farmers; this is not done by 10% of the marketers.
35
37. 4.7 Labelling of re-packaged products
Of the wholesalers/retailers that repackage their products, 66% fully label the packages while
34%do not. However, all the multinationals provide full labels on the repackaged products.
4.8 Training of farmers on safe and appropriate use of pesticides
Among the marketers, 90% reported that they train farmers on the safe and appropriate use of
pesticides, while 10% do not provide such training. The types of training given to the farmers are
presented in Table 22.
Table 22.Types of training given to farmers by pesticides marketers
Types of training
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
How to mix pesticides
Safe use and handling of pesticide
Precautions in use of pesticides
Product knowledge and safety
How to calibrate application equipment
Safe disposal of pesticide containers
Avoiding contamination of food
% among types of
training
30.0
26.0
14.0
12.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
4.9 Advice given on proper disposal of used pesticide containers
All the multinationals provide advice to farmers on the proper disposal of used pesticide
container. Among the indigenous wholesalers and retailers, only 2% do not provide such advice.
The types of advice given to the farmers are presented in Table 23.
4.10 Nature of relationship with NAFDAC
The marketers described their relationship with NAFDAC from different perspectives. While 48%
of the marketers described their relationship with NAFDAC as cordial, 29% indicated that they
have no relationship with NAFDAC (Table 24).
Table 23.Types of advice on disposal of used pesticide containers by pesticide marketers
S/no
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Types of training
Bury container
Burn container
Return container to company
Throw away into the bush
Do not re-use
Remove and contact marketer
Destroy container
% among types of
advice
40.6
28.1
7.8
7.8
6.3
4.9
4.6
36
38. Table 24.Pesticide marketers’ perception of their relationship with NAFDAC
S/no
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nature of relationship
Cordial relationship
No relationship
Registered with NAFDAC
Formal
Provide useful information to NAFDAC
% of marketers with relationship
48.1
28.9
11.5
7.7
1.9
4.11 Registration of pesticides with NAFDAC
The percentage of marketers whose pesticides are registered with NAFDAC is 97.9%; thus
products of only 2.1% of the marketers are not registered with NAFDAC.
4.12 Marketers’ provisions/arrangements for disposal of expired pesticides
The provisions/arrangements for disposal of expired pesticides made by marketers vary from
burying deeply in soil to return of product to the supplier (Table 25).
Table 25.Arrangement made by markets for disposal of expired pesticides
S/no
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
10.
Arrangement for disposal of expired pesticides
Return to the company/supplier
Bury deeply in soil
No action as do no stock expired pesticide
Destroy expired products
Throw away in waste bin
Return product to government
Inform NAFDAC
Company disposal unit buries in disposal site
Pour into gutter
No response to question
% of marketers involved
29.8
14.0
12.3
8.8
8.8
5.3
3.5
1.8
1.8
14.0
4.13 Marketing of pesticide application equipment by pesticide marketers
A total of 96% of pesticide marketers (including multinationals) also sell pesticide application
equipment. The types of equipment sold include: knapsack sprayer (demandedmost),
motorizedsprayer, mix duster, ULV sprayer, and wheelbarrow sprayer. About 90% of the
marketers reported that they train farmers on how to use theseequipment.
4.14 Marketing companies do not manufacture or produce pesticides
All the marketers interviewed in the present study reported that they do not manufacture or
produce pesticides. However, 74% of the marketers stated that they are aware that some
companies either manufacture/produce or formulate pesticides here in Nigeria.
37
39. 4.15 Countries from which marketers procure pesticides
The pesticide marketers purchase their pesticides from various countries of the world. Most of
the indigenous marketers procure most of their products from Nigeria, although they also import
them from other countries, especially China and India (Table 26). As expected, the multinationals
import their stock of pesticides from various countries, including China, India and Switzerland
(Table 26). About 36.2% of the marketers stated that they are licenced to import pesticides by
NAFDAC.
4.16 Training of retailers of pesticides
Among the retailers, 77% have received training on best practices for marketing of pesticides
while 23% have no training in this respect. The trainings were given by a wide range of companies
and organizations, including, NAFDAC, ADPs, multinationals (e.g. Dizengoff, Syngenta, Candel,
Partem Global, Jubaili, Biostad), national and international research institutes (e.g. IAR & T, IITA,
IFDC).
4.17 Training of farmers by retailers
The survey results showed that 82% of the retailers train their farmer customers on how best to
safely and efficiently apply pesticides; 17% of retailers do not give this training. The training
topics included:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
Pesticide handling and storage
How to mix pesticides with water before spraying
Field demonstration of spraying technique
Appropriate pesticides for different crops
Types of pesticide for target pest
Disposal of empty containers
Table 26.Countries from which pesticide marketers in nine states of Nigeria obtain their
pesticides
Countries from which indigenous companies Countries from which multinationals procure
procure pesticides
pesticides
Nigeria
China
China
India
India
Switzerland
Switzerland
United kingdom
United Kingdom
USA
USA
Chile
Israel
France
Germany
Japan
Lebanon
Spain
Note: For each column, countries are listed in descending order of importance as suppliers of pesticides
38
40. 4.18 Status of Pesticide Retailing in Rural Markets in Nine States of Nigeria
A total of 19 rural markets (two each in Abia, Edo, Oyo, Niger, Kaduna and Gombe States;
three in Kano State; and four in Benue State) were visited to find out the status of
pesticide retailing activities in them.
There were several scenarios about the marketing of pesticides in the 19 markets; these
are presented in Tables27 to 30. On the whole there were five scenarios:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Pesticide stores/retail outlets are located in distinctly separate location in the
market, away from food retail facilities. One example is the Umuna Orlu
Market, Orlu LGA, Imo State where pesticide retail stores are located in same
place as building materials without any nearby food retail outfits. Another
example is Larabar Abasawa Market, Gezawa LGA, Kano State where pesticide
retail outlets are located in the textile section of the market, well away from
food/feed retail facilities.
Pesticides are kept in the same store/shade/building with sacks of grain.
Examples include (a) Dawanu Market, Dawakin Tofa LGA, Kano State where
pesticide retail outlets are located in same place as sacks of grain, and (b)
Tudun Hatsin Market, Gombe LGA, Gombe State, where bags of grain are
placed in the same store with pesticides.
Pesticides are placed in wheel barrows which contain food items and/or
chemicals in addition to pesticides, e.g. Orie Umuna Market, Orlu LGA, Imo
State; NkwuNdoro Market, Ndoro Oboro, Ikwuano LGA, Abia State; and
Zungeru village Market, Wushishi LGA, Niger State.
Pesticide in lock-up stores in main market, with stores located among stores
that sell other items, including food items. There are several examples which
include New Market in Owerri LGA, Imo State; Orie Umuna Market, Orlu LGA,
Imo State; and Aliade Market, Gner-East LGA, Benue State.
Pesticides displayed on the ground, next to raw or cooked food items, in the
market. Examples include, NkwuNdoro Market, Ikwuano LGA, Abia State;
Etiosa Market, Oredo LGA, Edo State; Akande Market, Ogbomoso South LGA,
Oyo State; and A.A. Kure Market, Chachanga LGA, Niger State.
39
41. Table 27. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Imo, Benue and Kano States
Names of market,
LGA and state
Types of pesticides marketed
Location of pesticide retail facility in relation to others
Umuna Orlu Building
Material market; Orlu
LGA; Imo State
i. Round up; ii. Glyphosate; iii. Delsate;iv. Gamalin 20; v. Termikill; vii.
Rocket;viii. DD Force; ix. Termicote; x, Attack, xi. Perfect Killer
Only building materials and pesticides are sold in
market.
No food retail facility nearby.
New market;Owerri
LGA;Imo State
Herbicides: i. Deltsate; ii. Roundup;iii. BushFire; iv. Force up; v.
Paraforce; vi. Gramozone; vii. Action 1000; viii. Uppercote; ix. Paracote
(Super 200);
Insecticides: x. Perfect Killer; xi. DD Forcexii. Rocket; xiii. Snipper;
xiv.Termicote;xvi. Act Force; xx. Pestox; xxi. Crush; xxii. Termiforce
Pesticide retail shops inside main market are well
separated from food retail shops.
Pesticide retail outfits (shops, trucks and wheel
barrows) outside main market are scattered and
some are next to cooked food and raw food retail
facilities.
Orie Umuna market;
Orlu LGA; Imo State
i. DD Force; ii. Gamalin 20; iii. Termikill;
Glyphosate; vi. Delsate;vii. Termicate
Aliade market; GnerEast LGA; Benue
State
i. Herbicides; ii. Insecticides;iii. Rodenticides – all three unspecified
Pesticide retails comprise those with lock-up stalls as
well as those in mobile trucks/cars and wheel
barrows.
Pesticide retail outfits (stalls, trucks and wheel
barrows) are located in various places in and around
the market and some sell pesticides along with other
chemicals and farm produce.
Note: Large packs sold from stall and trucks are
labelled; many small packs in small plastic bottles or
polyethylene bags are Not labelled
Pesticide lock-up stores inside market are wellseparated from food stores.
Some pesticide retailers display their items alongside
those of food vendors.
Ede Obi market; Oju
LGA; Benue State
i. Herbicides; ii. Insecticides – both unspecified
iv. Round up;v.
Pesticide stores that operate on daily basis are
located at good distance from food vendors.
Some pesticide retailers display their products display
their products alongside those of food vendors on
market days.
40
42. Ede Okpoga market;
Okpokwu LGA;
Benue State
i. Insecticides; ii. Herbicides – both without specific list of pesticides
Permanent stores (cooperating daily) are located in
between food retailers.
But some pesticide retailers display their products
alongside food vendors in the market.
Zaki Biam market;
Ukum LGA;Benue
State
i. Herbicides; ii. Insecticides (unspecified)
Permanent pesticide stores are well separated from
those of other items.
Other pesticide retailers display their products in
open space among sellers of food items.
Badume market;
Bichi LGA; Kano State
Insecticides: i. Zap; ii.Warrior;iii. Lamda Super; iv.DD Forces;v. Rambo
Super; vi. Subhiskha; vii. Delvap; viii.Store Force(Pirimiphos methyl);
ix.Glo-imida(imidaeloprid); x. Doom (DDVP); xi. Point Blank (DDVP);
xii.Hi-Kill Action(lamdacyhalothrin); xiii.Perfect Killer (chlorpyrifos); xiv.
Clean Up (cypermethrin); xv. Termicot; xvi.Endocrop.
Herbicides: i. Butaforce; ii.Vestrazine;iii. Glycel; iv. Multrazine.
Rodenticides: i. Commando; ii. Klerat; iii. Zinc phoaphide.
Fungicides:i. Mancozeb; ii. Z-Force; iii. Profit (Tricyclazole 75%WP).
Seed Treatment: i.Apron Star;ii. Seed Rex; iii. Dress Force.
Insecticides: i. DD Force; ii. VIP (DDVP); iii. Rocket (Chlorpyrifos); iv.
Termicot (chlorpyrifos); v. Rambo; vi. Crush(DDVP);
vii. Off (DDVP); viii. Lamda Super lamdocyhalothrin); ix. Justoxin
(Aluminium phosphide; x. Cotspring (cypermethrin); xi. Agrosect
(DDVP); Karto Super 2.5 (lamdacyhalothrin); Warrior (DDVP).
Fungicides: i. Golden Both; ii. Master Action.
Seed treatment: i. Apron Star; ii. Apron plus 60SD; iii. Dress Force.
Herbicides: i. Multrazine (Atrazine).
Rodenticides: Commando
Insecticides: i. Cot spring (cypermethrin, 10%); ii. Rambo
(cypermethrin, 0.6%); iii. Pestix (cypermethrin 2.0%); iv. Pest Off
(DDVP); v. VIP (DDVP); vi. DD Force (DDVP);vii. Delvap Super (DDVP);
viii. Crush (DDVP 1000 EC); ix. Knock Off (lamdacyhalothrin 2.5EC).
Rodenticides: i. Glue trap; ii. Yau Yabushe;iii. Commando (Zinc
phosphide 5%); iv. Celphos (Aluminium phosphide); v. Force Toxin; vi.
Temik
Pesticide retail shops are located in fertilizer section
of the market, away from food items’ retail outfits.
Dawanu market;
Dawakin Tofa LGA;
Kano State (Large
Market)
Larabar Abasawa
Market; Gezawa LGA;
Kano State (rural
market)
Pesticide retail outlets are located in same place as
sacks of grain in the market.
Pesticide retail outlets are located in the textile
section of the market, away from food/feed retail
facilities.
Table 28. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Abia and Edo States
41
43. Names of market, LGA
and state
Nkwoegwu market;
Nkata Nkwoegwu,
Ohuhu, Umuahia North
LGA, Abia State.
Types of pesticides marketed
Nkwu Ndoro market;
Ndoro Oboro, Ikwuano
LGA, Abia State
i. Uproot; ii. Atrazine; iii. Z-force; v. Primextra; vi.
Benlate; vii. Gamalin; viii. Decis; ix. Katosuper; x.
Gramazone; xi. Killrat; xii. Copper sulphate; xiii.
Otapiapia; xiv. Others [different rat poisons i.e.
kill and dry].
Etiosa market; Oredo
LGA, Edo State.
i. Termex; ii. Termidust; iii. DD Force; v. Laraforce;
vi. Roundup; vii. Warmforce; viii. Cypermethrin;
ix. Tackle; x. Paraforce; xi. Best Action; xii. Rat
killer (different types).
Ikpoba hill village
market; Ikpoba Okha
LGA
i. Rat killers (different types); ii. Termicot; iii.
Atrazine; iv. Weedburner; Aldrin dust; v. Apron
Star; vi.Rodomil; vii. Gramazone
i. Karate; ii. Roundup; iii. Touchdown; iv. Bush
fire; v. Weedoff; vi. Snipper; vii. Action 40; viii.
Gamalin; ix. Copper sulphate; x. Furadan; xi.
Killrat; xii. Otapiapia; xiii. Others [different rat
poisons i.e. kill and dry].
Location of pesticide retail facility in relation to others
Nkwoegwu local market holds every 8 days. Food materials and other
wares that can be found in big markets in the town are brought to this
market for sale.
Pesticide retails come to this market with different types of pesticides
for sale.
Pesticides are displayed on top of mats on the ground close to other
materials especially food items and second hand clothing’s.
Rat kippers are advertised by mobile dealers with samples of rats killed
by the pesticides.
Nkwo Ndoro market takes place every 8 days.
There are no specific retail shops/stalls for pesticides.
Pesticide retailers display their products on the ground or in wheel
barrows which are push around the markets.
Pesticides are displayed near raw food items.
There are a few stalls for pesticide in the market separated from raw
food items but close to stores where beverages are sold.
Some pesticides vendors displayed their pesticides on the ground in the
open close raw food items and humans.
Some vendor’s carry theirs in wheel borrows and move round the
market.
Some pesticide stores exit inside market close to where food items are
sold.
Some pesticide retailers display their items on the ground and close to
food items.
Table 29. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Gombe and Kaduna States
42
44. Names of market, LGA
and state
Tudun Hatsi market in
Gombe; Gombe LGA;
Gombe State
Types of pesticides marketed
Location of pesticide retail facility in relation to others
i. DDVP - Dichlorvos 100% EC (1000 EC); ii. Point blank Some stores were seen containing both pesticides and bags of
- Dichlorvos 1000 EC; iii. Doom- Dichlorvos 100% EC
grains (mostly cowpea), while other pesticide retail shops that
(100% W/V).
are within the market are located among the stores of the
grain merchants.
Tudun Hatsi market in i. DD Force (DDVP EC) – Dichlorvos;ii. Daksh Pesticide retail shops inside the market are located among
Kumo; Akko LGA;
Dichlorvos; iii. Delvap Super – Dichlorvos; iv. Force
grain stores.
Gombe State
Toxin – Aluminium phosphide; v. Protex – Aluminium
phosphide; vi. Jus Toxin – Aluminium phosphide vii.
Doom – Dichlorvos 100%; viii. Topcat Dust/powder
Shika market; Giwa i. Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc.; ii. Anti Pesticide retail outfits (shops and wheel barrows) are located
LGA; Kaduna State
helminthes/other animal drugs;
in various places in and around the market among the grain
shops and other farm produce. The pesticide shops are just a
distance away from livestock, poultry and other animals
brought to the market for sale.
Sunday market Kujama; i. Glyphosate; ii. Sarosate;iii. Perfect killer; iv. Control Pesticide lock-up shops inside market are located among the
Chikun LGA; Kaduna
total; v. Root off; vi. Bush fire; vii. Paraquat; viii. DD
food stores, while some pesticide retailers display their
State
force; ix. Laraforce; x. Cyperdicot; xi. Delthrin; xii.
products for sale on wheel barrows going round the market.
Kombat; xiii. Marshal; xiv. Courage; xv. Best; xvi.
Uppercot
Table 30. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Oyo and Niger States
43
45. Names of market, LGA
and state
Ogunpa market, Ibadan
North West LGA, Oyo
State
Types of pesticides marketed
Location of pesticide retail facility in relation to others
i. DD Force; ii. DDVP; iii. Paraforce; iv. ACT
Force; v. Laraforce; vi. Quickforce; vii.
ExtraForce; viii. Rocket; ix. Gammalin; x. Edo
Force; xi. Force-up; xii. Phostoxin; xiii.
Ramazon; xiv. Snipper; xvi. Trymezin; xvii.
Novacron; xviii. Bentaforce; ixx. Imidacot; xx.
Termex.
Akande market,
Ogbomoso South LGA,
Oyo State
i. Novacron; ii. Bentaforce; iii. Imidacot; iv.
Termex; v. Laraforce; vi. Quickforce; vii.
ExtraForce; viii. Rocket;
ix. Gammalin; x. DD Force; xi. DDVP; xii. Rat
Killers
i. Gramazone; ii. Paraquat; iii. Altrazine;
iv. Furadan; v. Cypermethrin; vi. Klirate;
vii. Actellic dust; viii. Arsontol; ix. DDT 20;
x. Gammalin; xi. Dicloride; xii. Karate
Ogunpa market holds every day of the week. Food materials and other
wares are displayed for sale.
Pesticide retailers have shops in the market and often time besides shops
and vendors of household items.
Smaller retailers display their wares in the open market and closed to food
vendors and other farm produces from the rural farm farmers.
A large range of pesticides are sold in this market.
The smell from exposed pesticides is strong in the area near some of the
shops.
Many of the retailers are members of WAIDA, a marketing trade union.
Akande market takes place every day of the week.
There are a few retail shops for pesticides. Pesticides are displayed in the
shops and some on in the open markets.
Pesticides are displayed near raw food items and household items.
There are a few stalls for pesticide in the market separated from raw food
items but close to stores where beverages are sold.
Some pesticides vendors displayed their pesticides on the ground in the
open close raw food items and humans.
Rat killers are advertised by mobile dealers with samples of rats killed by
the pesticides.
Zungeru village market, i. Rat killers (different types); ii. Termicot; iii. Zungeru market holds every 8 days. Food items from the rural farmers and
Wushishi LGA, Niger
Atrazine; iv. Gramazone; v. Gammalin; vi.
other wares that can be found in big markets in the town are brought to
Vii. Actellic dust; ix. Karate; x. Furadan; xi.
this market for sale.
Cypermethrin.
Pesticide retailers come to this market with different types of pesticides for
sale. They also display their products on the ground or in wheel barrows
which are push around the markets.
Pesticides are displayed near raw food items.
A.A. Kure Ultra Modern
market, Chachanga
LGA, Niger State.
44
46. 4.19 Consultants’ Recommendations
4.19.1 Recommendation 4:
It is strongly recommended that the appropriate regulatory authority make every effort to enforce
regulation that requires that all re-packaged products bear the same label as the original product.
4.19.2 Recommendation 5:
The consultants strongly recommend that appropriate regulatory authority make it mandatory
that all pesticides retail/wholesale outlets, stores or facilities within the markets are located at
one designated corner of the market, and must be separated from food/feed-selling outlets,
stores or facilities.
5
STATUS OF REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA
Pesticide registration has been defined by the FAO of the UN as the process whereby the
responsible national government or regional authority approves the sale and use of a pesticide
following evaluation of comprehensive scientific data demonstrating that the product is effective
for the intended purpose and does not pose unacceptable risk to human or animal health or the
environment (FAO, 2002).
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) was established by
decree number 15 of 1993 as amended by decree number 19 of 1999 and now NAFDAC Act CAP
N1 LFN 2004. One of the many principal functions of NAFDAC is to undertake the registration of
food, drugs, cosmetic, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals (including pesticides). The
regulations for pesticides registration in Nigeria are specified in the pesticide Registration
Regulations 2005 of the Drugs and Related Products (Registration, etc.) Act 1996 (as amended).
The regulations clearly state that no pesticide shall be manufactured, formulated, imported,
advertised, sold or distributed in Nigeria unless it has been registered in accordance with the
provisions of the regulations. Details of these regulations are given in Annex 8.The regulations
stipulate several requirements for the following:
i)
The pesticide must be manufactured in acceptable and approved establishment while
application must be made on a prescribed form, accompanied by non-refundable fee, as
prescribed by NAFDAC.
ii)
Documents/declarations or materials that must be submitted with the completed
application form; these include:
Adequate samples of the pesticide product
Certificate of manufacture and free sale of pesticide product
Radio-active test certificate (if demanded by NAFDAC)
45
47.
Written undertaking, that every advertisement of the pesticide shall be
approved by NAFDAC before publication, and
Specimen label of the pesticide product.
iii)
Product chemistry, including:
a) Product composition, normal concentration, physical and chemical characteristics.
b) Standard laboratory analytical methods for each active ingredients, impurity or
inert ingredient that is toxicologically significant.
iv)
Studies conducted in respect of pesticide product; these include:
Environmental fate
Degradation
Metabolism in plants and animals
Accumulation
Hazards to human or domestic animals
Product performance, including efficiency trials in Nigeria
Statement on the residue level for the pesticide in all its intended usage in the Nigeria.
v)
vi)
Information to guide use of pesticide:
a) Dosage and direction for use
b) Field application
c) Method of application
vii)
Notes on storage (and handling):
a) Method of disposal of containers
b) Precautions, including first aid
c) Note to physician
It is noted that the product is issued with a Registration certificate if NAFDAC is satisfied with the
submissions in respect of the pesticide. However, the Act has specified penalties for any person
who contravenes any of the provisions of the Regulations.
Generally, the above requirements comply with the FAO guidelines for the registration of
pesticides (FAO, 1985) as well as the ECOWAS regulation on the Harmonization of Rules
Governing Pesticide Registration in the ECOWAS Region(ECOWAS, 2008). With respect to the FAO
guidelines, the NAFDAC regulations should have complied by stipulating specific requirements for
formulated products, given that these are the forms the products are marketed. Such
requirements include:
i) General description (identity of formulated product):
a) Formulator’s name and address
46
48. b) Distinguishing name (proprietary name)
c) Use category (herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, rodenticide, etc)
d) Type of formulation (water dispersible power, EC, etc.
ii)
Composition:
a) Content of technical grade active ingredient,
b) Content and nature (identity) if possible) of other components, included in the
formulation, e.g., adjuvants inert components, and
c) Water content (where relevant)
iii)
Physical/chemical properties of formulated product:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Appearance
Storage stability (in respect to composition and physical properties related to use),
Density (for liquids only),
Flammability: flashpoint for liquids; a statement must be made as to whether the
product is flammable,
e) Acidity (where relevant),
f) Alkalinity (where relevant).
With respect to ECOWAS requirements, the NAFDAC regulations need to include specifications
for:
a) Full registration of pesticide for a period of five years, renewable
b) Provisional sale authorization (PSA) pending further study, for a period of three
years, non-renewable
c) Keep file open, for further information
d) Refuse to grant registration
e) Withdraw the registration or the PSA
In compliance with international standards, NAFDAC and other regulatory authorities have
published lists of banned and strictly restricted pesticides. Thus, NESREA has gazetted a list of 26
banned chemicals and 11 restricted chemicals (the latter can only be used with permit from
NESREA) (Tables 31and 32). In addition, some of these pesticides were among about 30
pesticides banned by NAFDAC in May 1998, following reported cases of food poisoning in Cross
River, Taraba and Benue States. The list includes organophosphates, lindane, Gamalin, aldrin,
binapacryl, captafol, chlordane, chlordimeform, DDT, dieldrin, dinoseb, ethylene dichloride,
heptachlor, parathion, phosphamidon, monocrotophos, methamidophos, chlorobenzene,
toxapphene, endrin, merix, endosulfan, delta HCH, and ethylene oxide.
47
49. Table 31.List of banned chemicals in Nigeria
S/No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Banned chemicals
2, 4, 5-T
Aldrin
BinapacryI
Captafol
Chlordane
Chlodimeform
Chlorobenzilate
DDT
Diedrin
Dinoseb & dinoseb salts
DNOC and its salts (such as ammonium salt, potassium salt and sodium salt)
EDB (1,2 dibromoethane)
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene oxide
Fluoroacetamide
HCH (mixed isomers)
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Monocrotophos
Parathion (all formulations – aerosols, dustable (DP) emulsifiable concentrate (EC), granules
(GR) & wettable powders (WP) – of this substance are included, except capsule suspensions
(CS),
Dustable powder formulations containing a combination of benomyl at or above 7%, carbofuran
at or above 10% and thiran at or above15%
Methamidophos (Solution liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 600g active
ingredient/1)
Methyt parathion (emulsifiable concentrates (EC) with 19.5%, 40%, 50%, 60% active ingredient
and dusts containing 1.5%, 2% and 3% active ingredient).
Phosphamidon (Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 1000g active
ingredient/I)
Crocidolite
Tris (2,3 dibromopropy I) phosphate
48
50. Table 32.Restricted chemicals(To be used with permit from NESREA)
S/No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Restricted chemicals
Actinolite asbestos
Amosite, asbestos
Polybrominatred Biphenyis (PBBs)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Polychlorinated Terphenyls (PCTs)
Tetraethyl lead
Tetramethyl lead
Tremolite
Arsenic
Mercury
Alkyi-phenol-ethoxylate
A list of more than 500 pesticides registered in Nigeria by NAFDAC is presented in Annex 9.
5.1 Consultants’ Recommendation
5.1.1 Recommendation 6:
The consultants recommend that a complete list of banned and restricted chemicals be widely
circulated to all stakeholders in both the public and private sectors.
6
ROLES OF MINISTRIES, DEPARTMENTS & AGENCIES IN THE USE &
REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA
The crucial roles played by government ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs) are
described in this report in two perspectives, namely:
i) The roles of the MDAs in the use and regulation of pesticides in the three study zones
(South-South/South-East, South-West/North-Central and North-East/North-West), and
ii) The roles of Federal Government MDAs in the use and regulation of pesticides in Nigeria.
6.1 Roles of MDAs in the use and regulation of pesticides in the three study zones
The MDAs surveyed in the nine states of the three study zones are similar except for the national
agricultural research institutes (NARIs) which varied in number and mandate across the study
zones and states as follows:
49
