The Industrial Revolution and rapid population growth in cities led to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions that contributed to the spread of disease. Edwin Chadwick influenced reforms through his argument that disease was caused by poverty, not laziness, and that clearing filth from cities could reduce disease. This led to the 1848 Public Health Act and adoption of new sanitation methods across Europe. Louis Pasteur's germ theory breakthrough established that diseases were caused by microbes rather than bad odors, allowing disease control through vaccines and sterilization techniques developed by Robert Koch, Joseph Lister and others.

1. Taming the City

2. A. Industry and the Growth of Cities

5. A. Industry and the Growth of Cities
Deplorable urban
conditions of congestion,
filth and disease existed
long before the Industrial
Revolution.

6. A. Industry and the Growth of Cities
The Industrial
Revolution and
population
growth made
urban reform
necessary.

7. A. Industry and the Growth of Cities
In Britain, the percentage
of population living in
cities of 20,000 or more
jumped from 17% in
1801 to 54% in 1891.

8. A. Industry and the Growth of Cities
Housing was crowded
and poor, and living
conditions unhealthy.

9. A. Industry and the Growth of Cities
Many people lived in sewage
and excrement.

12. King Cholera

16. A. What was responsible for the awful conditions?
 A lack of transportation, which
necessitated the crowding.
 The slowness of government
enforcement of sanitary codes
contributed to the problem.
 The legacy of rural housing
contributed to resistance to
reform.

17. The Walking City

18. B. Public Health and the Bacterial Revolution
• Edwin Chadwick
• Influenced by Jeremy
Bentham’s idea of the
greatest good for the
greatest number.
• Disease was responsible
for poverty, not laziness.

19. B. Public Health and the Bacterial Revolution
• The Sanitary Idea:
clearing the city of filth
would curtail disease.
• The solution: the
installation of clean,
running water and
sewers.
• The Sanitary Condition
of the Labouring
Population (1842),[

22. B. Public Health and the Bacterial Revolution
• Chadwick conducted a
campaign that culminated
in passage of the Public
Health Act of 1848.
• New sanitation methods
and public health laws
were adopted all over
Europe from the 1840’s.

23. C. The Bacterial Revolution
• The prevailing
opinion of
disease was that
it was caused by
bad odors.
• The Miasmatic
Theory

24. Viniagrettes

25. C. The Bacterial Revolution
• Key breakthrough: disease was
spread through filth and not by it.

26. John Snow

28. The
Broad
Street
Pump

30. The
Great
Stink
1858

32. Joseph Bazalgette
• Designed and executed a new
sewer system in London.
• Completed in 1874; still in use
today.

35. C. The Bacterial Revolution
Louis Pasteur’s
theory that germs
caused disease was
a major
breakthrough, and
its application
meant that disease
could be controlled
through vaccines.

36. C. The Bacterial Revolution
Based on the work of
Robert Koch and
others, the organisms
responsible for many
diseases were
identified and effective
vaccines developed.

37. Anthrax

38. C. The Bacterial Revolution
• Joseph Lister developed the concept
of sterilization of wounds.
• The Antiseptic Principle.