The document discusses theories about the second coming of Christ, including whether the time can be known, how Christ will return, and where. It considers biblical passages related to the second coming. Specific points discussed include whether Christ will return born as a man on earth or coming on clouds, the identity of Israel, and possibilities for where Christ may return, focusing on Korea. The document provides historical context about the spread of Christianity to Korea and important events in Korean history.
3. Can we know the time?
No Yes
Matthew 24:36
Revelation 3:3
II Peter 3:10
Amos 3:7
I Thessalonians 5:4
Matthew 25:1-13
4. Can we know the time?
No
Matthew 24:36
Revelation 3:3
II Peter 3:10
“But concerning
that day and hour
no one knows,
not even the
angels of
heaven, nor the
Son but the
Father only.”
5. Can we know the time?
No
Matthew 24:36
Revelation 3:3
II Peter 3:10
“If you will not
awake, I will come
like a thief, and
you will not know
at what hour I will
come upon you.”
6. Can we know the time?
No
Matthew 24:36
Revelation 3:3
II Peter 3:10
“But the day of
the Lord will
come like a
thief.”
7. Can we know the time?
Yes
Amos 3:7
I Thessalonians 5:4
Matthew 25:1-13
8. Can we know the time?
Yes
Amos 3:7
I Thessalonians 5:4
Matthew 25:1-13
“For the Lord God
does nothing
without revealing
his secret to his
servants the
prophets.”
9. Can we know the time?
Yes
Amos 3:7
I Thessalonians 5:4
Matthew 25:1-13
“But you are not in
darkness, brothers,
for that day to
surprise you like a
thief. For you are all
children of light,
children of the day....
So then let us not
sleep, as others do.”
10. Can we know the time?
Yes
Amos 3:7
I Thessalonians 5:4
Matthew 24:32-33
“From the fig tree
learn its lesson: as
soon as its branch
becomes tender and
puts forth its leaves,
you know that
summer is near. So
also when you see
these things, you
know that he is near,
at the very gates.”
11. Can we know the time?
Those who are ‘awake’, or prepared, will recognise the
time as having arrived:
“I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh, and your
sons and daughters shall prophesy, and your
young men shall see visions, and your old men
shall dream dreams…”
Acts 2:17
13. Pattern of restoration
Adam
Abraham
Noah Jacob
Jacob in
Haran
Jacob to
Egypt
Isaac
Lord of
Second
Advent
Jesus
400120400 400 210 400
Slavery in
Egypt Judges
United
Kingdom
Divided Kingdom
Babylonian
Captivity Preparation
Persecution
In Rome Patriarchs
United
Kingdom
Divided Kingdom
Papal
Captivity Preparation
400120400 400 210 400
401201600 400 21 40
Brothers divided
14. Slavery in Egypt
Judges
Israelite Monarchy
Divided Kingdoms
Exile and Return
Prep. for the Messiah
Suffering under Rome
Church Patriarchs
Christian Empire
Divided Empire
Papal Captivity & Return
Prep. for 2nd Advent
Malachi Luther1517
JewishHistory Christian History
400
210
400
120
400
400
The messiah should come between 1917-1930
16. The second coming of Elijah
Elijah
(circa 864 BC)
Goes to Heaven
in a ‘Fiery Chariot’
‘Second Coming’
as John the Baptist
(Working with John, who
inherits his mission)
Luke 1:17
Matthew 11:13-14
Matthew 17:10-13
New person, similar mission, born on the earth
17. In what manner will Christ return?
Born on earth? Come on the clouds?
18. Born on earth?
Expectations about the first coming
Born on earth?
But you, O Bethlehem . . . from you shall come forth for
me one who is to be ruler in Israel . . . Therefore he
shall give them up until the time when she who is in
labour has given birth.
Micah 5:2
19. Expectations about the first coming
Born on earth?
Behold, a maiden shall conceive and bear a
son, and shall call his name Immanuel.
Isaiah 7:14
20. Come on the Clouds?
Expectations about the first coming
Come on the clouds?
I saw in the night visions, and behold, with
the clouds of heaven there came one like a
son of man, and he came to the Ancient of
Days and was presented before him.
Daniel 7:13
21. Expectations about the first coming
Born on earth? Come on the clouds?
Jesus was born on the earth
Coming on the clouds prophecies for the
second advent?
Jews do not believe that the messiah should
come twice
22. Born on earth?
In what manner will Christ return?
Born on earth?
She gave birth to a male child, one who is to
rule all the nations with a rod of iron.
Revelation 12:5
23. Come on the Clouds?
In what manner will Christ return?
Come on the clouds?
Then will appear in heaven the sign of the Son of
man. And then all the tribes of the earth will mourn,
and they will see the Son of man coming on the
clouds of heaven with power and great glory.
Matthew 24:30
24. In what manner will Christ return?
Come on the clouds?
The Lord himself will descend from heaven
with a cry of command . . . and the dead in
Christ will rise first.
1 Thessalonians 4:16-17
25. What do clouds represent?
Metaphorical Biblical language:
Clouds = crowd
Therefore, since we are surrounded by so
great a cloud of witnesses . . .
Hebrews 12:1
26. What does water represent?
Metaphorical Biblical language:
Water = fallen people
And the angel said to me, “The waters that
you saw, where the prostitute is seated, are
peoples and multitudes and nations and
languages.
Revelation 17:15
27. Who are the clouds?
Metaphorical Biblical language:
Clouds = water vapour = pure people
Heb. 12:1 “clouds” = resurrected believers
Rev. 17:15 “water” = fallen people
28. Why will the messiah be born
on earth as a man again?
God’s will is eternal, unchanging and absolute
Adam and Eve were supposed to fulfil the Three Blessings
but fell
Jesus came as the Second Adam restore Adam’s failure,
destroy evil and establish the Kingdom of Heaven by
fulfilling the Three Blessings
The messiah will come as the Third Adam to complete
Jesus' work of establishing God’s Kingdom by fulfilling the
Three Blessings
29. The second coming of Jesus
Jesus
(33 AD)
Ascended into heaven
as a spiritual being
‘Second coming’
as a new messiah
The spirit of Jesus will
work with the messiah
who inherits his mission
“Men of Galilee, why do you
stand looking into heaven? This
Jesus, who was taken from you
into heaven, will come in the
same way as you saw him go
into heaven.”
Acts 1:11
30. What is the new messiah called?
Then I saw heaven opened,
and behold, a white horse!
He who sat upon it is called
Faithful and True, and in
righteousness he judges
and makes war. His eyes
are like a flame of fire, and
on his head are many
diadems; and he has a new
name which no one knows
but himself. He is clad in a
robe dipped in blood, and
the name by which he is
called is The Word of God.
32. Will Christ return among the Jewish
people?
• Landlord = God
• Vineyard = Israel
• Tenants = Leaders
• Servants = Prophets
• Son = Jesus Christ
Tenants murder the son“Therefore I tell you, the Kingdom
of God will be taken away from you
and
given to a people producing the fruits
of it.”
Jews who
believe in
Jesus
33. Who is Israel?
The messiah will be born to a Christian people
John the Baptist: “God is able from these very stones
to raise up children to Abraham.”
Matthew 3:9
Jews who believed in Jesus = the Jesus Movement
Scripture of the early church was the Old Testament
The Christian Church
spiritual descendants of Abraham
Christianity = 2nd Israel
= Jews who believe in Jesus + Gentile converts
34. Which Christian nation?
“For as the lightening comes from the east
and shines as far as the west, so will be the
coming of the Son of man.
Matthew 24:27
A country in the East:
Communist
leaning
Imperialist
Militaristic
Imperialistic
Pagan
Non-aggressive
Religious
China Japan Korea
35. The last four hundred years
GermanyMartin Luther
1517
Karl Marx
1848
Britain
America Korea
Russia
China
Travels
WEST
Travels
EAST
Free market
Liberal
Democracy
Protestantism Communism
Totalitarianism
State control
British Empire
Fascism
Nazism
36. Why Korea?
• Messianic prophecies and spiritual groups preparing for
the coming Christ
• Deep religious traditions
• Non-aggressive nation with history of suffering
• Front line of the battle between Communism and
Democracy: divided Cain and Abel brother nations
Wherever the body is, there the eagles will
be gathered together.” Matthew 24:28
38. Christianity in China
Nestorian Stele (781)
• Arrived 635 – Alopen
• Flourished Tang
dynasty 200 years
• Persecuted and
declined 10th century
• Revived Mongol Yuan
dynasty 13th century
• Disappeared 14th
century Ming dynasty
• Xenophobia
39. Some recent Korean history
• 5000 year history
• Chosun dynasty
established 1392
• King Sejong the Great
– Hangul alphabet
– Neo-Confucianism
– Cultural and technological
advances
– Agricultural innovations
– Calendar reform
– 1/3 population slaves
King Sejong the Great
(1418-50)
40. Invasions and threats
• Japanese invasions 1592-98
– Admiral Yi Sun-sin and turtle
ships supported by Chinese
Ming Dynasty defeated them
• Manchu invasions 1627/36
– Korea under Qing suzerainty
- paid tribute
– 200 years of peace and
isolation “Hermit Kingdom”
– Hostile to foreign trade and
contact including missionaries
Admiral Yi Sun-sin
41. Coming of Catholic Christianity
• 1603 Korean envoy to China
brought some Catholic texts
• 1758 Christianity outlawed
• 1840 French missionaries
• 1856 French bishop appointed
• January 1866 Russian ships
off coast
• February Catholics propose
alliance
– France, Britain, Korea
• Rejected by Korean court
– 8-10,000 Catholics martyred
– 7 French priests martyred
Bishop Siméon-François Berneaux
tortured, beheaded March 1866
42. Coming of Protestantism
• 1865 Robert Jermain
Thomas from Wales
takes Chinese Bibles to
Korea
• August 1866 he travels
on General Sherman
– Misunderstanding
– Clash
– Thomas martyred
• 1877 John Ross from
Scotland translates Bible
into Korean and
distributes Robert Jermain Thomas
1839-1866
43. Korea makes treaties
• 1854 USA sign treaty with Japan
– Meiji restoration 1868
• 1876 Korea made unequal trade treaty with Japan
• 1882 Korean king wanted US goods and
protection but not Christianity or democracy
• US promised to protect Korea
• Korean court politics rejects closer relations with
the West
44. Japanese occupy Korea
• 1st Sino – Japanese War 1894-5
– Korea nominally independent – Empire of Korea
• Anglo – Japanese Alliance 1902
– Japan occupies Korea
• Russo – Japanese war 1904-05
– 1905 Russian Revolution, closing of Duma
– Treaty of Portsmouth 1905
• Eulsa Treaty 1905
– Korea becomes a protectorate of Japan
• Japan – Korea Treaty 1907
– Korea controlled by Japan
• Japan – Korea Annexation Treaty 1910
– loss of Korean sovereignty
45. Korean Pentecost
• Revival in Wales 1904-05
• Spread to India and Korea 1907
• Meeting of missionaries spirit descended
• Rapid spread
• Today Korean Christianity most vital in the
world – most missionaries, largest
congregations
46. March 1st 1919
• Korean declaration of independence
• Influenced by Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points
• Korea ‘connects’ to worldwide foundation
for the messiah
• 2,000,000 Koreans participated in 1,500
demonstrations
• 7,500 killed, 16,000 wounded, 46,000
arrested
• Korean delegation at Versailles Peace
Conference blocked by Japan and USA
47. Sun Myung Moon born
• 25th February 1920
• 2nd son of Kyung-yoo Moon and
Kyung-gye Kim
• 1930 family converted to Christianity
• 1935 encounter with Jesus
• 4th May 1944 marries Sun Kil Choi
• 1946 travels to North Korea
49. What must the Messiah do?
• Fulfill the three blessings
• Bring a new expression of truth
• Be victorious over evil
• Show the way for all people to regain
their status as God’s true sons and
daughters
• Unite people of all faiths and establish a
world of peace.
And
more….
Editor's Notes
Amos- God warned people about flood, warned Abraham about Sodom and Gomorrah, warns tsunami, 9/11 etc. Why God warn - enable people to prepare and respond
[these things] wars, tribulations etc.
Abraham 1812 -1637 BC by Biblical dating Maintained ID through circumcision, sabbath Exodus date 1440 - Biblical 1 Kings 6. 480 years before Solomon began Temple in 4th year of reign Late 1200 BC William Albright Early 1500 BC Hyskos Xns established ID through baptism and cedo “I believe that Jesus is Lord” Constahntine converted 312 Xty became dominated by the Roman state. Arm of government. Cain dominated Abel? Loss of freedom of faith Emperor Theodocius made Xty state religion
In Canaan should have maintained faith in God, kept the law and be united with judge and each other. Usually supported Judge but after judge fell into faithlessness. Judges 2:16-19 People not bound together by central govt but common devotion to God, common religious festivals and law. Tribal independence. People followed conscience not king. Authority of judges non-hereditary and charismatic. God rules, not king like other people. Theocracy. Valued freedom and independence after slavery in egypt. Abimelech with support of priests of Baal tried to become king and create Canaanite type of government but people rebelled at the idea of human king. Benjamin didn’t come to support so decimated by other tribes. Later wanted a king so they could become as other nations. Rejected freedom and responsibility and uncertainties of divine rule and leadership.
OT Prophet, priest and king NT Saint, pope, king Saul 1020 BC. 3 times 40 for kings Saul was king, should have listened to prophet but prophet obey king. Separation of functions. Samuel failed to respect position of king. Killed Saul David listened to prophet and repented. Nathan spoke to power. David reign - rebbellion of Absolom Solomon other foreign wives and their gods - I Kings 11 - 700 wives, 300 concubines, When he was old his heart went after other gods. Ashteroth, Milcom
Rehaboam - Solomon’s son. Jeroboam - capable leader in charge of forced labour. 1 Kings 12:4 “Your father made our yoke heavy. Now therefore ligten the hard service of your father and his heavy yoke upon us, and we will serve you.” R - “My little finger is thicker than my father’s loins. And now, whereas my father laid upon you a heavy yoke, I will ad to your yoke. My father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions.” Israel - 19 unrighteous kings in 260 years Judah - many good kings 394 years. 1 lineage. Also fell into coruption and idol worship
Ezra was a Jewish priestly scribe who led about 5,000 Israelite exiles living in Babylon to their home city of Jerusalem in 459 BC. Ezra reconstituted the dispersed Jewish community on the basis of the Torah and with an emphasis on the law. Ezra resolved the identity threat which arose by the intermarriage between Jews and foreigners and provided a definite reading of the Torah. Ezra is highly respected in the Jewish tradition. His knowledge of the Torah is considered to have been equal with Moses. Like Moses , Enoch , and David , Ezra is given the honorific title of "scribe". Son of exciled HP. Eunoch Malachi is often thought to have been Ezra Nehemiah - cup-bearer of Artaxerxes. Allowed to go to Jerusalem as governor. Rebuilt walls and restored administration. D. 413 BC
Jesus a jew, all disciples jews, all bishops and leaders of church jews till 2nd century Who rejected Jesus? Church - Jews Romans killed him. Minimised. DP - John Baptist failed. Ordinary people welcomed. Some religious leaders supported. Some opposed. Failure of disciples. After crucifixion jews couldn’t accept Jesus was messiah cos didn’t fulfill messianic role Christians tried to prove he was supposed to be crucified to convince them Belief in divinty of Jesus due to experience Parting of the ways Law - should converts from gentiles be circumcised Self definition - who is a christian Based in synagogue still Divinity of Jesus - jewish heretics Lot of interaction Constantine - Nicea - separate date for Easter/Passover. Sabbath/Sunday. Gentiles anti S brought attitudes into church Xns established ID through baptism and cedo “I believe that Jesus is Lord” Constahntine converted 312 Xty became dominated by the Roman state. Arm of government. Cain dominated Abel? Loss of freedom of faith Emperor Theodocius made Xty state religion
Church influenced by gentile society. Abandoned the law - circumcumcision, sabbath etc. Gentiles brought in their ideas. Gnostic ideas entered church - predestination, etc. Council of Nicaea recognised auhtority of metropolitan bishops as archbishops Council of constantinople recognised special place of bishops of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople and Jerusalem Chalcedon Leo I claimed Rome supreme Problem with doctrinal controversies was became extreme. Conflcts racked society. Each group thought absolutley right and wanted to impose its beliefs on everyone and squeeze out competitors. Groups tried to mobilise emperor and state to be on their side. Should have allowed for broad religious freedom. Free market in doctrine. Trinitarian, Christological, Donatist, Pelagian -> christianity was pluralist and very diverse but politically wanted uniformity of belief. Winners at council used state to enforce belief on others Islam a reforming movement to restore monotheism
Charlemagne (742 - 814) was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. Grandson of Charles Martel who defeated Muslims at Battle Tours. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe . During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 as a rival of the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople . His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance , a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church and guided by Alcuin of York. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of France , Germany , and the Holy Roman Empire . Established common currency based on pound of silver, shilling and 240 pence. Donation of Constantine - Papacy dominates kings. The Donation of Constantine ( Latin , Donatio Constantini ) [1] is a forged Roman imperial decree in which the emperor Constantine transfers authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the pope. It was devised probably between 750 and 775 , In 799, Pope Leo III had been mistreated by the Romans, who tried to put out his eyes and tear out his tongue. Leo escaped, and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn, asking him to intervene in Rome and restore him. Charlemagne, advised by Alcuin of York , agreed to travel to Rome, doing so in November 800 and holding a council on December 1. On December 23 Leo swore an oath of innocence. Charlemagne sat in judgement on the Pope. At Mass , on Christmas Day (December 25), when Charlemagne knelt the altar to pray, the pope crowned him Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans") in Saint Peter's Basilica . In so doing, the pope was effectively attempting to transfer the office from Constantinople to Charles. Einhard says that Charlemagne was ignorant of the pope's intent and did not want any such coronation: “[ H]e at first had such an aversion that he declared that he would not have set foot in the Church the day that they [the imperial titles] were conferred, although it was a great feast-day, if he could have foreseen the design of the Pope .” Many modern scholars suggest that Charlemagne was indeed aware of the coronation; certainly he cannot have missed the bejeweled crown waiting on the altar when he came to pray. In any event, he would now use these circumstances to claim that he was the renewer of the Roman Empire, which had apparently fallen into degradation under the Byzantines . However, Charles would after 806 style himself, not Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans", a title reserved for the Byzantine emperor), but rather Imperator Romanum gubernans Imperium ("Emperor ruling the Roman Empire").The Iconoclasm of the Isaurian Dynasty and resulting religious conflicts with the Empress Irene , sitting on the throne in Constantinople in 800, were probably the chief causes of the pope's desire to formally acclaim Charles as Roman Emperor. He also most certainly desired to increase the influence of the papacy, honour his saviour Charlemagne, and solve the constitutional issues then most troubling to European jurists in an era when Rome was not in the hands of an emperor. Thus, Charlemagne's assumption of the imperial title was not an usurpation in the eyes of the Franks or Italians. In Constaninople Irene was Empress. Charlemagne proposed to her but she was then overthrown when she showed some interest. Charles backed tracked on title but Church kept it and power that went with pretended authority to bestow it. Loius the Pious - suceeded Charlemagne. As emperor he included his adult sons - Lothair , Pepin , and Louis - in the government and sought to establish a suitable division of the realm between them. In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war between his sons, only exacerbated by Louis's attempts to include his son Charles by his second wife in the succession plans. [parallel David] 3 civil wars. Empire split between and inherited by Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II (the Bald) who also constantly warred with each other
Monastic orders Cluny - ~William of Aquitaine (919) source of most reform movements. Reformed Benedictines (Benedictines founded Benedict of Nursia in 529) at Monte Cassino Cistercians (1098), Augustinians, Carthusians (1082), Carmelites (1156), Dominicans (1216) St Dominic, Spaniard (1170-1221) - Dominicans - Order of Preachers. Inquisition Franciscans (1223) St Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) Minor Brethren Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist (1090 – August 20, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order. 350 monasteries in lifetime Others called heretics; Lollards - followers John Wycliffe Hussites - John Huss Scholars: St Aquinas (1225-74) John Scotus (1266-1308) William Ockham (1280-1349) Exommunication and interdict powerful papal weapons Gregory VII (Hildebrand) (1021-1085) enhanced power of papacy. The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was an 11th century dispute between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VII over who would control appointments of church officials ( investiture ). The medieval feudal church owned vast amounts of land and so was very powerful. The king wanted to appoint bishops ect. That would support him. It was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe . By undercutting the Imperial power established by the Salian emperors, the controversy led to nearly 50 years of civil war in Germany , the triumph of the great dukes and abbots , and the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire from which Germany would not recover until the unification of Germany in the 19th century. To achieve his political goals the pope excommunicated the king. After the decline of the Roman Empire , and prior to the Investiture Controversy, the appointment of church officials, while theoretically a task of the Roman Catholic Church was in practice performed by secular authorities. Since a substantial amount of wealth and land was usually associated with the office of bishop or abbot, the sale of Church offices (a practice known as simony ) was an important source of income for secular leaders. Since bishops and abbots were themselves usually part of the secular governments, due to their literate administrative resources, it was beneficial for a secular ruler to appoint (or sell the office to) someone who would be loyal. In addition, the Holy Roman Emperor had the special ability to appoint the pope, and the pope in turn would appoint and crown the next Emperor. Thus a top-down cycle of secular investiture of Church offices was perpetuated.The crisis began when a group within the church, members of the Gregorian Reform , decided to address the sin of simony by restoring the power of investiture to the Church. The Gregorian reformers knew this would not be possible so long as the emperor maintained the ability to appoint the pope, so their first step was to liberate the papacy from the control of the emperor. An opportunity came in 1056 when Henry IV became German king at six years of age. The reformers seized the opportunity to free the papacy while he was still a child and could not react. In 1059 a church council in Rome declared secular leaders would play no part in the selection of popes and created the College of Cardinals as a body of electors made up entirely of church officials. To this day the College of Cardinals selects the pope.Once Rome gained control of the election of the pope, it was now ready to attack the practice of secular investiture on a broad front Innocent III (1161-1216) claimed absolute spiritual and temporal authority Failure of crusades -> loss papal authority and dignity and power -> fell under French control East/West division political rivalry Byzantine empire and Holy Roman Empire Papal claims Filioque controversy Different languages Difference in clerical celibacy Mutual excommunicaton Crusades - 1096-1099. Urban II, Peter Hermit. Captured Nicea, Antioch, Jerusalem. Est. Crusader kingdoms 4th crusade sacked Constantinople 1200-1204 Childrens crusade 1212 drowned and enslaved The Crusades were a series of religion-driven military campaigns waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents. Crusades were fought mainly against Muslims , though campaigns were also directed against pagan Slavs , Jews , Russian and Greek Orthodox Christians , Mongols , Cathars , Hussites , Waldensians , Old Prussians , and political enemies of the popes . [1] Crusaders took vows and were granted an indulgence for past sins . [1] The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule and were launched in response to a call from the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire for help against the expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks into Anatolia . The immediate cause of the First Crusade was the Byzantine emperor Alexios I 's appeal to Pope Urban II for mercenaries to help him resist Muslim advances into territory of the Byzantine Empire. In 1071, at the Battle of Manzikert , the Byzantine Empire was defeated, which led to the loss of all of Asia Minor (modern Turkey ) save the coastlands. Although attempts at reconciliation after the East-West Schism between the Catholic Western Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church had failed, Alexius I hoped for a positive response from Urban II and got it, although it turned out to be more expansive and less helpful than he had expected. Another factor that contributed to the change in Western attitudes towards the East came in the year 1009, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ordered the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . In 1039 his successor, after requiring large sums be paid for the right, permitted the Byzantine Empire to rebuild it. Pilgrimages were allowed to the Holy Lands before and after the Sepulchre was rebuilt, but for a time pilgrims were captured and some of the clergy were killed. The Muslim conquerors eventually realized that the wealth of Jerusalem came from the pilgrims; with this realization the persecution of pilgrims stopped. However, the damage was already done, and the violence of the Seljuk Turks became part of the concern that spread the passion for the Crusades.
Pope Cement V 1305 -1 314 Pope Gregory XI 1370 -1 378 moved back to Rome then died. Urban VI elected in Rome. Behaved badly. Cardinals elected Clement VII -> Avignon 2 popes Continued Council Pisa 1409 elected another -> 3 popes Constance elected Martin V The Great Schism of Western Christianity or Papal Schism (also known as the Western Schism ) was a split within the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417. After Gregory XI died, the Romans rioted to ensure the election of a Roman for pope. The cardinals , fearing the crowds, elected a Neapolitan when no viable Roman candidates presented themselves. Pope Urban VI , born Bartolomeo Prignano, the Archbishop of Bari , was elected in 1378. Urban had been a respected administrator in the papal chancery at Avignon, but as pope he proved suspicious, overbearing, and prone to violent outbursts of temper. The cardinals who had elected him soon regretted their decision: the majority removed themselves from Rome to Anagni , where they elected Robert of Geneva as a rival pope on September 20 of the same year. Robert took the name Pope Clement VII and reestablished a papal court in Avignon. The second election threw the Church into turmoil. There had been antipopes --rival claimants to the papacy--before, but most of them had been appointed by various rival factions; in this case, a single group of leaders of the Church had created both the pope and the antipope. By its end, three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope . Driven by politics rather than any real theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414 ミ 1 418). The simultaneous claims to the papal chair of four different men hurt the reputation of the office. Finally, the Council of Constance in 1414, advised by the theologian Jean Gerson , secured the resignations of John XXIII and the successor in Rome of Urban VI, Pope Gregory XII (who had abdicated in 1415, but not before formally empowering the Council of Constance to elect the new pope, thus ensuring the legitimacy of the Roman line), and excommunicated the claimant who refused to step down, Avignon Pope Benedict XIII . The Council then elected Pope Martin V , essentially ending the schism. Nonetheless, the Kingdom of Aragon did not recognize Martin V and continued to recognize Benedict XIII. A follower of Benedict XIII subsequently elected Antipope Benedict XIV (Bernard Garnier) and three followers simultaneously elected Antipope Clement VIII , but the Western Schism was by then practically over. (Clement VIII resigned in 1429 and apparently recognized Martin V.) Wycliffe 1329-84) denied transubstantiation, criticised wealth of church and indulgences. Peasants revolt Huss (1373-1415) opposed indulgences, images. Burned at Council of Constance.