Intended for educational Purpose

1. Financial Environment 3
NBFCs & Banking

2. A Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) is a
company registered under the Companies Act, 1956
and is engaged in the business of loans and
advances, acquisition of
shares/stock/bonds/debentures/ securities issued by
Government or local authority or other securities of
like marketable nature, leasing, hire-
purchase, insurance business, chit business.
It does not include any institution whose principal
business is that of agriculture activity, industrial
activity, sale/purchase/construction of immovable
property.

3. A non-banking institution which is a
company and which has its principal
business of receiving deposits under any
scheme or arrangement or any other
manner, or lending in any manner is also a
non-banking financial company (Residuary
non-banking company).
NBFCs are doing functions similar to banks. What is difference
between banks & NBFCs ?

4. NBFCs are doing functions akin to that of banks, however there are a few
differences:
(i) a NBFC cannot accept demand deposits; An account from
which deposited funds can be withdrawn at any time without any notice
to the depository institution.
(ii) it is not a part of the payment and settlement system and as such
cannot issue cheques to its customers; and
(iii) deposit insurance facility of DICGC is not available for NBFC
depositors unlike in case of banks.
Is it necessary that every NBFC should be registered with RBI?

5. In terms of Section 45-IA of the RBI Act, 1934, it
is mandatory that every NBFC should be
registered with RBI to commence or carry on
any business of non-banking financial
institution as defined in clause (a) of Section 45
I of the RBI Act, 1934.

6. However, to obviate dual regulation, certain category of NBFCs which are
regulated by other regulators are exempted from the requirement of
registration with RBI viz. Venture Capital Fund/Merchant Banking
companies/Stock broking companies registered with SEBI, Insurance
Company holding a valid Certificate of Registration issued by IRDA, Nidhi
companies (Nidhi company is a company registered under Companies Act and notified as
a nidhi company by Central Government under Section 620-A of Companies Act. It is a non-
banking finance company doing the business of lending and borrowing with its members or
shareholders.) as notified under Section 620A of the Companies Act, 1956, Chit
companies as defined in clause (b) of Section 2 of the Chit Funds Act, 1982 or
Housing Finance Companies regulated by National Housing Bank.
What are the different types of NBFCs registered with RBI?

7. The NBFCs that are registered with RBI are:
(i) equipment leasing company;
(ii) hire-purchase company;
(iii) loan company;
(iv) investment company.
With effect from December 6, 2006 the above
NBFCs registered with RBI have been
reclassified as
(i) Asset Finance Company (AFC)
(ii) Investment Company (IC)
(iii) Loan Company (LC)

8. AFC would be defined as any company which is a financial institution
carrying on as its principal business the financing of physical assets
supporting productive / economic activity, such as
automobiles, tractors, lathe machines, generator sets, earth moving
and material handling equipments, moving on own power and
general purpose industrial machines. Principal business for this
purpose is defined as aggregate of financing real/physical assets
supporting economic activity and income arising there from is not
less than 60% of its total assets and total income respectively.
The above type of companies may be further classified into those
accepting deposits or those not accepting deposits.
Besides the above class of NBFCs the Residuary Non-Banking
Companies are also registered as NBFC with the Bank.
What are the requirements for registration with
RBI?

9. A company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956
and desirous of commencing business of non-banking
financial institution as defined under Section 45 I(a) of the
RBI Act, 1934 should have a minimum net owned fund of
Rs 25 lakh (raised to Rs 200 lakh w.e.f April 21, 1999). The
company is required to submit its application for
registration in the prescribed format alongwith necessary
documents for Bank’s consideration. The Bank issues
Certificate of Registration after satisfying itself that the
conditions as enumerated in Section 45-IA of the RBI
Act, 1934 are satisfied.
Where one can find list of Registered NBFCs and instructions issued to
NBFCs?

10. The list of registered NBFCs is available on the
web site of Reserve Bank of India and can be
viewed at www.rbi.org.in. The instructions
issued to NBFCs from time to time are also
hosted at the above site. Besides, instructions
are also issued through Official Gazette
notifications. Press Release is also issued to
draw attention of the public/NBFCs
Can all NBFCs accept deposits and what are the
requirements for accepting Public Deposits?

11. All NBFCs are not entitled to accept public
deposits. Only those NBFCs holding a valid
Certificate of Registration with authorisation to
accept Public Deposits can accept/hold public
deposits. The NBFCs accepting public deposits
should have minimum stipulated Net Owned
Fund and comply with the Directions issued by
the Bank.
Is there any ceiling on acceptance of Public Deposits? What is the rate of
interest and period of deposit which NBFCs can accept?

12. Yes, there is ceiling on acceptance of Public Deposits. A NBFC maintaining required
NOF/CRAR and complying with the prudential norms can accept public deposits as
follows:
Category of NBFC Ceiling on public
deposits
AFCs maintaining CRAR of 1.5 times of NOF (Net
15% without credit rating
Owned Fund) or Rs 10
crore
AFCs with CRAR of 12% and
having
whichever is less
minimum investment grade
credit rating 4 times of NOF
LC/IC with CRAR of 15%
1.5 times of NOF
and
having minimum investment
grade credit rating

13. Presently, the maximum rate of interest a NBFC can offer is 11%. The
interest may be paid or compounded at rests not shorter than
monthly rests.
The NBFCs are allowed to accept/renew public deposits for a
minimum period of 12 months and maximum period of 60 months.
They cannot accept deposits repayable on demand.
The RNBCs have different norms for acceptance of deposits which
are explained elsewhere in this booklet.
What are the salient features of NBFCs regulations which the depositor
may note at the times of investment?

14. Some of the important regulations relating to acceptance of deposits by
NBFCs are as under:
i) The NBFCs are allowed to accept/renew public deposits for a
minimum period of 12 months and maximum period of 60 months.
They cannot accept deposits repayable on demand.
ii) NBFCs cannot offer interest rates higher than the ceiling rate
prescribed by RBI from time to time. The present ceiling is 11 per
cent per annum. The interest may be paid or compounded at rests
not shorter than monthly rests.
iii) NBFCs cannot offer gifts/incentives or any other additional
benefit to the depositors.
iv) NBFCs (except certain AFCs) should have minimum investment
grade credit rating.
v) The deposits with NBFCs are not insured.
vi) The repayment of deposits by NBFCs is not guaranteed by RBI.
vii) There are certain mandatory disclosures about the company in
the Application Form issued by the company soliciting deposits.

15. What is ‘deposit’ and ‘public deposit’? Is it defined anywhere?
The term ‘deposit’ is defined under Section 45 I(bb) of the RBI Act, 1934. ‘Deposit’
includes and shall be deemed always to have included any receipt of money by
way of deposit or loan or in any other form but does not include:
amount raised by way of share capital, or contributed as capital by
partners of a firm;
amount received from scheduled bank, co-operative bank, a
banking company, State Financial Corporation, IDBI or any other
institution specified by RBI;
amount received by a registered money lender other than a body
corporate;

16. amount received in ordinary course of business by way of security
deposit, dealership deposit, earnest money, advance against orders for
goods, properties or services;
amount received by way of subscriptions in respect of a ‘Chit’.
Paragraph 2(1)(xii) of the Non-Banking Financial Companies Acceptance of
Public Deposits ( Reserve Bank) Directions, 1998 defines a ‘ public deposit’ as
a ‘deposit’ as defined under Section 45 I(bb) of the RBI Act, 1934 and further
excludes the following:

17. amount received from the Central/State Government or any other source
where repayment is guaranteed by Central/State Government or any
amount received from local authority or foreign government or any foreign
citizen/authority/person;
any amount received from financial institutions;
any amount received from other company as inter-corporate deposit;
amount received by way of subscriptions to shares, stock, bonds or
debentures pending allotment or by way of calls in advance if such amount
is not repayable to the members under the articles of association of the
company;
amount received from shareholders by private company;
amount received from directors or relative of the director of a NBFC;
amount raised by issue of bonds or debentures secured by mortgage of
any immovable property or other asset of the company subject to conditions

18. the amount brought in by the promoters by way of unsecured loan;
amount received from a mutual fund;
any amount received as hybrid debt or subordinated debt;
any amount received by issuance of Commercial Paper.
Thus, the directions have sought to exclude from the definition of public
deposit amount raised from certain set of informed lenders who can make
independent decision.
Are Secured debentures treated as Public Deposit? If not who
regulates them?

19. Debentures secured by the mortgage of any immovable property or other asset
of the company if the amount raised does not exceed the market value of the
said immovable property or other asset are excluded from the definition of ‘Public
Deposit’ in terms of Non-Banking Financial Companies Acceptance of Public
Deposits (Reserve Bank) Directions, 1998. Secured debentures are debt
instruments and are regulated by Securities & Exchange Board of India.

20. What else should a depositor bear in mind while depositing money with NBFCs?
While making deposits with a NBFC, the following aspects should be
borne in mind:
(i) Public deposits are unsecured.
(ii) A proper deposit receipt which should, besides the name of the
depositor/s state the date of deposit, the amount in words and
figures, rate of interest payable and the date of maturity should be
insisted. The receipt shall be duly signed by an officer authorised by
the company in that behalf.
(iii) The Reserve Bank of India does not accept any responsibility or
guarantee about the present position as to the financial soundness of
the company or for the correctness of any of the statements or
representations made or opinions expressed by the company and for
repayment of deposits/discharge of the liabilities by the company.

21. It is said that rating of NBFCs is necessary before it accepts deposit? Is it true?
Who rates them?
An unrated NBFC, except certain Asset Finance companies (AFC), cannot accept
public deposits. An exception is made in case of unrated AFC companies with
CRAR of 15% which can accept public deposit up to 1.5 times of the NOF or Rs
10 crore whichever is lower without having a credit rating. A NBFC may get itself
rated by any of the four rating agencies namely, CRISIL, CARE, ICRA and FITCH
Ratings India Pvt. Ltd.

22. What are the symbols of minimum investment grade rating of
different companies?
The symbols of minimum investment grade rating of the Credit rating agencies are:
Name of rating Level of minimum
agencies investment
grade credit rating
(MIGR)
CRISIL FA- (FA MINUS)
ICRA MA- (MA MINUS)
CARE CARE BBB (FD)
FITCH Ratings India Pvt.
tA-(ind)(FD)
Ltd

23. When a company’s rating is downgraded, does it have to bring
down its level of public deposits immediately or over a period of
time?
If rating of a NBFC is downgraded to below minimum investment grade
rating, it has to stop accepting public deposit, report the position within
fifteen working days to the RBI and reduce within three years from the
date of such downgrading of credit rating, the amount of excess public
deposit to nil or to the appropriate extent permissible under paragraph
4(4) of Non-Banking Financial Companies Acceptance of Public Deposits
( Reserve Bank) Directions, 1998; however such NBFC can renew the
matured public deposits subject to repayment stipulations specified
above and compliance with other conditions for acceptance of deposits.

24. Banking
• A bank is a financial institution that serves as
a financial intermediary. The term "bank" may
refer to one of several related types of entities
like Central Bank, Commercial Banks, Savings
Bank

25. • Liquidity
– Liquidity for a bank means the ability to meet its financial obligations as they come
due. Bank lending finances investments in relatively illiquid assets, but it funds its
loans with mostly short term liabilities. Thus one of the main challenges to a bank
is ensuring its own liquidity under all reasonable conditions. Banks are expected to
hold voluntarily a part of their deposits in the form of ready cash which is known as
cash reserves
• Creation of Money
• Scheduled Banks
– Scheduled Banks in India constitute those banks which have been included in the
Second Schedule of Reserve Bank of India(RBI) Act, 1934. RBI in turn includes only
those banks in this schedule which satisfy the criteria laid down vide section 42 (6)
(a) of the Act.
The banks included in this schedule list should fulfil two conditions.
1. The paid capital and collected funds of bank should not be less than Rs. 5 lac.
2.Any activity of the bank will not adversely affect the interests of depositors.
Every Scheduled bank enjoys the following facilitiess.
1. Such bank becomes eligible for debts/loans on bank rate from the RBI
2. Such bank automatically acquire the membership of clearing house.
– Example in Public Sector: SBI, SBI associates, Bank of Baroda, BOM, Canara Bank
– Examples in Private Sector: Axis, ICICI, HDFC, American Express, Deutsche Bank AG

26. • Regional Rural Banks
– Regional Rural Banks were established under the provisions of an
Ordinance promulgated on the 26th September 1975 and the RRB
Act, 1976 with an objective to ensure sufficient institutional credit for
agriculture and other rural sectors. The RRBs mobilize financial
resources from rural / semi-urban areas and grant loans and advances
mostly to small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers and rural
artisans. The area of operation of RRBs is limited to the area as
notified by GoI covering one or more districts in the State. 5.02 RRBs
are jointly owned by GoI, the concerned State Government and
Sponsor Banks (27 scheduled commercial banks and one State
Cooperative Bank); Capital share being 50% by the central
government, 15% by the state government and 35% by the scheduled
bank.
Examples: Ka Bank Nogkyndong Ri Khasi- Jaintia, Arunachal Pradesh Rural
Bank, Meghalaya Rural Bank

27. • Branch Banking
– Engaging in banking activities such as accepting deposits or making
loans at facilities away from a bank's home office. Branch banking has
gone through significant changes since the 1980s in response to a
more competitive nationwide financial services market. Financial
innovation such as internet banking will greatly influence the future of
branch banking by potentially reducing the need to maintain extensive
branch networks to service consumers.

28. Privatization of Banks

29. Components of a
Bank Balance sheet
Liabilities Assets
1. Capital 1. Cash & Balances with
2. Reserve & Surplus RBI
3. Deposits 2. Bal. With Banks &
4. Borrowings Money at Call and
Short Notices
5. Other Liabilities
3. Investments
4. Advances
5. Fixed Assets
6. Other Assets
Contingent Liabilities

30. Components of Liabilities
1. Capital:
Capital represents owner’s
contribution/stake in the bank.
- It serves as a cushion for depositors and
creditors.
- It is considered to be a long term sources
for the bank.

31. Components of Liabilities
2. Reserves & Surplus
Components under this head includes:
I. Statutory Reserves
II. Capital Reserves
III. Investment Fluctuation Reserve
IV. Revenue and Other Reserves
V. Balance in Profit and Loss Account

32. Components of Liabilities
3. Deposits
This is the main source of bank’s funds. The
deposits are classified as deposits payable on
‘demand’ and ‘time’. They are reflected in
balance sheet as under:
I. Demand Deposits
II. Savings Bank Deposits
III. Term Deposits

33. Components of Liabilities
4. Borrowings
(Borrowings include Refinance /
Borrowings from RBI, Inter-bank & other
institutions)
I. Borrowings in India
i) Reserve Bank of India
ii) Other Banks
iii) Other Institutions & Agencies
II. Borrowings outside India

34. Components of Liabilities
5. Other Liabilities & Provisions
It is grouped as under:
I. Bills Payable
II. Inter Office Adjustments (Net)
III. Interest Accrued
IV. Unsecured Redeemable Bonds
(Subordinated Debt for Tier-II Capital)
V. Others(including provisions)

35. Components of Assets
1. Cash & Bank Balances with RBI
I. Cash in hand
(including foreign currency notes)
II. Balances with Reserve Bank of India
In Current Accounts
In Other Accounts

36. Components of Assets
2. BALANCES WITH BANKS AND MONEY AT
CALL & SHORT NOTICE
I. In India
i) Balances with Banks
a) In Current Accounts
b) In Other Deposit Accounts
ii) Money at Call and Short Notice
a) With Banks
b) With Other Institutions
II. Outside India
a) In Current Accounts
b) In Other Deposit Accounts
c) Money at Call & Short Notice

37. Components of Assets
3. Investments
A major asset item in the bank’s balance sheet.
Reflected under 6 buckets as under:
I. Investments in India in : *
i) Government Securities
ii) Other approved Securities
iii) Shares
iv) Debentures and Bonds
v) Subsidiaries and Sponsored Institutions
vi) Others (UTI Shares , Commercial Papers, COD &
Mutual Fund Units etc.)
II. Investments outside India in **
Subsidiaries and/or Associates abroad

38. Components of Assets
4. Advances
The most important assets for a bank.
A. i) Bills Purchased and Discounted
ii) Cash Credits, Overdrafts & Loans
repayable on demand
iii) Term Loans
B. Particulars of Advances :
i) Secured by tangible assets
(including advances against Book Debts)
ii) Covered by Bank/ Government Guarantees
iii) Unsecured

39. Components of Assets
5. Fixed Asset
I. Premises
II. Other Fixed Assets (Including furniture and fixtures)
6. Other Assets
I. Interest accrued
II. Tax paid in advance/tax deducted at source
(Net of Provisions)
III. Stationery and Stamps
IV. Non-banking assets acquired in satisfaction of claims
V. Deferred Tax Asset (Net)
VI. Others