Reproductive system

Reproductive System
HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals
Florida State College of Jacksonville

Professor: Michael L.Whitchurch, MHS

Female gynec/o
Reproductive System


Reproductive System

 amni/o  embry/o
– amnion – embryo
 cervic/o  episi/o
– neck, cervix – vulva
 chori/o  fet/o
– chorion – fetus
 colp/o
– vagina
 culd/o
– cul-de-sac

Reproductive System

 gynec/o  mamm/o
– woman, female – breast
 hymen/o  mast/o
– hymen – breast
 hyster/o  men/o
– uterus – menses, menstruation
 lact/o  metr/o
– milk – uterus

Reproductive System

 nat/o  salping/o
– birth – fallopian tubes, uterine tubes
 oophor/o  uter/o
– ovary – uterus
 ov/o  vagin/o
– egg – vagina
 ovari/o  vulv/o
– ovary – vulva
 perine/o
– perineum

Reproductive System

 –arche  –partum
– beginning – childbirth
 –cyesis  –salpinx
– state of pregnancy – fallopian tube
 –gravida  –tocia
– pregnancy – labor, childbirth
 –para
– to bear (offspring)

Reproductive System – Female [gynec/o]
Functional Overview

 Propagation of the Human Race
 Production of Ova female reproduction cells
 Provides a place for fertilization
 A place for baby to grow during pregnancy
 Breasts provide nourishment of baby
 Female sex hormones

Word Building
Gynecology - study of female reproductive system
Gynecologist - physician specialist in gynecology

Reproductive System – Female
Overview of Anatomy

 Internal genetalia
Within the Pelvic Cavity
– Uterus
– Ovaries
– Fallopian tubes
– Vagina
 External genetalia
– Collectively known as Vulva [vulv/o episi/o]

The word genetalia = reproductive organs

Overview of Anatomy

Perineum [perine/o]
Vulva [vulv/o]

Overview of Anatomy

Ovaries - Ovary [ oophor/o - ovari/o ]
 Small almond-shaped glands
 Produce ova (singular is ovum)
 Produces female sex hormones

 Every 28 days produces:
– Follic stimulating hormone (FSH)
– Luteinizing hormone (LH)
– Triggers ovulation

 Produces estrogen and progesterone
– Stimulates lining of uterus in preparation
to receive fertilized ovum
– Female secondary sexual characteristics

Ovum (singular form of Ova)

A ovum, B spermatozoon; 1 nucleolus, 2 nucleus, 3 zona pellucida, 4 head, 5 acrosome, 6
centriole, 7 mitochondrion, 8 tail, 9 middle piece, 10 neck, 11 corona radiata, 12 cytoplasm

Ovaries - Ovary [ oophor/o - ovari/o ]
 Small almond-shaped glands
 Produce ova (singular is ovum)
 Produces female sex hormones

 Every 28 days produces:
– Follic stimulating hormone (FSH)
– Luteinizing hormone (LH)
– Triggers ovulation

 Produces estrogen and progesterone
– Stimulates lining of uterus in preparation
to receive fertilized ovum
– Female secondary sexual characteristics

Word Building
Oophoritis - inflamation of the ovary
Ovarian - pertaining to the ovary

Fallopian Tubes [ salping/o -salpinx ]
 Also called
uterine tubes or oviducts
 Approximately 5 1/2 inches long

 Unattached ends expand into finger-like
projections, Fimbriae
 Fimbriae catch ovum after ovulation
and direct into fallopian tube

 Tube propel ovum to uterus to be
implanted
 Egg and Sperm, fertilization or
conception normally takes place in
upper 1/2 of tubes

Fallopian Tubes [ salping/o -salpinx ]
 Also called
uterine tubes or oviducts
 Approximately 5 1/2 inches long

 Unattached ends expand into finger-like
projections, Fimbriae
 Fimbriae catch ovum after ovulation and
direct into fallopian tube

Word Building to uterus or conception
Tube propel ovum


Egg and Sperm, fertilization

to be implanted

Salpingocyesis - tubal upper 1/2 of tubes
normally takes place in pregnancy
Salpingectomy - removal of fallopian tubes
Salpingitis - inflamation of the fallopian tubes
Hematosalpinx - blood in the fallopian tubes

Uterus [ hyster/o metr/o uter/o ] Cervix [ cervic/o ]

Uterus
 Hallow with thick muscular wall lined
with mucous membrane lining and
rich blood supply

 Center of pelvic cavity between
bladder and rectum
 Anteflexion held in place by
ligaments anchored in outer layer of
the uterus called perimetrium

 3 sections: fundus | corpus | cervix


Layers of the uterus
 Endometrium

– Rich blood supply that reacts to
hormonal changes every month that
prepare it to receive fertilized ovum
– Normal pregnancy fertilized ovum
implants.
– Provides nourishment and protection
for developing baby
 Myometrium
– Muscle contractions assist in moving
fetus through the birth canal at
delivery


Word Building
Hysteropexy - surgical fixation of the uterus
Hysterorrhexis - ruptured uterus
Hysterectomy - surgical removal of the uterus
Endometritis - inflammation within the uterus
Perimetritis - inflammation around the uterus
Metrorrhea - flow from the uterus
Metrorrhagia - rapid blood flow from the uterus
Uterine - pertaining to the uterus
Cervicectomy - removal of the cervix
Cervical - pertaining to the neck of the uterus
Endocervicitis - inflammation within the cervix

Vagina [ colp/o vagin/o ]
 Muscular tube, mucous lined
membrane extending from the
cervix of the uterus to the outside
of the body
 Passage of menstrual flow
 Receives penis and semen with
sperm during intercourse
 Birth canal during vaginal birth
 Hymen is a thin membrane
covering external vaginal opening
called the vaginal orifice
 Bartholin’s glands on either side
of the vaginal orifice

Vagina [ colp/o vagin/o ]
 Muscular tube, mucous lined
membrane extending from the
cervix of the uterus to the outside
of the body
 Passage of menstrual flow
 Receives penis and semen with
sperm during intercourse
 Birth canal during vaginal birth
 Hymen is a thin membrane
covering external vaginal opening
Word called the vaginal orifice
Building
Colposcope - instrumenton eitherinside the vagina
 Barthtolin’s glands to view side

Vaginal the vaginal orifice vagina
of - pertaining to the
Vaginitis - inflammation of the vagina

Vulva [ vulv/o ]

Vulva [vulv/o]
 External group of structures  Clitoris contains sensitvie
that make up the female erectile tissue aroused during
genitalia intercourse
 Labia major and minor serve  Perineum is the area between
as protection of the genitalia the vaginal orifice and the
and the urinary meatus anus

Vulva [ vulv/o episi/o ]

Word Building

Episiorrhaphy - suture of the vulva
Episiotomy - surgical incision of the perineum
Vulvitis - inflamation of the vulva
Vulvar - pertaining to the vulva

Breast [mamm/o mast/o]

 Also called mammary glands
 Lactation - Production of milk
for the nourishment of
newborn baby
 Milk is produced in the
Lactiferous glands and
carried to the nipples by the
lactiferous ducts
 Areola is the pigmented area
around the nipple
 Milk secretion requires
stimulating by the newborn
baby

Breast [mamm/o mast/o]

Word Building

Mammogram - record of breast
Mammary - pertaining to breast
Mammoplasty - surgical repair of breast
Mastalgia - breast pain
Mastitis - inflammation of breast
Mastectomy - removal of breast

Pregnancy

 Gestation
– Period of pregnancy
– 40 weeks
 Premature
– Birth before 37 weeks of
gestation completed

Pregnancy

 Embryo  Fetus
– From implantation into – Ninth week until birth
endometrium until eight weeks – Organs mature and begin to
– Major organs and systems are function
formed

Pregnancy - Trimesters

The first trimester is measured from
The first trimester is measured from
conception to about the 12th week
conception to about the 12th week
of pregnancy; the second trimester,
of pregnancy; the second trimester,
from about 13 to 27 weeks of
from about 13 to 27 weeks of
pregnancy; and the third trimester,
pregnancy; and the third trimester,
from about 28 weeks of pregnancy
from about 28 weeks of pregnancy
until birth.
until birth.

http://www.medicinenet.com/stages_of_pregnancy_pictures_slideshow/article.htm

First Trimester of Pregnancy
Weeks 1 thru 12

Baby at 4 weeks ……
Baby's brain and spinal cord have begun to form.
Baby's brain and spinal cord have begun to form.
The heart begins to form.
The heart begins to form.
Arm and leg buds appear.
Arm and leg buds appear.

Weeks 1 thru 12

All major organs and external body structures have begun to form.
All major organs and external body structures have begun to form.
Baby's heart beats with aaregular rhythm.
Baby's heart beats with regular rhythm.
The arms and legs grow longer, and fingers and toes have begun to form.
The arms and legs grow longer, and fingers and toes have begun to form.
The sex organs begin to form.
The sex organs begin to form.
The eyes have moved forward on the face and eyelids have formed.
The eyes have moved forward on the face and eyelids have formed.
The umbilical cord is clearly visible.
The umbilical cord is clearly visible.

Weeks 1 thru 12

The nerves and muscles begin to work together. Baby can make aafist.
The nerves and muscles begin to work together. Baby can make fist.
The external sex organs show ififthe baby is aaboy or girl.
The external sex organs show the baby is boy or girl.
Eyelids close to protect the developing eyes.
Eyelids close to protect the developing eyes.
They will not open again until the 28th week.
They will not open again until the 28th week.

Second Trimester of Pregnancy
Weeks 13 thru 28
Muscle tissue and bone continue to form, creating aamore complete skeleton.
Muscle tissue and bone continue to form, creating more complete skeleton.
Skin begins to form.
Skin begins to form.
Meconium (mih-KOH-nee-uhm) develops in your baby's intestinal tract.
Meconium (mih-KOH-nee-uhm) develops in your baby's intestinal tract.
Baby makes sucking motions with the mouth (sucking reflex).
Baby makes sucking motions with the mouth (sucking reflex).

Weeks 13 thru 28
Baby is more active. Mother can feel slight fluttering.
Baby is more active. Mother can feel slight fluttering.
Baby is covered by fine, downy hair called lanugo (luh-NOO-goh) and aawaxy
Baby is covered by fine, downy hair called lanugo (luh-NOO-goh) and waxy
coating called vernix. This protects the forming skin underneath.
coating called vernix. This protects the forming skin underneath.
Eyebrows, eyelashes, fingernails, and toenails have formed.
Eyebrows, eyelashes, fingernails, and toenails have formed.
Baby can hear and swallow.
Baby can hear and swallow.

Weeks 13 thru 28
Bone marrow begins to make blood cells.
Bone marrow begins to make blood cells.
Taste buds form on your baby's tongue.
Taste buds form on your baby's tongue.
Footprints and fingerprints have formed.
Footprints and fingerprints have formed.
Real hair begins to grow on baby's head.
Real hair begins to grow on baby's head.
The lungs are formed, but do not work.
The lungs are formed, but do not work.
The hand and startle reflex develop.
The hand and startle reflex develop.
Your baby sleeps and wakes regularly.
Your baby sleeps and wakes regularly.
IfIfbaby is aaboy, his testicles begin to move from the
baby is boy, his testicles begin to move from the
abdomen into the scrotum.
abdomen into the scrotum.
IfIfbaby is aagirl, her uterus and ovaries are in place, and
baby is girl, her uterus and ovaries are in place, and
aalifetime supply of eggs have formed in the ovaries.
lifetime supply of eggs have formed in the ovaries.

Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Weeks 29 thru 40
Baby's bones are fully formed, but still soft.
Baby's bones are fully formed, but still soft.
Baby's kicks and jabs are forceful.
Baby's kicks and jabs are forceful.
The eyes can open and close and sense changes in light.
The eyes can open and close and sense changes in light.
Lungs are not fully formed, but practice "breathing" movements occur.
Lungs are not fully formed, but practice "breathing" movements occur.
Baby's body begins to store vital minerals, such as iron and calcium.
Baby's body begins to store vital minerals, such as iron and calcium.

Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Weeks 29 thru 40

Baby at 37 - - 40 weeks ……
Baby at 37 40 weeks ……
By the end of 37 weeks, baby is considered full term.
By the end of 37 weeks, baby is considered full term.
Baby's organs are ready to function on their own.
Baby's organs are ready to function on their own.
As due date approaches, the baby may turn into aahead-down
As due date approaches, the baby may turn into head-down
position for birth. Most babies "present" head down.
position for birth. Most babies "present" head down.

Fetal Membranes

 Infant is surrounded by two membranous sacs
 Amnion
– Inner sac
– Holds amniotic fluid in which fetus floats
 Chorion
– Outer sac
– Protective
– Forms part of placenta

Photograph illustrating the development of an embryo.
(Petit Format/Nestle/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Photograph illustrating the development of a fetus.
(Petit Format/Nestle/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Placenta

 Provides nourishment for fetus
 Spongy blood-filled organ
 Forms in uterus next to fetus
 Commonly called afterbirth
 Fetus attached to
placenta by umbilical cord

Stages of Labor and Delivery

 Dilation stage
– First stage
– Strong uterine muscle
contractions pushes fetus
against cervix
 Effacement
– Thinning of the cervix
 Dilation
– Expands to 10 cm

Dilation stage of labor and delivery.


 Expulsion stage
– Second stage
– Begins with full dilation of
cervix
– Ends with birth of baby
 Crowning
– When head appears

Expulsion stage of labor and delivery.


 Placental stage
– Third stage
– Uterus continues to contract
– Placenta is delivered

Placental stage of labor and delivery.

Caesarian Delivery
Infant Delivery Video

Breech Birth

 Normally crown of head appears first in birth canal
 Any other body part appearing
first is breech presentation
 Buttocks first is most common

Male [ andr/o ]
Reproductive System


Male Reproductive System at a Glance

 Functions of Male Reproductive System
– Produces sperm
– Delivers sperm to female reproductive tract
– Secretes male sex hormones

Male Reproductive System at a Glance

 Organs of Male Reproductive System
– Testes
– Epididymis
– Vas deferens
– Seminal vesicle
– Prostate gland
– Bulbourethral gland
– Penis

Male Combining Forms

 andr/o male
 balan/o glans penis
 crypt/o hidden
 epididym/o epididymis
 orch/o testes
 orchi/o testes
 orchid/o testes

Male Combining Forms

 prostat/o prostate
 spermat/o sperm
 testicul/o testes
 varic/o varicose veins
 vas/o vas deferens
 vesicul/o seminal vesicle

Male Suffixes

 –spermia condition of sperm

Anatomy and Physiology - Function

 Testes produce sperm
 Vas deferens and epididymis transport semen
 Reproductive glands add vital fluids to sperm
– Produces semen
 Penis delivers semen to vagina
 Testes produce male sex hormones
– Testosterone

External Genitalia

 Located outside the body
– Penis
– Two testes
– Two epididymides (plural for epididymis)

Internal Genitalia

 Located in pelvic cavity
– Two vas deferentia (plural for vas deferens)
– Two seminal vesicles
– Prostate gland
– Two bulbourethral glands

The male reproductive system.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.

Testes

 Singular is testis; also
called testicles
 Oval-shaped organs in
scrotum
 Produce sperm

Testes

 Secrete testosterone
– Necessary for proper
development of sperm
– Stimulates growth and
development of male
reproductive organs
– Produces male secondary
sexual characteristics

Figure 10.20 – The male reproductive system.


Spermatogenesis

 Process that produces sperm
– Occurs within seminiferous tubules of testes
 The testes must be maintained at proper temperature for
sperm to survive
– This lower temperature level is achieved by suspending testes in
scrotum outside body
– Scrotum is sac that contains testes, epididymides, and beginning
of vas deferentia

Electronmicrograph of human sperm. (Juergen Berger, Max-Planck
Institute/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Epididymis

 Coiled tube-shaped organ
 Lies on top of testes
within scrotum
 Location for sperm
maturation and storage
 Releases sperm into vas
deferens

Penis

 Shaft of penis
– Contains urethra
 Glans penis
– Tip of the penis
– Protected, covered by the
prepuce (foreskin)

Penis

 Contains erectile tissue
 Increased blood flow during sexual stimulation results in
erection
– Allows it to be placed within vagina
– Ejaculation of semen

Urethra

 Male urethra extends from urinary bladder to the external
opening at tip of penis
– Urinary meatus
 Serves a dual function:
– Elimination of urine
– Ejaculation of semen
– During ejaculation, sphincter closes to keep urine from escaping
– Sometimes referred to as Genitourinary System

Vas Deferens

 Carries sperm from
epididymis up into pelvic
cavity
– Travels up in front of urinary
bladder, over top, and then
back down posterior side of
the bladder
– Empties into urethra

Spermatic Cord

 Cord-like structure between pelvic cavity and scrotum
 Consists of:
– Two vas deferentia
– Nerves
– Arteries
– Veins
– Lymphatic vessels

Seminal Vesicles

 Two glands
 At base of urinary bladder
 Connected to vas
deferens just before it
empties into urethra

Seminal Vesicles

 Secrete a fluid that nourishes sperm
– Rich in glucose
 This fluid, along with sperm, constitutes semen
– Fluid ejaculated during sexual intercourse

Prostate Gland

 Single gland located just
below urinary bladder
 Surrounds urethra
– Vas deferens empties into
urethra within prostate

Prostate Gland

 Secretes alkaline fluid
– Neutralizes pH of urethra and vagina
– Critical for sperm survival

 Enlargement of prostate puts pressure on
both urethra and vas deferens
– Causes problems with both urination and ejaculation

Bulbourethral Gland

 Also known as
Cowper’s glands
 Two small glands
– Either side of urethra
– Just below prostate
 Secrete mucus-like
lubricating fluid

Word Building with andr/o & balan/o

–gen androgen male producing
–pathy andropathy male disease

–itis balanitis inflammation of glans penis

–plasty balanoplasty surgical repair of glans penis

–rrhea balanorrhea discharge from glans penis

Word Building with epididym/o & orch/o

–ectomy epididymectomy removal of epididymis
–al epididymal pertaining to epididymis
–itis epididymitis inflammation of epididymis

an– –ism anorchism condition of no testes

Word Building with orchi/o & orchid/o

–ectomy orchiectomy removal of testes
–otomy orchiotomy incision into testes
–plasty orchioplasty surgical repair of testes

–ectomy orchidectomy removal of testes

–pexy orchidopexy surgical fixation of testes

Word Building with prostat/o & spermat/o

–itis prostatitis inflammation of prostate
–

prostatectomy removal of prostate

–ic spermatic pertaining to sperm
–ic prostatic pertaining to prostate
–lysis spermatolysis destruction of sperm

Word Building with testicul/o & vesicul/o

–ar testicular pertaining to testes

–ar vesicular pertaining to seminal vesicles

Word Building with –spermia

a– aspermia condition of no sperm
oligo– oligospermia condition of scanty sperm

Male Reproductive System Vocabulary

inability to engage in sexual intercourse due to
erectile
inability to maintain an erection; also called
dysfunction (ED)
impotence
inability to father children due to a problem with
sterility
spermatogenesis

Testes Pathology

failure of testes to descend into scrotum
cryptorchidism before birth
accumulation of fluid around testes or along
hydrocele
spermatic cord
testicular carcinoma malignant tumor of testes
testicular torsion twisting of spermatic cord
varicocele varicose veins of the spermatic cord

Prostate Gland Pathology

benign prostatic noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland;
hypertrophy (BPH) common in older men

prostate cancer malignant tumor of prostate gland

Penis Pathology

congenital opening of urethra on dorsal surface of
epispadias
penis
congenital opening of urethra on underside of
hypospadias
penis
phimosis narrowing of prepuce; constricts glans penis
persistent and painful erection; caused by
priapism pathology, not sexual stimulation

Sexually Transmitted Disease

chancroid highly infections non-syphilitic venereal ulcer
chlamydia bacterial genital infection in males & females
genital
viral infection that appears like blisters
herpes
warts on the genitalia of both males & females; caused
genital warts
by a virus
gonorrhea bacterial infection of mucous membranes of males &
(GC) females

Sexually Transmitted Disease

human
sexually transmitted virus that attacks immune
immunodeficiency
system
virus (HIV)
disease usually acquired as a result of sexual
sexually transmitted
intercourse; formerly called venereal disease
disease (STD)
(VD)
chronic bacterial infection; attacks multiple
syphilis
organs including brain
genitourinary infection caused by a protist in
trichomoniasis
both males and females

Clinical Laboratory Tests

prostate-specific
blood test to screen for prostate cancer
antigen (PSA)

part of fertility workup; analyzed for number,
semen analysis
swimming strength, and shape

Additional Diagnostic Tests

digital rectal
manual examination for enlarged prostate
exam (DRE)

Surgical Procedures

castration removal of testes
circumcision removal of prepuce

surgical fixation to pin undescended testes
orchidopexy
in scrotum

process of rendering a male or female
sterilization
unable to conceive children

Surgical Procedures

transurethral resection of removal of prostate tissue by inserting
prostate (TUR, TURP) device through urethra
removal of a segment of vas deferens to
vasectomy
prevent sperm from ejaculating
reconnects ends of vas deferens to
vasovasostomy
reverse a vasectomy

Male Reproductive System Pharmacology

replacement of male Andronate,
androgen therapy
hormones DepAndro

shrinks benign prostatic Proscar,
antiprostatic agents
hypertrophy Avodart

erectile dysfunction temporarily produces
Viagra, Cialis
agents erection

Semicid, Ortho-
spermatocide destroys sperm
Gynol

Male Reproductive System
Abbreviations

BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy

DRE digital rectal exam

ED erectile dysfunction

GC gonorrhea

GU genitourinary

PSA prostate-specific antigen

Male Reproductive System
Abbreviations

RPR rapid plasma reagin (test for syphilis)

SPP suprapubic prostatectomy

STD sexually transmitted disease

TUR transurethral resection

TURP transurethral resection of prostate

VD venereal disease

Reproductive system

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