DLXNF DFGJCLWSF/ / IFSCLEOFG KL/RO / CFJZOSFT

;DkfbsLo
sfdsf] klxrfg, ;Ddfg / ;'/ Iffsf] ;+3if{
dfgjclwsf/ , nf] stGq / dlxnf clwsf/ sf nflu ;ª3if{zLn
dlxnfx?sf] ;femf cleofg dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf]
/ fli6«o ;~hfnn] cfkmgf] kfFrf} ;fwf/ 0f;ef ;DkGg ul/ ;s] sf]
5 . dfgjclwsf/ sf] cfjfh p7fpFbf, cfkmgf] sfdsf] klxrfg,
;'/ Iff / ;Ddfgsf nflu cfjfh p7fpFbf dlxnf ePs} sf/ 0f
cfkmg} Hofg ;d] t hf] lvddf / x] sf] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?n] k6s k6s ;fj{hlgs ub} { cfPsf 5g . dfgjclwsf/
;+/ If0f ;+a4{gsf nflu ;d'bfo:t/ df / fHon] ug'{kg] { tdfd
bfloTj dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] lgjf{x ub} { cfPsf] tYo
xfdL ;a} sf ;fd' 5n{+u} 5 . Jofjxfl/ s ?kdf pkef] u ug{
cem} ;xh geP klg ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfsf] sf/ 0f bf] ;|f] t] ;|f]
bhf{df / flvPsf dlxnf tyf of} g cNk;+Vos clwsf/ sdL{x?sf]
lg/ Gt/ sf] jsfntn] lx+;f d'Qm eO{ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ,
;Ddflgt hLjg afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ , zf/ Ll/ s cv08tfsf]
clwsf/ , of} g tyf k|hgg clwsf/ h:tf clwsf/ x? ;Daf] wg
ug{ ;/ sf/ nfO{ afWo agfPsf] tYo ;a} n] :jLsfg{} kb{5 .
ljZjdf a9b} uPsf] ;} lgsLs/ 0f, gj pbf/ jfbL gLltx? tyf
h8;"qjfbsf] sf/ 0f emg} jlnof] xF'b} uPsf] lkt[;QfTds
;fdflhs ;+/ rgfdf dlxnf clwsf/ sf] cfjfh p7fpg'
cfkm} df r'gf} tLk"0f{ sfd xf] . dlxnfsf df} lns clwsf/ xgg
sf 36gf lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg] , pgLx?sf] ;'/ Iff / ;Ddfgsf]
nflu bafa ;[hgf ug] {, k} / jL ug] { tyf dlxnfsf] cfkmgf]
clwsf/ k|lt ;r] t u/ fpFb} clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu ;+ul7t
ug] { h:tf sfddf lg/ Gt/ nfUg] clwsf/ sdL{x?sf] ;Ddfg /
plrt d"Nofªsg geP;Dd ;d'bfodf dfgjclwsf/ ;+:s[lt
lgdf{0f x'g;Sb} g .
lkQ[;QfTds d"No dfGotfdf cfwfl/ t xfd|f] k/ Dk/ f, wd{, ;+:sf/
/ rfnrngsf lxdfotLx? dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf]
sfdnfO{ 7Ls dfGb} gg . kl/ jf/ b] lv / fHo;+/ rgfsf] x/ ] s
txdf b] lvg] oL k|lts"ntf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sf r'gf} tLsf
?kdf / x] sf 5g . log} r'gf} tLsf] ;fdfgf ug{ cfkm"x? ;+ul7t
x'g] , ;fd'lxs cfjfh p7fpg] / lg/ Gt/ sfo{If] qdf v6g]
jftfj/ 0f lgdf{0fsf] nflu dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf]
/ fli6«o ;~hfn lg/ Gt/ lqmofzLn / x] sf] 5 .
b] zleq, dfgjclwsf/ xggsf 36gfx?, lx+;fTds sfo{x?af6
kLl8tn] emg kL8f kfpg] / bf] ifLx? ;lhn} plDsg ;Sg]
jftfj/ 0f l;h{gf eO/ x] sf] 5 . jf:tljs 36gf / bf] ifLsf]
vf] hL u/ L ;d'lrt b08sf] Joj:yf ug{' / fHosf] k|d'v
bfloTj xf] . / fHon] cfkmgf] of] bfloTj k'/ f ug{ g;s] s}
sf/ 0f gful/ ssf] cfwf/ e"t :jtGqtfsf nflu n8g] oL
dfgjclwsf/ sdL{ clxn] emg a9L hf] lvddf kl/ / x] sf 5g .
b] z nf] stflGqs u0ftGqdf kl/ 0ft eO;Sbfsf] cj:yfdf klg
lbuf] zflGtsf] k|Tofe"t ePsf] dxz'; ug{ kfpg' t stf
xf] stf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ePs} sf/ 0f yk oftgf
/ b'Jo{jxf/ v] Kg' kl/ / x] sf] 5 . o:tf] l:yltsf] cGTo ug{
;/ sf/ åf/ f ;r] t ¿kdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf]
sfdsf] klxrfg, ;Ddfg u/ L pgLx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu ljz] if
Joj:yfkg ug{ l9nf] eO;s] sf] 5 . o;f] gxF'bf;Dd ;/ sf/ n]
/ fli6«o tyf cGt/ f{li6«o If] qdf u/ ] sf] k|ltj4tf k"/ f x'g;Sb} g .
t;y{ dfgjclwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu lqmofzLn ;j} n] of]
oyf{ytf dgg ub} { cufl8 a9g' cfjZos 5 .
;DkfbsLo @
!= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs cleofg===== Ps kl/ ro #
@= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfnsf] ultljlwx? $
#= hjh{:tL s/ 0fL -anfTsf/ _ ;+u hf] l8Psf ;jfnx?
bnjxfb'/ wfdL !!
$= cGtjf{tf{
s= / fHosf] cfwf sfd 36fPsf] 5 dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?n] =========Dff] xgf cG;f/ L !%
v= / fHon] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu plrt
gLlt agfpg' k5{=======/ flwsf ;fksf] 6f !&
%= n] v tyf / rgfx?
s= dlxnf lx+;f cGTo s;/ L< 8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/L @!
v cgf} krfl/ s tyf dgf] / ~hg If] qdf >dLs dlxnfx?sf]
cj:yf / / fHosf] bfloTj====;[hgf k'g @@
u= ax'ljjfx, o;sf] c;/ / sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg] {
kIfx?========;'wf sfkmn] @%
^= lhNnfsf] ultljlwx? @*
&= k|f] kmfOn=====wflbË lhNnf ;~hfn @*
*= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs sf] x'g < #)
o; c+s leq===========
k|wfg ;DkfbsM nIdL cfrfo{
;Dkfbs d08nM
hfg'sf sfsL{
nIdL Gof}kfg]
8f= ljgfos /fhe08f/L
;Nnfxsf/M
8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/L
sDKo'6/ n] cfp6M
/d]z e08f/L
k|sfzsM
dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx?sf] /fli6«o ;+hfn
;lrjfnoM afns'df/L, nlntk'/
kmf]g g+= (&&–!–%%@(*$!
O{d]n M secretariat@nawhrd.org
j]j;fO{6 M www.nawhrd.org
2

dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs cleofg kl/ro /
cfjZostf
ljifo k|j] z
;g !*$* df dfgjclwsf/ sf] ljZjJofkL 3f] if0ffkq
hf/ L ePkl5 gful/ ssf clwsf/ x?sf] ;+/ If0f / ;Ddfg
ug{ / fHonfO{ pQ/ bfoL agfpg dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n]
;Eotfsf] z'?jft b] lvg} u/ ] sf] cys ;+3if{ / lg/ Gt/
cleofgx? dfgjclwsf/ sf nflu ul/ Psf] cleofgsf]
?kdf :yflkt ePsf 5g . o; cjlwdf y'k|} dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?n] JolQm, ;d'bfosf] cfwf/ e"t :jtGqtf, clwsf/
jxfnL / pkef] usf nflu sfd u/ ] s} cfwf/ df lx+;f, lje] b,
oftgf, lt/ :sf/ h] nofqf vKg' k/ ] sf] 5 eg] s} of} +n] hLjg
pT;u{ ;d] t ug'{k/ ] sf] 5 . c?sf] clwsf/ sf] nflu cgj/ t
?kdf nflu kg] { cleoGtfx?n] cfkmg} hLjgdf hf] lvd
ef] Ug'kg] { cj:yf l;h{gf ePkl5 To;sf] cGTosf nflu klg
dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?n] cfjfh p7fPsf 5g .
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] lg/ Gt/ cfjfh p7fPkl5 ;+o'Qm
/ fi6«;ª3sf] dxf;efn] ;g !((* df dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?
;DaGwL 3f] if0ffkq kfl/ t u¥of] . ;g @))) df dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?sf] ;+/ If0f ug] { ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f u/ L ;+o'Qm
/ fli6«;ª3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] cg'/ f] wdf ;+o'Qm
/ fi6«;ª3Lo dxf;lrjåf/ f dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;DaGwL ljz] if
k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug] { Joj:yf eof] . pQm Joj:yfkl5 ;+o'Qm
/ fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lrjsf] dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;+aGwL ljz] if
k|ltlglwx?sf] ?kdf kfls:tfgsL rlr{t dfgjclwsf/ sdL{
jlsn lxgf lhnfgL lgo'Qm eOg .
;+o'Qm / fi6«;ª3Lo dxf;lrjsf ljz] if k|ltlglwåf/ f o;
cjlwdf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] clwsf/ / ;'/ Iffsf]
k|Tofe"ltsf nflu k|efjsf/ L ?kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub} { cfw'lgs
;Eotfn] :jLsfg{ g;Sg] nHhf:kb dfGotf, k/ Dk/ f, lje] b
lx+;fx?sf lj?4 cfkmgf] hLjgnfO{ cToGt} hf] lvddf / fv] /
lg/ Gt/ nflu k/ ] sf dlxnf clwsf/ sf] If] qdf sfd ug] {
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? pQm clwsf/ / ;'/ Iff k|fKt
ug{jf6 jl~rt x'g' kl/ / x] sf] oyfy{tf ;d] tnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
ul/ Psf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm / fi6«;+3Lo ljz] if k|ltj] bgn]
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? ;dfhdf ljleGg hf] lvdx?
vk] / sfd ub{5g t/ ;dfh, / fi6« / lkt[;QfTds ;f] +r
ePsf JolQmx?sf] afx'Notf ePsf] dfgjclwsf/ cfGbf] ng,
;fdflhs cfGbf] ngx? ;d] tn] pgLx?sf] o:tf sfo{nfO{
dfGotf lbbF} gg / lbO/ x] sf 5} gg, kmn:j?k pgLx?dfly
hf] lvd cem a9bf] 5 eGg] tkm{ ;j} sf] Wofgfcfsif{0f u/ fOg .
pgn] cfkmgf] k|ltj] bgdfkm{t dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf]
klxrfg / ;'/ Iffsf] ljz] if ;+oGq lgdf{0f cfjZos 5 eGg]
;d] t cfkmgf k|ltj] bgdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ul/ g .
dfgjclwsf/ sf] If] qdf lqmofzLn ljleGg dfgjclwsf/ jfbL
;ª+3 ;+:yfx?åf/ f dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ x?sf] ;'/ Iff, klxrfg
/ dfGotf :yflkt ug{ ljz] if cleofgsf] cfjZostf dx;';
u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs cleofg ;+rfng ul/ of] .
;g @))% sf] gf] e] Da/ @( b] lv l8;] Da/ @ ;Dd >Ln+sfsf]
/ fhwfgL sf] nDaf] df cfof] lht cGt/ f{li6«o k/ fdz{ uf] i7Låf/ f
kfl/ t ;'emfjx?sf cfwf/ df ljZjJofkL ?kdf cufl8 a9fpFb}
nUg] lg0f{o ul/ of] . g] kfnsf] tTsfnLg / fhgLlts l:yltdf
dlxnf clwsf/ If] qdf lqmofzLn dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n]
ef] Ug' k/ ] sf ;d:ofx?, dfgjclwsf/ cfGbf] ngleq
dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x?n] v] Kg'k/ ] sf] lje] bh:tf sf/ 0fx?n]
;d'bfo:t/ b] lv / fli6«o cleofgsf] cfjZostf dxz';
ul/ of] . ttkZrft dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?aLr s] Gb|Lo,
If] qLo Pj+ ;d'bfo:t/ df ePsf ljleGg ;Dd] ngx?n]
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ x?sf d'2fx?nfO{ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cufl8
Nofpg'kg] { cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u¥of] . g] kfndf klg ;g
@))^ b] lv dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ ;~hfn :yfkgf eO{ dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] cleofg cufl8 a9of] .
g] kfnleq ;d'bfo:t/ b] lv / fli6«o:t/ ;Dd dfgjclwsf/ ,
dlxnf clwsf/ sf] If] qdf lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?sf klxrfg, ;'/ Iff / clwsf/ sf lglDt lqmofzLn
/ xg' dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnsf] k|d'v p2] Zo xf] .
b] zsf &% lhNnfdf o;sf zfvfx? lj:tf/ ePsf 5g . dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnn] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?sf]
Ifdtf ljsf;df hf] 8 lbFb} ;d'bfo:t/ df p7] sf dlxnf;Fu
;DalGwt ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf] wg ug{ ;lsg] d'2fx? lhNnf
;~hfnx?dfkm{t ;d'bfo :t/ df ;Daf] wg ug] { ul/ Psf] 5 eg]
;Daf] wg x'g g;s] sf ;jfnx? lhNnf:t/ Lo ;~hfndfkm{t
/ fli6«o txdf NofO{ pQm ;jfnx? ;Daf] wgsf nflu cfjZos
gLlt lgdf{0f, ;+zf] wg tyf kl/ dfh{gsf nflu kxn ug] {
ul/ Psf] 5 .
lhNnf :t/ Lo ;~hfnx?dfkm{t klxrfg ul/ Psf ;jfnx?sf
;DaGwdf cfjZostf cg'?k a} 7s a:g] , ;Daf] wgsf nflu
kxn ug] {, ;d'lrt Gofo lbnfpg] nufot kLl8tx?nfO{ k/ fdz{
;] jf k|bfg ug] { tyf sfg'gL pkrf/ lbg] sfo{x? klg ug] {
ul/ Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cfkm"x?n] dlxnf clwsf/ , nf] stGq
ljlwsf] ] zf;gsf] nflu cfjfh p7fPs} sf/ 0f hf] lvddf
k/ ] sf] h'g;'s} If] q / k] zfdf / x] sf] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?nfO{ cfjZos ;xof] u ug] {, ;'/ Iff k|bfg ub} { pgLx?sf]
sfdnfO{ pRr ;Ddfg lbg] lqmofsnfkx? dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfnn] ug] { dxTjk"0f{ sfdx? / x] sf 5g .
3
!= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs cleofg Ps kl/ ro

@= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfn ;lrjfnåf/ f ;~rflnt ultljlw
@=@ dlxnf lx+;f lj?4df lhNnf sfof{no cufl8
lj/ f] w k|bz{g
kf} if !@ ut] l;+xb/ jf/ sf] blIf0f 9f] sfdf wgf{ u/ L ;'? ul/ Psf]
cfGbf] ngsf] Ps r/ 0fsf] sfo{qmdsf] b] ze/ ;DkGg ePkl5,
dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfdf kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{sf] cfjZostfnfO{
km] l/ Psk6s k'li6 u/ ] sf] kfOof] . kmfi6 6«ofs sf] 6{sf]
Joj:yfsf] dfu ub} { lhNnf k|zf;g sfo{no cufl8 wgf{
ul/ Psf] lyof] . @)^( df3 !@ ut] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifs ;~hfn nufot pQm If] qdf sfd ug] { ;Dk"0f{ ;ª3
;+:yfx?sf] ;xsfo{df dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] cfGbf] ngdf dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfnn] b] ze/ lhNnf k|zf;g
kl/ g . cfk|jf;g ljefudf sd{rf/ Lx?n] ;f] wk'5sf] nflu
eg] / lgoGq0fdf lnO{ pgL;Fu ePsf] / sd n'6g'sf ;fy} ToxfF
sfo{/ t k|x/ Ln] pgsf] anfTsf/ u/ ] . To:t} wflbË :yfO{ 3/
ePsL ;/ :jtL ;'j] bL -clwsf/ L_ sf] d+l;/ #) ut] cgfdgu/
sf7df08f} l:yt s[i0f k|;fFOsf] 3/ df 3/ ] n' sfdbf/ sf] ¿kdf
sfd ub} { cfPsf] ;dodf / x:odo d[To' ePsf] t/ To;sf]
5fgjLg ;d] t gePsf] , To:t} alb{of u'n] l/ of * sL !(
jifL{of lzjf xf;dLnfO{ d+l;/ @@ k] 6«f] n vGofP/ ul/ Psf]
xTof, af/ f k|:6f] –% sL laGb' 7fs'/ sf] / x:odo xTof ePsf]
lyof] . oL ;j} 36gfx?df k|x/ Lsf] plrt 5fgjLgsf] cefj,
Gofo kfpg] bjfj lbg' kg] { l:yltsf] lj/ f] w ub} { dlxnfnfO{
Gofo ;'ne agfp eGg] dfu tyf oL ;j} 36gfsf] 5fgjLg
kLl8tnfO{ Gofo / ck/ fwLnfO{ sf/ jfxLsf] dfu ub} { @)^(
kf} if !@ ut] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnn] lx+;f
lj?4 l;x+b/ jf/ cufl8 dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 ;/ sf/ sf] z"Go
hjfkmb] lxtfla?4 lj/ f] w k|bz{g u/ ] sf] lyof] . ;Ltf / fO{, lzjf
xf;dL, laGb' 7fs'/ tyf ;/ :jtL ;'j] bL, nufotsf kLl8tsf]
Gofosf] dfu ub} { lgikIf 5fgljg u/ L ck/ fwLnfO{ sf/ jfxLsf]
dfu ub} { ;du| dlxnf lx+;fsflj?4df k|bz{g ul/ Psf] lyof] .
l;+xb/ jf/ sf] u] 6df ul/ Psf] lj/ f] wk|lt P] Soj4tf hf/ L
ub} { b] ze/ dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnåf/ f lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no cufl8 wgf{, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/ Ldfkm{t
k|wfgddGqLnfO{ 1fkg kq a'emfpg] , ¥ofnL, h'n';, / fi6«kltsf]
Wofgfsif{0f h:tf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ul/ Psf] lyof] . kf} if !#
ut] b] lv :jtGq gful/ sx?åf/ f jfn'jf6f/ df ;~rflnt wgf{
sfo{qmddf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnsf] P] Soj4tf
/ x] sf] lyof] .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfn Ps ultzLn ;~hfn xf] .
;~hfnsf x/ ] s ;b:o cfkm"n] ;~rfng u/ ] sf] cleofgx?nfO{
lgisif{df k'¥ofpg nflu k/ ] sf 5g . tL ;Dk"0f{ cleofgx?df
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfn ;lrjfnon]
P] Soj4tf hfx] / ub} { ;lqmo ;xof] u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . dlxnf
clwsf/ sf ;jfnx?nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] qmddf b] zaflx/
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?, dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?åf/ f
;~rflnt sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;lrjfnon] ;xof] u k'¥ofpg]
ub{5 . ut ;] K6] Da/ @! b] lv dfr{ cf7;Dd ;lrjfnon]
ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+of] hg u/ ] sf] lyof] , h;dWo] k|d'v
?kdf ;] K6] Dj/ @! Dff dlxnfdfly x'g] lje] b;DjGwL ;+o'Qm
/ fli6«o ;ª3Lo sfo{ ;ldlt;Fu PkL8Jn'Pn8L, cf] / ] s
g] kfn;Fusf] ;xsfo{df / fli6«o uf] i7Lsf] cfof] hgf ul/ Psf]
lyof] . To:t} jfudtL lsgf/ fdf / x] sf] ;'s'Daf;L j:tLdf
;/ sf/ n] u/ ] sf] HofbtLlj?4 ul/ Psf] cfGbf] ng / dlxnf
lx+;f lj?4sf] !^ lbg] cleofgdf ;~hfnn] ;lqmo ?kdf
sfo{qmd u/ ] sf] lyof] .
@=! dlxnf lx+;flj?4 cleofg ;~rfng
of] cjlwdf d'n'se/ dlxnf lx+;fsf h3Go 36gf eP . dlxnf
lx+;f cGTosf] dfu ub} { b] z} e/ dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n]
la/ f] w k|bz{g u/ ] . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfnn]
@)^( kf} if !@ ut] b] lv / fhwfgL tyf / fhwfgL aflx/ wgf{,
h'n';, gf/ fx? ;lxtsf] lj/ f] w k|bz{g u/ ] sf] lyof] . o;}
qmddf j} b] lzs / f] huf/ sf] nflu ;fpbL c/ j uPsL @)
jifL{o ;Ltf / fO{ kms{Fbf g] kfnsf] Po/ kf] 6{df @)^( d+;L/ @#
ut] cGt/ f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf cs} {sf] kf;kf] 6{ ;lxt kqmfp4

sfo{no cufl8 a[xt k|bz{g u/ ] sf] lyof] . sf7df08f} df
k|wfgdGqL sfof{nonfO{ nlIft ub} { l;+xb/ jf/ blIf0f 9f] sf
cufl8 k|bz{g ul/ Psf] lyof] . k|bz{gdf kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{sf]
cljnDj Joj:yf ug{ dfu ul/ Psf] lyof] .
o;s} lg/ Gt/ tfsf] ?kdf @)^( ;fn df3 @$ ut] j'wjf/
lbgsf] ! jh] b] lv # jh] ;Dd lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no cufl8
lj/ f] w k|bz{g ul/ Psf] lyof] . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs
/ fli6«o ;~hfnsf] g] t[Tjdf ePsf] lj/ f] w sfo{qmddf lhNnf
k|zf;g sfo{no jj/ dxn cufl8 wgf{ lbg'sf ;fy} dlxnf
lx+;f lj?4sf gf/ f nufOPsf] lyof] . sf7df08f} lhNnf
k|d'vdfkm{t k|wfgdGqL 8f=afa'/ fd e§/ fO{ ;dIf b] ze/
dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu ;/ sf/ sf] hjfkmb] lxtfsf] dfu
ub} { e} / x] sf] cGbf] ngx?k|lt ;/ sf/ sf] z"Go hjfkmb] lxtfsf]
la/ f] wdf dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x?sf] ;+slnt x:tfIf/ ;lxt
Wofgfsif{0f kq j'emfPsf] lyof] . Wofgfsif{0f kqsf] ;fy}
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifssf] kfFrf} ;fwf/ 0f ;efn] hf/ L
u/ ] sf] dsjfgk'/ 3f] if0ff kq @)^( ;d] t Wofgfsif{0f kqsf
;fy j'emfOPsf] lyof] . df3 @$ ut] lj/ f] w k|bz{g cl3
/ lj/ f] w ug] { qmddf dlxnf lx+;fk|lt z"Go hjfkmb] lxtf
la?4 P] Soa4tf clkn k|sflzt ub} { dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf
nflu clanDa ;Daf] wg ug'{kg] { !) aF'b] dfu pNn] lvt krf{
pkTosfe/ ljt/ 0f ul/ Psf] lyof] . tL dfux? o;k|sf/
/ x] sf lyP M
!= ;/ :jtL ;'j] bLsf] / x:odo d[To'jf/ ] :jtGq / k|efjsf/ L
cg';Gwfg u/ L bf] ifLdfly sf/ jfxL ul/ of] ; .
@= dlxnfnfO{ Gofodf kx'Fr lbnfpg clxn] sf] emGeml6nf]
Gofo Joj:yfnfO{ ;+zf] wg u/ L ;jf] {Rr cbfnsf] cfb] z
jdf] lhd kmf:6 6«fS6 sf] 6{sf] cljnDa Joj:yf ul/ of] ; .
#= j} b] lzs / f] huf/ P] gdf ;+zf] wg u/ L dlxnf clwsf/
;'lglZrt ul/ of] ; .
$= xfn / x] sf] ha/ h:tL s/ 0fL ;DaGwL P] gdf t'?Gt ;+zf] wg
u/ L dlxnfx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{sf ;fy} dlxnfn]
Gofo tTsfn kfpg] Joj:yf ul/ of] ; .
%= dlxnfdfly x'g] of} ghGo lx+;f lj?4 k|efjsf/ L sfg'g
lgdf{0f ul/ of] ; .
^= b] ze/ xfn 36] sf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] cljnDa
:jtGq / k|efjsf/ L cg';Gwfg u/ L bf] ifLx¿nfO{ sfg'gL
bfo/ fdf NofO{ sf/ jfxL ul/ of] ; .
&= ;Ltf / fO{dfly 36] sf] 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf u[xdGqLn]
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf dfkmL dfuL bf] ifLdfly t'?Gt sf/ jfxL
u/ L pgnfO{ Gofo kfPsf] cg'e"lt u/ fOof] ; .
*= alb{of lhNnfsL lzjf xfl;dnfO{ lhpFb} hnfP/ dfg] {
bf] ifLnfO{ s8feGbf s8f sf/ jfxL ub} { o:tf h3Go ck/ fw
k'gM gbf] xf] l/ g] jftfj/ 0f tof/ ul/ of] ; .
(= kf} if !) ut] af/ f lhNnfsf] !* jifL{o lszf] / L ljGb'
7fs'/ sf] lhpFb} hn] / / x:odo d[To'sf] cfjZos 5fgjLg
u/ L bf] ifLdfly s8f eGbf s8f sf/ jfxL ul/ of] ; .
!)=j9bf] ¿kdf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf]
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLåf/ f g} lts ¿kdf lhDd] jf/ L lnO{
o;sf] 5fgljg / cGTosf] nflu tTsfn k|s[of yfngL
ul/ of] ; .
@=#= kqsf/ x?;Fusf] cGt/ lqmof
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs lhNnf ;~hfn wflbËsf] g] t[Tjdf
dw] z ldl8of xfp;, cgfdgu/ sf7df08f} df @)^( df3
@% ut] kqsf/ tyf cGo ;/ f] sf/ jfnf ;ª3 ;+:yfx?sf]
pkl:yltdf cGt/ lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/ Psf] lyof] .
wflbËjf6 cfpg' ePsf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? / flwsf
;fksf] 6f / clDasf ?kfv] tLn] wflbË lhNnfdf dlxnfx?dfly
ePsf] lx+;fsf] 36gfx?sfjf/ ] df hfgsf/ L u/ fpg' ePsf]
lyof] . ;fy} pxfFn] ljut s] xL jif{b] lvsf] tYof+snfO{ cfwf/
dfGb} ! ;o tLg jif{sf] j[4fb] lv $ jifL{o aflnsfdfly ePsf]
jnfTsf/ sf] 36gfsf] rrf{ ub} { wflbË lhNnfdf aflnsfx?
anfTsf/ x'g] >Lv+nf / f] lsg'sf] ;§f emg j[l4 ePsf] ;d] t
kqsf/ ;dIf hfgsf/ L u/ fpg' eof] . Pp6f lhNnfsf] dfq}
o:tf] eofjx cj:yf 5 eg] b] ze/ sf] cj:yf emg s:tf]
xf] nf < olt w] / } 36gfx? x'Fbf klg ;/ sf/ j] vj/ eP/
df} g j;] sf] tLtf] oyfy{ ;'gfpFb} dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x?
dlxnfx?s} Gofosf lgldQ nflu/ x] sf] sf/ 0f cfkm"x? :jo+
klg lbglbg} c;'/ lIft eO/ x] sf] / ;'/ Iffsf] lhDd] jf/ L lnPsf]
/ fHo g} dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{ lj?4df nfu] sf] cg'e"lt ePsf]
s'/ f JoQm ug'{eof] .
Psflt/ kL8s, csf] {lt/ / fhgLlts bn / / fHos} lgsfojf6
dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x? c;'/ lIft alg/ x] sf] cj:yfn]
cfkm"x?nfO{ uDeL/ agfPsf] jtfpg' ePsf] lyof] . o:tf
36gfdf dlxnfx?n] jf:tljs Gofo kfpg g;s] sf] ,
anfTsf/ sf] lzsf/ ePsf kLl8tx?nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ :j?k
cbfntn] @) xhf/ b] lv ! nfv;Ddsf] Ifltk"lt{sf] km} ;nf
u/ ] klg xfn;Dd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] sf] ;ªVof cToGt Go"g
/ x] sf] hfgsf/ L u/ fpFb} kL8sx?n] / fhgLlts ;+/ If0f kfpg]
/ b08jf6 pGd"lQm kfpg] x'Fbf dlxnf lx+;f;DjGwL ck/ fw
lgoGq0f x'g g;s] sf] cg'ej ;'gfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
5

@=$= k|x/ L;Fusf] cGt/ lqmof sfo{qmd
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfnn] @)^( df3 @^
sf lbg dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf lgb] {zgfno -k|x/ L k|wfg
sfof{no_ sf jl/ i7 sd{rf/ Lx?;Fusf] ;xeflutfdf j9
bf] dlxnf lx+;f sd ug{ / dlxnfsf d'2f btf{ ;DjGwdf
k|x/ L;Fu ;xof] u / ;xsfo{ ug{sf] nflu kxn ug] { ;DjGwdf
Ps 5nkmn sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/ Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf
dlxnf lx+;f ;DaGwdf FIR btf{ gug{'sf sf/ 0f, cg';Gwfg
k|lqmof sdhf] / x'g' tyf dlxnfsf d'2fx?df k|df0f sdhf] /
jgfOg'sf] sf/ 0fx? ;DjGwdf Jofks 5nkmn ul/ Psf] lyof] .
5nkmndf k|x/ L k|wfg sfof{nosf k|x/ L gfoj pk/ LIfs b'uf{
l;+x, k|x/ L pk/ LIfs s[i0f uf} td / k|x/ L jl/ i7 pk/ LIfs
/ fh jxfb'/ lji6sf] ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] . jxfFx?n] To;}
5nkmndfkm{t dlxnf lx+;fsf] s] zdf ph'/ L k/ ] sf] rf} jL;
306fleq btf{ ug{ b] ze/ cfb] z hf/ L ePsf] s'/ f hfgsf/ L
u/ fpg' ePsf] lyof] eg] To:tf ph'/ L lng gdfGg] s'g} klg
k|x/ L sfof{no jf lhDj] jf/ k|x/ Ldfly sf/ jfxL x'g] k|ltj4tf
hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
@=%= g] kfndf kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{sf] cfjZostf,
;DefJotf / r'gf} tLx? ;DaGwL cGt/ lqmof
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfn, cf] / ] s g] kfn
tyf / fli6«o dlxnf cfof] usf] ;+o'Qm cfof] hgfdf kmfNu'0f !*
ut] sf lbg kmfi6 6o«fs sf] 6{sf] cfjZostf ;DefJotf /
r'gf} tLx? ljifos Ps cGt/ lqmof sfo{s|d / fli6«o dlxnf
cfof] usf] ;ef sIfdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
6
ljleGg / fhgLlts JolQmTj, gful/ s ;dfh ;+:yfx?, dlxnf
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, / fli6«o dlxnf
cfof] u, sfg'g dGqfno, sfg'gljb, ;/ sf/ L k|ltlglw /
;DalGwt ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx?dfem kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{sf] ;DaGwdf
Jofks 5nkmn u/ L lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx?nfO{ rfF8f] eGbf
rfF8f] ;d'lrt Gofo lbnfpg o;sf] oyfzL3| :yfkgf ug'{kg] {
s'/ fdf hf] 8 lbOof] . g] kfn af/ Pzf] l;P;gsf dxf;lrj
;'lgn kf] v|] n, k"j{ ;ef;b k|f] =;'k|ef l3ld/ ] , k"j{ ;ef;b laGbf
kf08] , jl/ i7 clwjQmf ld/ f 9'ªufgf, sfg'gljbx? nufot
dlxnf clwsf/ sd{L{x?dfem g] kfndf kmfi6 6«fs sf] 6{sf]
cfjZostf, ;DefJotf, r'gf} tLx? / o;sf] ;+/ rgf ;DaGwdf
Jofks 5nkmn ul/ Psf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf / fli6«o dlxnf cfof] usf cWoIf z] if rfFb tf/ fn]
cWoIftf ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf]
/ fli6«o ;~hfnsf cWoIf 8f= / ] 0f' / fhe08f/ Ln] sfo{qmdsf]
;xhLs/ 0f ug{'ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs
;~hfnsf ;~hfn ;+of] hs nIdL Gof} kfg] n] sfo{s|dsf]
p2] Zodfly k|sfz kfg'{ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] d'2fnfO{ l56f] eGbf l56f] Gofo
lbnfpg kmfi6 6«fs sf6{sf] zL3| u7g ug'{kg] {, o;sf] df] 8flnl6
to ug'{kg] {, kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{sf] Joj:yf gx'Gh] n;Dd lx+;f
k|efljt dlxnfsf d'2fx?df zL3| ?kdf pgLx?nfO{ ;d'lrt
Gofo lbnfpg cbfntn] j} slNks ;+oGq v8f ug'{kg] {,
kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{ :yfkgfsf nflu ljleGg ax;, 5nkmn,
cGt/ lqmof hf/ L / fVg / ;/ sf/ nfO{ bafa lbg g] kfn af/
Pzf] l;P;gsf] ;+of] hsTjdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?
;lDdlnt Ps sld6L zL3| u7g ug'{kg] {, ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx?sf]
e"ldsf / bfloTjx? jfF8kmfF8 ug'{kg] { / slDtdf Pp6f kmf:6
6«ofs sf] 6{ u7g ug] { / To;nfO{ Pp6f gd'gfsf] ?kdf lnO{
cGo If] qdf klg cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfkgf ug'{kg] { h:tf
;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf lyP .
@=^= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;~hfnsf]
s] Gb|Lo ;fwf/ 0f ;ef ;DkGg
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnsf] kfFrf} + ;fwf/ 0f ;ef
tyf dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] / fli6«o ;Dd] ng @)^( kf} if ^ b] lv
* ;Dd dsjfgk'/ x] 6f} +8fdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . dlxnf
lx+;f lj?4sf] / fli6«o ;Dd] ngsf] ?kdf ;d] t ;DkGg ePsf]
;f] ;fwf/ 0f ;efsf] cWoIftf ;~hfnsf s] Gb|Lo cWoIf 8f=
/ ] 0f' / fhe08f/ Ln] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . cWoIf 8f=/ ] 0f' / fhe08f/ L
/ k|ltlglwx?åf/ f ;+o'Qm ¿kdf jQL jfn] / sfo{qmdsf]
;d'b3f6g ul/ Psf] lyof] . ;fwf/ 0f ;efdf ;+:yfsf]
;f+u7lgs, cfly{s / jflif{s k|ult k|ltj] bgx? k|:t't ul/ Psf]
lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf k|:t't ljleGg k|ltj] bgx?df Jofks

xhf/ f} zxLbsf] alnbfgL tyf nfvf} + g] kfnLx?sf] nfdf] ;ª3if{
kZrft :yflkt nf] stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/ 0f tyf Gofok"0f{ zflGtsf
nflu ;a} k|sf/ sf lje] b / b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltsf] cGTo
u/ L dfgjclwsf/ sf] ;+/ If0f, k|j4{g tyf ;'lglZrttfsf
nflu tyf dlxnf÷dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsdfly x'g] lx+;f
cGTo x'g] jftfj/ 0f lgdf{0f u/ L hjfkmb] xL aGb} xfn;Dd
ul/ Psf dlxnf cfGbf] ng÷hgcfGbf] ngsf pknlAwx?nfO{
;+:yfut ug{, g] kfnsf] cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg @)^# df Joj:yf
ul/ Psf dlxnf clwsf/ ;+/ If0f ;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] :d/ 0f
u/ fpFb} g] kfn / fHo kIf ePsf dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/ sf]
e] befj lj?4sf] dxf;lGw nufot cGo ;a} ;GwL, dxf;lGw
tyf dfgjLo sfg'g ;DaGwL ;lGw ;Demf} tf cfn] v 3f] if0ff
tyf l;4fGtx?åf/ f l;lh{t / fHosf bfloTjtkm{ ulDe/ x'g
cg'/ f] w ub} {,
ljleGg ;dodf / fhgLlts kf6L{ tyf ;/ sf/ åf/ f dlxnf
clwsf/ ;+/ If0f, k|j4{g / kl/ k"/ 0fsf nflu hf/ L ul/ Psf
3f] if0ffkq, jQmJo tyf k|ltj4tfx?k|lt lhDd] jf/ jGg clkn
ub} {,
b] zdf nlDaPsf] ;+qmd0fsfn, hglgjf{lrt / fli6«o / :yfgLo
lgsfo gePsf] l:yltdf tLa| ?kn] a9b} uPsf] b08xLgtfsf]
;+:s[lt, e|i6frf/ , dxËL, ck/ fwsf] / fhgLlt tyf / fhgLlts
ck/ fwLs/ 0fsf sf/ 0f dflg;sf] afFRg, Gofo k|fKt ug{ tyf
;'/ lIft / xg kfpg] clwsf/ h:tf cfwf/ e"t clwsf/ x?;d] t
hf] lvddf k/ ] sf] tYotkm{ Wofgfsif{0f u/ fpFb} ,
dlxnfdfly b] lvPsf÷b] lvg yfn] sf lx+;f / o;sf k|s[ltsf
?kx?tkm{ ;dodf ;r] t eO{ ;Daf] wg ug{ g;Sbf cfpg
;Sg] kl/ 0ffdk|lt uDeL/ x'b} ,
;d:of ;d'bfo:t/ df hglgjf{lrt ;/ sf/ gePsf] / ;/ sf/ L
;+oGq k|efjxLg ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d'bfo:t/ b] lv lx+;f kLl8t
dlxnfnfO{ ;xof] u tyf pgsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu
ls|ofzLn dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] hLjg lbgk|ltlbg
c;'/ lIft aGb} uPsf] tYo tkm{ Wofgfsif{0f u/ fFpb} ,
nfdf] ;do;Dd / fHoaf6 pk] lIft ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ nfO{
s] Gb|df / fvL ;a} sf] dfgjclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug] { dlxnf d} qL
;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f u/ L hglgjf{lrt ;/ sf/ sf] u7g u/ L
;a} lx+;fd"Qm hLjg afFRg kfpg] tyf dfgjclwsf/ / Iffsf
nflu k} / jL ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu b] zsf
&% lhNnfsf s/ La @ ;o dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf]
;xeflutfdf dlxnf clwsf/ sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu PsLs[t
pkfo Gofo tyf clwsf/ sf] ;'lglZrttf M kLl8tb] lv
kl/ jt{gsf ;Djfxs;Dd eGg] d"n gf/ fsf ;fy @)^( k';
@@ b] lv @# ;Dd dsjfgk'/ x] 6f} 8fdf cfof] lht dlxnf
lx+;flj?4sf] / fli6«o ;Dd] ng tyf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
7
?kdf 5nkmn eO{ cfjZos kl/ dfh{g / ;+zf] wg ;lxt
;j{;DDfltn] kfl/ t ul/ Psf] ] lyof] .
b] ze/ ljleGg clwsf/ cfGbf] ngdf lqmofzLn dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;~hfnsfk|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:yltdf
sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs
cleofgsf ultljlwx?sf] ;ldIff, cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg
tyf / fli6«o kl/ j] zsf] ljZn] if0fn] cfpFbf lbgdf dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] e"ldsf s:tf] / xg] < ;~hfnnfO{
s;/ L ;'b[9 ug] { < eÌ] gofF / 0fgLltsf;fy of] hgf tof/
ug] { p2] Zon] pQm sfo{qmdsf] cfof] hgf ul/ Psf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf b] zsf %* lhNnfsf *! hgf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] .
uf] i7Ln] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs cleofgsf ultljlwx?sf]
;ldIff, cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg tyf / fli6«o kl/ j] zsf] ljZn] if0f
u/ ] sf] lyof] . uf] i7Ln] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf]
klxrfg, ;'/ Iff / ;Ddfgsf] ljifodf 5nkmn u/ L ;'emfj
;ªsng u/ ] sf] lyof] . dlxnfsf ljleGg ;jfnx? ;dfj] z
u/ L dsjfgk'/ 3f] if0fkq hf/ L ul/ Psf] lyof] . xfn;Dd
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifx?sf] cleofgsf] bf} / fgdf
clwsf/ sdL{x?sf] * j6f / fli6«o:t/ sf k/ fdz{ uf] i7L
;DkGg eO;s] sf 5g eg] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o
;~hfnsf] kfFrf} ;fwf/ 0f ;ef cf7f} + k/ fdz{ uf] i7Lsf] ?kdf
;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o
;~hfnsf] kfFrf} ;fwf/ 0f;eftyf dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] / fli6«o
;Dd] ngn] dsjfgk'/ , 3f] if0ffkq, @)^( kfl/ t u/ ] sf] lyof] .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfnsf] kfFrf} ;fwf/ 0f;ef tyf
dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] / fli6«o ;Dd] ngaf6 kfl/t dsjfgk'/ , 3f] if0ffkq, @)^(

/ Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfnsf] kfFrf} ;fwf/ 0f;efdf dlxnf
lj?4 x'g] lx+;f cGTo / ;du| dlxnf clwsf/ :yfkgfsf]
ljifodf Aofks 5nkmn u/ L of] 3f] if0ffkq hf/ L ub{5f} + .
!= dlxnfx?dfly ljleGg k|sf/ sf lx+;f tyf eO/ x] sf]
tyf ;/ sf/ sf] ;+j] bgzLn e} ;Daf] wg ug{ g;s] sf]
l:ylttkm{ b'Mv k|s6 ub} { ;/ sf/ sf] lx+;flj?4sf] z"Go
;xglzntfsf] gLltnfO{ Jofjxfl/ s ¿kdf sfof{Gjogsf]
dfu ub{5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;fj{hlgs ePsf
dlxnfdfly h3Go lx+;f ug] { ck/ fwLnfO{ oyfzL3| s8f
sfg'gL sf/ jfxL ul/ of] ;, ck/ fwLnfO{ / fhgLlts of
cGo s'g} klg gfddf ;+/ If0f gul/ of] ; eGg] of] ;Dd] ng
dfu ub{5 .
@= nlDaFbf] ] ;+qmd0fsf / a9bf] b08xLgtfn] dlxnfdfly
lg/ Gt/ lx+;f e} / xg] jftfj/ 0f l;h{gf ePsf] 7x/ ub} {
of] ;Dd] ng tTsfn oL b'a} s'/ fsf] cGTosf] dfu ub{5 .
#= dlxnf clwsf/ nfO{ ;+j} wflgs ;+/ If0f k|bfg gul/ P;Dd
dlxnfx?n] clwsf/ kfpg g;Sg] s'/ fdf b[9 x'Fb}
oyfzL3| / fli6«o ;xdlt sfod u/ L dlxnf d} qL ;+3Lo
nf] stflGqs u0ftflGqs ;+ljwfg hf/ L xf] ; eGg]
hf] 8bf/ dfu ub{5 . ;fy} g] kfnL dlxnf cfGbf] ngsf
clxn] ;Ddsf pknlAwnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ cGtl/ d
;+ljwfg, ;+ljwfg;efdf ;xdlt ePsf ljifo oyfjt x'g]
u/ L / fhgLlts lgsf;sf] ;xh ljsNk vf] Hb} tTsfn
/ fli6«o / fhgLlts ;+s6 ;dfwfgsf] dfu ub{5 .
$= dlxnf lx+;f cGTo ug{ cfjZos sfg'g lgdf{0f,
lje] bo'Qm sfg'g kl/ dfh{g / ePsf sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/ L
sfof{Gjogsf nflu of] ;Dd] ng hf] 8bf/ dfu ub{5 .
%= ;'/ Iff cfjf; u[x ;~rfng k|0ffnLsf] lasf;, ;'/ Iff
cfjf;df cfjZostf cg';f/ a:g ;Sg] Joj:yf,
k|efljtsf] ;fdflhs ;'/ Iff, kL8s w/ f} 6Ldf l/ xf x'g]
Joj:yfsf] vf/ ] hL, uf] klgotfsf] ;+/ If0f, ;fIfL ;'/ Iff,
lg/ Gt/ ;'g'jfO{ / ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw sfg'gsf] cljnDa
Joj:yf u/ L Jojxfl/ s sfof{Gjogsf] of] ;Dd] ng dfu
ub{5 .
^= dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f cg';Gwfg ug] {, sf/ jfxLsf] l;kmfl/ ;
ug] { / sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] eP gePsf] cg'udg ug] {
;/ sf/ / dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/ L
s] Gb| b] lv :yfgLo:t/ ;Dd clanDa Pp6f ;+oGq lgdf{0f
ug{ of] ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
&= anfTsf/ sf] ;Gbe{df xbDofbsf] sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf]
vf/ ] hLsf ;fy} ck/ fwLnfO{ ;{j:j ;lxt hGds} bsf]
;hfo x'g] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] of] ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
* = / fHo ;+rfngsf x/ ] s ;+oGqdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTj, gful/ stf, k} t[s ;DklQ tyf e"lddf ;dfg
clwsf/ , cfjf;sf] clwsf/ , lzIff / :jf:Yo / f] huf/ Ldf
ljz] if clwsf/ , k|hgg clwsf/ tyf, dlxnf :jf:Yosf]
ljz] if Joj:yf ug{ / ePsf Aoj:yfsf] Jofjxfl/ s
sfof{Gjogsf] dfu ub{5 .
(= dfgjclwsf/ ;+/ If0f / ;Da4{gsf nflu cxf] / fq vl6g]
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?k|lt a9bf] c;'/ Iff, r'gf} tL /
hf] lvdnfO{ dWogh/ ub} { dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf
ljlzi6 ;d:of ;+af] wg ug] { u/ L dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs
;'/ Iff gLlt Nofpg ;/ sf/ ;dIf dfu ub{5 .
!)= / fHo ;+rfngsf] k|d'v / fhgLlts bnx? g} ePsf] n]
@=&= dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu ;+o'Qm kxn
cfjZos
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnsf] kfFrf} + ;fwf/ 0f ;ef
tyf dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] / fli6«o ;Dd] ng @)^( kf} if ^
b] lv * ;Dd dsjfgk'/ x] 6f} +8fdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm
;Dd] ngdf ^$ lhNnfsf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf]
;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] . em08} *) hgf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifs ;lqmo ?kdf lqmofzLn k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:ylt / x] sf]
lyof] . dlxnfsf] of} lgs clwsf/ / jfFRg kfpg] clwsf/ sf]
jf/ ] df Jofks jx; tyf 5nkmn ul/ Psf] pQm sfo{qmddf
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] cfkmgf] ufpF 7fpFdf ePsf
lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] ljj/ 0f k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
jt{dfg kl/ k|] Ifdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sf] s'/ f ubf{ g] kfn
;/ sf/ lgs} pbf;Lg / x] sf] / ;/ sf/ n] cfjZos cj:yfdf
;xof] u gu/ ] sf] u'gf;f] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?n] JoQm
u/ ] sf lyP . ;/ sf/ L kIfx? ljz] iftM ;'/ Iff lgsfojf6 g}
g] kfnL dlxnfx? c;'/ lIft dx;'; ul/ / x] sf] / s'g} klg 5f] / L
r] nLx?n] ;fdfhjf6 jrg / n77Lsf] lzsf/ x'g' s'g} gf} nf]
s'/ f gePsf] s'/ f klg dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] JoQm
ug'{eof] .
k'jf{~rnsf] l;/ fxfdf dfq} Ps xKtfdf # hgf dlxnf
anfTs[t / b'O{ dlxnfdfly anfTsf/ sf] k|of; ePsf] s'/ f
;xefuLx?n] JoQm u/ ] . yf] / } ;doleq 36] sf oL 36gfn]
k'jf{~rndf dlxnf lx+;fsf] 36gfdf j[l4 ePsf] b] lvG5 .
5f] / L r] nL sfd ug] { :yfgdf g} jnfTsf/ sf] lzsf/ x'g'
k/ ] sf] 36gfn] dlxnfx? c;'/ lIft aGb} uPsf] b] lvG5 . t/ fO{
8

x/ ] s / fhgLlts kf6L{leq dlxnfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf
u/ fpFb} / fhgLlts bnsf] x/ ] s txdf ;dfg'kflts
Joj:yf ug{ / sDtLdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf gePsf]
kf6L{nfO{ / fli6«o kf6L{sf] dfGotf glbg / r'gfjdf efu
lng glbg] Joj:yf ug{ of] ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
!!= dlxnf clwsf/ sf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;+af] wg ug{] qmddf
dlxnfx?leq klg blnt, hghflt, d'l:nd, dw] zL,
of} g cNk;+Vos, ckfËtf ePsf, Pr=cfO{=eL= ;+qmldt,
a] rlavgaf6 k|efljt, lx+;f kLl8t, ;LdfGts[t,
ef} uf] lns ljs6tf Pj+ Psn÷ljwjf dlxnfx?sf
km/ s km/ s cfjZostf x'G5g eGg] tYo c+lusf/
u/ L pgLx?sf] nflu ljz] if Joj:yf ug{ ;/ sf/ ;dIf
hf] 8bf/ dfu ub{5 .
!@= wd{, ;+:sf/ , k/ Dk/ f / ;+:s[lthGo tyf laleGg
k|yfhGo lx+;f h:tf] af] S;Lsf] cf/ f] k, jfbL ;d"xsf
dlxnfx?k|ltsf] lje] b / zf] if0f, sdnx/ L k|yf, bfOhf]
k|yf, afnlajfx / ax'ljjfx cflbsf] l:ylt sfod} / x] sfn]
pQm sfo{ ug] { u/ fpg] nfO{ s8f sf/ afxL, kLl8tnfO{
kl/ k"/ 0f ;lxtsf] Gofo / ePsf sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/ L
sfof{Gjosf] of] ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
!#= dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;f ph'/ L btf{b] lv
km} ;nf;Ddsf ;a} Goflos ;+oGqsf af] nL Jojxf/ /
sfg'gL k|lqmof n} +lus ;+j] bgzLn agfpg] k|lqmofsf]
tTsfn yfngLsf] dfu ub{5 .
!$= s] Gb|b] lv :yfgLo:t/ ;Dd dgf] ljdz{ s] Gb|sf] Joj:yfsf]
of] ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
!%= ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] lgb] {z cg'?k b|'t Gofosf nflu fast
track court sf] clanDa u7g sf] dfu ub{5 .
!^= b] zsf] cfly{s d] ?b08sf] ?kdf / x] sf] dlxnfn] ug] {
3/ ] n' sfdsf] u0fgf, cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf sfd ul/ / x] sf
dlxnf >ldsx?sf] >dnfO{ plrt sb/ ub} { jf/ , 8fG;
jf/ / bf] xf] / L h:tf ;] jf d"ns >dnfO{ >d P] gleqNofO{
ToxfFleq x'g;Sg] ÷eO/ x] sf dlxnfx?dflysf lx+;f cGTo
ub} { >ldssf] dfGotf lbg] cljnDa Joj:yfsf] dfu
ub{5 .
!&= dlxnflx+;f lj?4sf 36gfdf kLl8tsf] :jf:Yo /
sfg'gL k/ LIf0f - Medico legal _ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
kl/ dfh{g u/ L kLl8tsf] tTsfn pkrf/ / pko'Qm Pj+
k|efjsf/ L cg';Gwfg x'g] Joj:yf cljnDa ug{ ;Dd] ng
dfu ub{5 .
!*= ;du| lasf;sf ;jfn n} +lus d} qL agfpg dfu ub} {
:yfgLo lgsfodf dlxnfx?sf] nflu 5'6ofOPsf] ah] 6
;xh ?kdf dlxnfx?n] kfpg] Joj:yf ug{ / lx+;f
k|efljt dlxnfx?sf] nflu :yfgLo :t/ ;Dd cfjZos
sf] if Joj:yf ug{ dfu ub{5 .
g] kfnL dlxnf cfGbf] ngsf pknlAwnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{{,
dlxnflj?4 x'g] ePsf lx+;fnfO{ cfGbf] ngdf d"nk|jfxLs/ 0f
u/ fpFb} ;du| / fli6«o / fhgLltdf dlxnfclwsf/ nfO{ ;dfg
?kdf :yflkt u/ fpg dlxnf cfGbf] ngnfO{ PsLs[t, ;zSt
/ k|efjsf/ L agfpg sl6j4 x'Fb} oL k|:tfj nfu" u/ fpg
lg/ Gt/ ?kdf lqmofzLn / xg] k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5f} + .
@)^(÷(÷@$
dsjfgk'/ x] 6f} 8f
If] qdf j} b] lzs / f] huf/ Lsf sf/ 0f dlxnf lx+;f lbg k|lt lbg
al9/ x] sf] cj:yf 5 . cfkmg} 3/ kl/ jf/ leq ;;'/ f, b] j/
h] 7fh'jf6 dlxnfx? lx+;fdf k/ ] sf 5g . alb{ofsL lzjf
xf;dL / cfkmg} >Ldfgjf6 a~r/ f] k|xf/ jf6 d[To' ePsL
bfËsL dlxnfsf] 36gfsf] pbfx/ 0f lbb} clwsf+z dlxnfx?
cfkmg} kl/ jf/ jf6 lx+;fsf] lzsf/ jGg' kl/ / x] sf] cj:yf af/ ]
rrf{ ub} { k|ltlglwx?n] dlxnfx? lx+;f kLl8t gePsf] s'g}
If] q s'g} 7fpF gePsf] s'/ f JoQm ug'{eof] .
Pp6f lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ ;+/ If0f lbFbf, pgLx?sf] ;jfn
;Daf] wgsf nflu cufl8 a9bf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?
cfkm} s'l6g' k/ ] sf] cj:yf atfpg'eof] . lx+;fjf6 k|tfl8t
dlxnf ;'/ Iffjf;df j:bf ;d] t Hofg u'dfpg' kl/ / x] sf] /
s0ff{nL c~rn nufotsf ljs6 lhNnfx?df 36] sf] 36gfx?
;+rf/ dfWodn] ;d] 6g g;s] sf sf/ 0f dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx?
eP cg'?k Jfflx/ cfpg g;ls/ x] sf] pxfFx?sf] egfO{ lyof] .
dlxnfx? x/ ] s 7fpFjf6 lx+;fdf kg'{ ;[li6sf] geO{ b[li6sf] bf] if
xf] . v/ fj b[li6sf] 0fsf] sf/ 0f g} dlxnfx? ;dfhdf bf] ;|f]
bhf{sf] ?kdf / xg' k/ ] sf] 5 . o:tf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f
;DaGwL ;jfnx?sf] ;Da] fwgsf nflu ;/ sf/ n] ;dodf g}
cfjZos gLltx? lgdf{0f tyf ePsf gLltx?sf] k|efjsf/ L
sfof{Gogsf nflu kxn gul/ bf / ljj] wk"0f{ sfg'gx?sf]
;+zf] wg tyf kl/ dfh{g gul/ bf kLl8t emg kLl8t / kL8sn]
pGd'lQm kfpg] jftfj/ 0f l;h{gf eO/ x] sf] 5 .
sfo{qmddf b] ze/ af6 k|ltlglwTj ug] { dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?n] hj;Dd dlxnfx? cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx?nfO{
9

aflx/ NofpFb} gg / pgLx? To;af/ ] df af] Nb} gg tj;Dd lx+;f
Go"gLs/ 0f x'gg;Sg] , dlxnfx? cfkmgf] nflu cfkm} n] af] Ng'kg] {,
clxn] sf] ;+:sf/ nfO{ kl/ jt{g ug{ jf] Ng} kg] { h:tf s'/ fx?
p7fpg' ePsf] lyof] . To:t} pxfFx?n] r'k nfu] / lx+;f ;xg'
cfkm} df csf] { lx+;f xf] eGb} x/ ] s dlxnfx? ca k|ltsf/ df
pqg] j] nf cfPsf] , lbg lbg} h;f] j9bf] xTof, jnfTsf/ ,
cfuhgL h:tf dlxnfdfly 36g] 36gfn] dlxnfx? slxF st}
;'/ lIft 5f} eg] / 9'Ss x'g] cj:yf g/ x] sf] jtfpg'ePsf]
lyof] . s] xLn] t jnfTsf/ Lsf] lnË 5] bg ug'{ kg] { h:tf dfu
/ fVg' ePsf] lyof] . k|foM ;a} k|ltlglwx?n] anfTsf/ LnfO{
;j{:j;lxt hGd s} bsf] ;hfo ug] { sfg'gL dfu ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . sfg'g sdhf] / ePsf sf/ 0f jnfTsf/ sf] s] z j9bf]
/ x] sf] pxfFx?sf] egfO lyof] .
…k|] dsf] gfddf lzjf xf;dL / ljGb' 7fs'/ h:tf lszf] / Lx?
Kl/ jf/ jf6} dfl/ g' k/ ] sf] 36gf ;fdfGo em} + jGg k'u] sf] 5 .
j} jflxs hLjgkl5 dlxnfx? cfkmg} >Ldfgjf6} xTofsf]
lzsf/ ePsf 5g / ljjfx jnfTsf/ sf] nfO;] G; ag] sf] ] 5 .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ xfd|f] clwsf/ ePtf klg xfdL ;'/ lIft
5} gf} . ;hfo / 8/ sf] s'g} lrGtf 5} g . b08xLgtfsf] sf/ 0f
ck/ fwLx? ck/ fw ug{ yk pT;flxt ePsf 5g . h:fsf
sf/ 0f dlxnfx?sf] dfgjclwsf/ , of} lgs clwsf/ , :jtGq
/ ;Ddflgt ?kn] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ xgg ePsf] l:ylt
5 . ;fwf/ 0f;efdf ;xefuL dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs
k|ltlglwx?n] eGg'eof] , …dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?n] cfk
mgf] Hofgsf] hf] lvd jf] s] / lx8g' k/ ] sf] 5 . ck/ fw Pp6fn]
u5{ t/ p;sf] ;+/ If0fsf nflu kf6L{x?n] ljleGg k|kGr u/ ] sf]
kfOG5 . ck/ fwLnfO{ / fhgLlts ;+/ If0f cTolws 5 . dlxnfsf
clwsf/ / / Iffsf] lglDt n8bf dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{ g} lx+;fdf
kg'{ k/ ] sf] 5 . lbge/ c?sf lx+;f x] b} { lxF8g] dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifs cfkm" lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] s;} nfO eGg ;Sb} gg . To;} n]
c?sf] lx+;fsf] dfq xf] Og cj cfk"mdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] klg
v'n] / s'/ f ug'{k5{ . jx; ug'{k5{ . dlxnfx? ;dfhdf Hofb}
c;'/ lIft jGb} uO/ x] sf] cj:yfdf cj pgLx?nfO{ cfkmgf]
/ Iffsf] nflu h'8f] s/ fFt] l;sfpg' kg] { j] nf cfPsf] 5 . ;'/ Iff
sjrsf o:tf tflnd cj cfjZos ePsf] 5 . dlxnfx?n]
cfkmgf] zlQm b] vfpg g;Sbf k'?ifsf] x] kfO{ v] Kg' k/ ] sf] 5 .
dlxnfsf] cl:dtf n'6g] nfO{ sfg"gsf] s73/ fdf NofO{ s8f
eGbf s8f ;hfo lbg'k5{ .Ú.
;dfhdf ;dlnËL dlxnfx? ufpF tyf ;dfhdf n's] / j:g'
k/ ] sf] l:ylt 5 . kl/ jf/ :jo+n] klg ;dlnËL tyf of} g
cNk;+VosnfO{ :jLsfg{ g;Sbf bf] xf] / f] lx+;fdf kg'{ k/ ] sf] 5 .
o;sf] k|d'v sf/ 0f dlxnfsf] of} lgs clwsf/ gx'g', dxnfsf]
of} lgstfnfO{ dfGotf glbg' Pj+ dlxnf eg] sf] k'?ifsf] of} g
rfxgf k'/ f ug] { dfWod dfq} x'g eGg] dfGotf / fVg' xf] . dfjg
clwsf/ sf lglDt sfd ug] { ;+:yf w] / } 5g t/ dlxnfsf] of} g
clwsf/ sf ;DjGwdf af] Ng] ;+:yfx? sd 5g . kmn:j?k
dlxnfsf] of} g clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g] l:ylt 5} g, dlxnfdfly
lx+;f x'g] jftfj/ 0f jg] sf] 5 .
dgf] / ~hg If] qdf sfd ug] { dlxnfx? lgs} hf] lvdk"0f{
cj:yfdf 5g . sfdsf] ;Ddfg ug] { kl/ kf6L aGg g;s] sf]
xfd|f] h:tf] ;dfhdf / ] i6'/ ] 06, 8fG;jf/ , d;fh h:tf If] qdf
sfd ug] { dlxnfx?n] s8f r'gf} tLsf] ;dfgf ug'{ k/ ] sf] 5 .
pgLx? cfˆgf] sfo{:yndf c;'/ lIft 5g . k'ln;n] 5fkf dfbf{
;Fu} / x] sf k'?ifnfO{ tTsfn 5f] 8g] , eufpg] tyf pgLx?sf]
gfd uf] Ko / flvG5 t/ >d u/ ] / vfg] dlxnfnfO{ ;+rf/ dfWddf
;fj{hlgs ul/ G5 . abgfd ul/ G5 . o;/ L 5fkf dfbf{ PstkmL{
?kdf dlxnfnfO{ dfq bf] ifL b] vfpFbf dgf] / ~hg If] qdf sfd
ug] { dlxnfx?dfly r/ d lx+;f eO/ x] sf] cj:yf 5 . ;fy}
clwsf/ sf] If] qdf sfd ug] { ;+3 ;+:yfn] dgf] / ~hg If] qdf
sfd ug] {x?sf] nflu pgLx?sf] clwsf/ sf] d'2fx?nfO{ j] jf:tf
u/ ] sf] 5 . vf;df dgf] / ~hg If] qdf sfd ug] { dlxnfx?sf]
;d:of dlxnfsf] sfdnfO{ ;dfhn] dfGotf glbg] ;fdflhs
;+/ rgf;+u hf] l8Psf] 5 . To;} n] o; ljifodf ;j} dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? uDeL/ eO{ d'2f p7fpg' cfjZos
/ x] sf] ;fwf/ 0f ;efn] cfjZostf cf} +NofPsf] lyof] .
dlxnfdfly x'g] oL o:tf lx+;f Go"gLs/ 0fsf nflu ;a} ju{
/ If] qsf] ;+o'Qm kxn cfjZos 5 . ;/ sf/ L If] qaf6 klg
ePsf gLltx?sf] k|efjsf/ L sfof{Gjog, lje] bk"0f{ gLltx?sf]
;+zf] wg / cfjZos gLltlgdf{0fsf] kxn ul/ g'kb{5 / bf] ifLnfO{
s8feGbf s8f ;hfo / kLl8tsf] ;d'lrt ;+/ If0fsf] Joj:yf
x'g'kb{5 . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] klg dlxnf
lx+;f ;DaGwL ;jfnx?sf] ;Daf] wgsf nflu / fli6«ob] lv
;d'bfo:t/ ;Dd cfjZos k} / jL u/ L ;xof] u ug'{kb{5 .
10

#= hah{:tL s/ 0fL -anfTsf/ _ ;+u hf] l8Psf ;jfnx?
–clwjQmf bnaxfb'/ wfdL
hah{:tL s/ 0fLnfO{ csf] { zAbdf æanfTsf/ Æ klg elgG5 eg] c+u|] hLdf -Rape_ elgG5 . s;} n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{ lghsf] d~h'/ L
glnO{ s/ 0fL u/ ] df jf ;f] x| jif{eGbf sd pd] / sL aflnsfnfO{ lghsf] d~h'/ L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/ 0fL u/ ] df lghn] hah{:tL s/ 0fL
u/ ] df 7x5{ .
• !) aif{eGbf dfly !$ aif{;DdsL aflnsfnfO{ eP cf7
aif{b] lv !@ aif{;Dd s} b
• !$ aif{eGbf dfly !^ aif{;DdsL aflnsfnfO{ eP ^
aif{b] lv !) aif{;Dd s} b
• @) aif{ jf ;f] dfly eP % b] lv & aif{;Dd s} b
a} jflxs anfTsf/
nf] Ug] n] cfkmgL :jf:gLsf] d~h'/ Llagf hah{:tL of} g ;Dks{
u/ ] df a} jflxs anfTsf/ u/ ] sf] dflgG5 / ;f] ck/ fw u/ ] df
-a} jflxs anfTsf/ ug] {nfO{_ # dlxgfb] lv ^ dlxgf;Dd s} b
;hfo x'G5 .
xf8gftf cyf{t glhssf] gftf kg] { dlxnfnfO{ anfTsf/
ePdf xf8gftfsf] sfg'gn] pNn] v u/ ] sf] ;hfo yk x'G5 .
;fd'lxs anfTsf/ ug] { jf ue{jtL, czQm jf ckfË dlxnfnfO{
anfTsf/ u/ ] df yk % jif{ s} b x'g] Joj:yf sfg'gdf / x] sf]
5 . ;fy} PrcfO{eL nfu] sf] JolQmn] anfTsf/ u/ ] df yk !
jif{ s} b ;hfo x'G5 . anfTsf/ ug] { ePsf] s'/ f yfxf kfO{
x'n u/ L;+u nflu hfg] , ;dfpg] / ;f] sfddf d2t ug] ] {nfO{
hgxL # jif{ s} b x'G5 . !^ jif{eGbf d'lgsL aflnsf;+u o:tf]
sfo{ u/ ] sf] df ;f] sf] bf] Aa/ s} b ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf 5 . c?
s;} n] anfTsf/ ug{ nufPsf] eP ;f] cÅfpg] nfO{ anfTsf/
ug] {nfO{ ;/ x ;hfo x'G5 .
cfkm"nfO{ anfTsf/ ug] { dg;fo lnO{ sf] xL JolQm cfO{ pBf] u
u/ L xftkft, 5] sy'g, afw5fb OToflb hf] / h'n'd ug{ nfUof]
/ To; avt s/ fO{ u'xf/ dfuL jf c? u/ L To:tf h'n'dLsf]
k~hfaf6 pDsL efuL cfkmgf] wd{ arfpg g;Sg] cj:yf k/ L
To;tf h'n'dLnfO{ cfkmgf cSsn js{tn] ;Sg] ;Ddsf s'/ f
s] xL gu/ ] cfkmgf] wd{ gi6 x'g] ;Ddsf] 7"nf] 8/ qf; k/ L
s/ 0fL lng gkfpb} + jf p;} avt hf] 8an k'Ug g;sL s/ 0fL
lnO{ ;s] kl5 klg ;f] xL s'/ fsf] l/ ; yfDg g;sL p;} avt
s/ 0fL lnPs} :yfgdf jf ToxLb] lv nv] 6b} uO{ Ps 306fleq
xltof/ , nf7f] , 9'+uf, OTofbL s] xL rnfO{ Hofg dg{ uPsf]
7x/ ] aft nfUb} g, Ps 306f kl5 df/ ] df % xhf/ ?k} ofF;Dd
hl/ jfgf jf !) jif{;Dd s} b x'G5 .
:ki6Ls/ 0f M o; gDa/ sf] k|of] hgsf] nflu
s_ 8/ , qf;, wfs, b] vfO{ jf s/ sfk, cg'lrt k|efj,
em'Sofgdf kf/ L jf hf] / h'n'd u/ L jf ckx/ 0f u/ L jf
z/ L/ aGws / fvL lnPsf] d~h'/ LnfO{ d~h'/ L dflgg]
5} g .
v_ xf] ; 7] ufgdf g/ x] sf] cj:yfdf lnPsf] d~h'/ LnfO{
d~h'/ L dflgg] 5} g .
u_ of] gLdf ln+u s] xL dfq k|j] z ePsf] / x] 5 eg] klg o;
gDa/ sf] k|of] hgsf] nflu s/ 0fL u/ ] sf] dflgg] 5 .
:jf:gL dflg;sf] OR5f ljk/ Lt d~h'/ L glnO{, dfg] { jf rf] 6
k'¥ofpg] , eodf kf/ L jf nf] Ug] gePsf] Joltmn] nf] Ug] xF' eGg]
ljZjf; lbnfO{ wf] sf lbO{ :jLs[lt lnP/ jf ;f] x| jif{ d'lgsfnfO{
lghsf] d~h'/ L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/ 0fL u/ ] df hah{:tL s/ 0fLsf]
ck/ fw x'G5 .
hah{:tL s/ 0fL cfkm} df cdfgjLo tyf kf;ljs ck/ fw xf]
;fy} of] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] r/ d ?k xf] . dlxnfdfly
x'g] w] / } k|sf/ sf lx+;f dWo] sf] hah{:tL s/ 0fL lgs} uDeL/
lx+;f xf] , o;n] kLl8t dlxnfsf] zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s tyf
;fdflhs hLjgdf 7"nf] c;/ kf5{ ;fy} o;} sf/ 0faf6
;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xsaf6 al~rt x'g'sf] ;fy} afFRg
kfpg] clwsf/ af6 ;d] t al~rt x'g] cj:yf cfpg;S5 . xfn}
ef/ tsf] lbNnLdf Ps dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fd'lxs anfTsf/ s}
sf/ 0f tL dlxnfn] hLjg u'dfpg' k/ ] sf] pbfx/ 0f 5 .
hah{:tL s/ 0fL / fHo lj?4sf] ck/ fw xf] . o; ck/ fwnfO{
ulDe/ k|s[ltsf] ePsf] n] ;/ sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf} hbf/ L ck/ fwsf]
;"rLdf / flvPsf] 5 . dflysf] kl/ efiff x] bf{ d~h'/ L eP klg
!^ jif{ eGbf d'lgsL aflnsfnfO{ d~h'/ L lnO{ of} g;Dks{
u/ ] df klg anfTsf/ dflgG5 . To;} u/ L cg'lrt k|efjdf kf/ L,
em'SofO{, 8/ , wfswDsL lbO{ ckx/ 0f u/ L jf aGwsdf kf/ L
u/ ] sf] cj:yf tyf xf] z 7] ufgfdf gePsf] cj:yfdf u/ ] sf]
of} g ;Dks{nfO{ anfTsf/ sf] kl/ efiffleq kf/ ] sf] kfOG5 .
;hfo
• !) aif{eGbf d'lgsL aflnsfnfO{ anfTsf/ ug] {nfO{ bzb] lv
kGw| aif{;Dd s} b
11

s} b jf y'gfdf / x] sL s'g} dlxnfnfO{ ;/ sf/ L sd{rf/ Ln]
anfTsf/ u/ ] df jf ug{ c? s;} nfO{ ;+of] u kf/ L ldnfO{ lbPdf
! jif{b] lv # jif{;Dd yk s} b ;hfo x'G5 . o:t} s] Gb|df
/ flvPsL dlxnfnfO{ ;+:yfsf] kbflwsf/ L jf sd{rf/ Ln]
anfTsf/ u/ ] df klg ! jif{ b] lv # jif{;Dd yk s} b ;hfo
x'G5 .
Ifltk"lt{
s;} n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{ anfTsf/ u/ ] sf] 7x/ ] df cbfntn]
kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ ePsf] zf/ Ll/ s jf dfgl;s Iflt ljrf/
u/ L dgfl;j 7x/ fP adf] lhd Ifltk"lt{ s;"/ bf/ af6 e/ fO{
lbg'kb5{ . To:tf] Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/ 0f ubf{ s;'/ sf] ufDeLo{tf,
s;'/ af6 kLl8t JolQmsf] d[To' e} ;s] sf] / x] 5 eg] cfl>t
gfafns 5f] / f5f] / L eP lghx?nfO{ kg{ uPsf] kL8f ;d] t
ljrf/ u/ L lgwf{/ 0f ug{'kg] { Joj:yf ul/ Psf] 5 . anfTsf/
;DaGwL d'2f cbfntdf rln/ xFbf cleo'Qmn] cfkmgf] c+zdf
/ x] sf] ;DklQ a] rlavg gu/ f] ; / gn'sfcf] ; eGg] p2] Zon]
cbfntn] cleo'Qmsf] c+z nufotsf cGo ;DklQ / f] Ssf
ug{'kg] { Joj:yf u/ ] sf] 5 .
s'g} gfafnsnfO{ ck|fs[lts d} y'g u/ ] u/ fPdf anfTsf/
ePsf] dfgL yk Ps jif{ s} b ;hfo ug] { / gfafnssf]
pd] / / p;nfO{ kg{ uPsf] dsf{;d] t ljrf/ u/ L cbfntn]
ck|fs[lts d} y'g ug] {af6 dgfl;j Ifltk"lt{ ;d] t e/ fO{ lbg]
Joj:yf 5 .
uf] klgotf
anfTsf/ sf] ck/ fw cg';Gwfg ubf{ kLl8t dlxnfsf] aofg
u/ fpFbf dlxnf sd{rf/ Ln] u/ fpg' kg] { ;f] geP ;dfh;] jL
dlxnfsf] / f] xj/ df aofg u/ fpg' kg] { Joj:yf 5 . d'2fsf]
sf/ jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf kLl8t dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt
hfgsf/ Lx? Uff] Ko / fVg'k5{ . o:tf 36gfsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ sf]
qmddf :jLs[lt ljgf kLl8tsf] jf:tljs gfd kmf] 6f] ;fj{hlgs
ug{ kfOb} g . d'2fsf] z'? cg';Gwfg k|s[ofb] lv sfg'g
sfof{Gjog ug] { lgsfon] jf:tljs gfdsf] ;66f sfNklgs
gfd jf ;+s] t k|of] u u/ L uf] klgotf sfod / fVg'k5{ . ;fy}
cbfntdf d'2f ;'g'jfO{ ubf{ aGb Ohnf;df x'g] sfg'gL
Joj:yf 5 .
k|df0fsf] ;'/ Iff
anfTsf/ ePdf anfTs[t x'g] kLl8t dlxnfn] k|df0fsf]
;'/ Iffsf] nflu lgDg sfo{df Wofg lbg'k5{ .
• g'xfpg' x'Fb} g
• n'uf w'g' x'Fb} g
• 36gf:ynsf] k|s[lt abNg' x'Fb} g
• :jf:Yo k/ LIf0f gu/ L of} g ;DaGw / fVg' x'Fb} g .
ph'/ ug] { ;do
d'n'sL P] g hah{:tL s/ 0fLsf] dxnsf] bkmf !! df anfTsf/
ePsf] #% lbgleq glhssf] k|x/ Ldf ph'/ L ug'{kg] { Joj:yf
u/ ] sf] 5 . anfTsf/ sf] ph'/ L hf] sf] xLn] klg ug{ kfpF5 .
hah{:tL s/ 0fLsf] dxnsf] bkmf !! sf] xbDofbsf] jt{dfg
Joj:yf Hofb} sd eO{ kLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg] sfo{df afwf
kfg{ ePsf] b] lvPsf] n] kLl8tsf] ;fdflhs dgf] j} 1flgs,
cg';Gwfgdf nfUg] ;do / Gofodf kx'Frsf] cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf
/ fvL ck/ fwsf] ufDeLo{tfnfO{ x] / L k|efjsf/ L cg';Gwfg
/ cleof] hg ug{;Sg] u/ L kof{Kt xbDofbsf] Joj:yf ug] {
lx;fan] pQm hah{:tL s/ 0fLsf] bkmf !! df Joj:yf ePsf]
xbDofb a9fpg] u/ L sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug{' egL ;kgf k|wfg
dNnlj?4 g] kfn ;/ sf/ ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf] {Rr cbfntaf6
lgb] {zgfTds cfb] znfO{ sfo{Gjog ug] { sfo{ ePsf] 5} g .
o;} sf/ 0fn] dfq sltko anfTsf/ af6 kLl8t dlxnfx?n]
cbfntaf6 Gofo gkfPsf] cj:yf 5 . lkmtnf] cg';Gwfg
k|lqmof, kLl8tk|lt ;Da] bgzLntfsf] cefj, cfly{s tyf
/ fhgLlts sf/ 0f OToflbaf6 kLl8t sDhf] / x'g] t/ kL8s
alnof] ePsf] n] k|x/ L klg alnof] kIfsf] ;fy nfUg] , kLl8t
dlxnfk|lt ;dfhsf] g/ fd|f] ;f] rfO{, ef} uf] lns ljs6tf,
;dodf :jf:Yo kl/ If0f gx'g', ;fIfL k|df0fsf] cefj cflbaf6
anfTsf/ sf d'2fx?af6 kL8s pDsg] ;Defjgf al9 ePsf]
kfOG5 . ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] eg] em+} jf:tjdf xbDofbsf
sf/ 0fn] dfq w] / } d'2fx? cbfntdf k'Ug ;s] sf 5} gg .
k|x/ Ln] klg xbDofbsf] sf/ 0f b] vfO{ d'2f grnfO{ lbg] , olb
rnfO{ xfn] klg 36gf ldlt kl/ jt{g u/ L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg
yfNg] t/ kl5 ;f] s'/ f cbfntdf v'Ng uO{ d'2f sdhf] / x'g]
a9L vt/ f / xG5 .
36gf cWoog !
sf7df08f} +sf] afnaflnsf cfjf;u[xdf ToxfF a:g] $
hgf !! jif{b] lv !^ jif{sf aflnsf P, jL, ;L, / 8L
-gfd kl/ jt{g_ nfO{ ;f] xL cfjf;u[xsf] ;~rfnsn] nfdf]
;dob] lv of} g b'Jojxf/ ub} { cfPsf] , aflnsfx?;Fu
lhl:sg] , pgLx?sf] ;Da] bgzLn c+ux? 5'g] , rnfpg] ,
;Fu} a;fpg] , cFufnf] xfNg] uYof] { . kl5 tL rf/ hgf
aflnsfx?nfO{ k6s k6s s/ 0fL ub} { cfPsf] cj:yfdf
;f] cfjf; u[x ;~rfns / cfly{s ;xof] u ug] { ljb] zL
;+:yfx?;Dd ;f] s'/ f k'uL 36gf aflx/ cfof] . Ps hgf
dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{n] ;f] 36gfsf lj?4 sf7df08f} +
k|x/ Ldf ph'/ L u/ L cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ljleGg x} / fgL
12

Joxf] {g'{ k¥of] . ePsf k|df0fx? n'sfpg] sfo{ eof] tyflk
;f] d'2f xfn sf7df08f} + lhNnf cbfntdf rln/ x] sf] 5 .
kLl8t aflnsfx?sf] ;+/ If0f tyf ;'/ Iff ug{ lgs} cK7of/ f]
eof] . pgLx?nfO{ cg'lrt k|efjdf kfg] { k|of; lgs} eof] .
sfg'gdf k|i6 ?kdf anfTsf/ ;DaGwL d'2f cbfntdf
rln/ xFbf cleo'Qmn] cfkmgf] cz+df / x] sf] ;DklQ a] rlavg
gu/ f] ; / gn'sfcf] ; eGg] p2] Zon] cbfntn] cleo'Qmsf]
cz+ nufoftsf cGo ;DklQ / f] Ssf ug'{kg] { Joj:yf u/ ] sf]
5 . ;f] sf nflu ;/ sf/ L jlsnn] d'2f cbfntdf nUbf
cleof] u dfubflj g} pNn] v u/ L Nofpg' kg] {df o; d'2fdf
cleof] u kqdf s'g} s'/ f dfubfjL ul/ Pg . ;fy} cbfntaf6
klg ;f] af/ ] df s'g} cfb] z ePg . ;'? y'g5] ssf] cfb] z
ug] { qmddf cleo'QmnfO{ y'gL sf/ afxL ug'{ eGg] cfb] z eP
adf] lhd xfn;Dd cleo'Qm y'gfd} 5g . tyflk pQm cfb] z
u} / sfg'gL eof] egL pgLx? ;jf] {Rr cbfnt;Dd k'u] sf
5g . t/ cleo'Qmsf] c+z / f] Ssf / fVg'kg] {df g/ fv] sf sf/ 0f
ePsf] ;DklQ a] rlavg ug] {, gfd;f/ L ug] {, xs x:tfGt/ 0f
ul/ ;s] sf] x'g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . o;} qmddf cbfntdf
hfx] / jfnfsf] tk{maf6 lsg ;DklQ / f] Ssf ul/ Pg eGbf
lghx?sf] ;DklQ hUuf, 3/ sf] lsQf g+ ;lxt Nofpg'xf] ;
/ f] Ssf x'G5 eGg] df} lvs hjfkm cfof] . jf:tjdf kmf} hbf/ L
ck/ fwdf hf] sf] lxn] ph'/ L lbg ;lsg] k|jwfg ;f] d'2fdf
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{ ePsf gftfn] ph'/ L;Dd u/ ] sf]
xf] , cleo'Qm / :jo+ kLl8t;Fu ;DalGwt gePsf] cj:yfdf
pgLx?sf] ;DklQ s] , sxfF,slQ 5 kQf nufpg ;Sg] cj:yf
/ xb} +g . To;} df klg cleo'Qmx?n] aofgdf cfkm"x?sf] c+z
nfUg] kf] v/ fdf 3/ hUuf, sf7df08f} sf] wfkf;Ldf 3/ ePsf]
eg] klg ;f] / f] Ssf ug{'kg] { dg;fo k|x/ L, ;/ sf/ L jlsnaf6
b] lvPg / cbfntaf6;d] t ;f] af/ ] cfb] z ePg . kLl8tx?
clxn] s'g} o:t} u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+:yfsf] ;+/ If0fdf 5g . cfkm} df
d'2fsf] kIf x'g] ;/ sf/ L kIfnfO{ kLl8tsf] ;+/ If0fsf af/ ] df
s'g} rf;f] 5} g .
36gf cWoog @
sf7df08f} sf] Ps ckfË :s'ndf sfd ug] { Ps ckfË
aflnsfdfly ;f] xL :s"nsf sd{rf/ L -hf] cfkm" klg ckfË
g} x'g_ sfo{no ;do afx] ssf] ;dodf k6s k6s of} g
lx+;f ug] { k|of; ub} {cfPsf lyP . pgn] s] xL dlxgfcl3
aflnsf PSn} ePsf] df} sf 5f] kL anfTsf/ u/ ] . anfTsf/
u/ ] kl5 kL8sn] of] s'/ f aflx/ eg] df df/ Llbg] , ;f] u[xaf6
aflx/ lgsfnL lbg] , abgfd ul/ lbg] egL wDsL;d] t
lbP . s] xL lbg;Dd ;f] s'/ f aflx/ cfpg ;s] g . kl5
k6s k6s s/ 0fL ug] { k|of; x'g yfn] kl5 tL aflnsfsf
;fyLx?nfO{ hfgsf/ L eP/ 36gf aflx/ cfof] . t/ 36gf
ePsf] ;do lgs} e} ;s] sf] lyof] . ;f] :s'nsf Joj:yfks
;d] tn] jf:tjdf aflnsfdfly cGofo ePsf] s'/ f :jLsf/
u/ ] . 36gf aflx/ cfO;s] kl5 ljleGg ckfËutf ePsf
JolQmx? tyf ;+:yf, dlxnf clwsf/ jfbLx?sf] bjfjkl5
d'2f cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ eof] .
t/ ha/ h:tL s/ 0fLsf] sfg'g adf] lhd 36gf ePsf]
ldltn] #% lbgleq ph'/ L ul/ ;Sg' kg] { ePsf] n] ;f] lbg
sl6;s] sf] cj:yfdf d'2f rnfpgsf nflu k|x/ Laf6
cg';Gwfg sfuh tof/ kfg] { qmddf 36gf ePsf] ldlt
kl/ jt{g u/ L hfx] / L xfNg nufOof] . d'2f cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf ljleGg a'lemPsf dflg;x?sf sfuhL aofg eP .
;a} sf] sfuhdf 36gfsf] ldlt abnL aofg eP . ;f]
d'2f sf7df08f} + lhNnf cbfntdf k'Uof] . cbfntdf cfpg]
qmddf kL8sn] cf/ f] k 7f8} OGsf/ L u/ ] / kLl8tsf]
tkm{af6 sfuh ug] {x?;d] tn] kLl8tdfly anfTsf/
ePsf] t/ elgPsf] lbg 36gf geO{ ;f] eGbf lgs} cl3
ePsf] egL askq n] vfO{ lbP . ;f] af6 k|:6 b] lvof] ls
36gf ePsf] elgPsf] lbg anfTsf/ sf] 36gf gePsf]
b] lvof] . cbfntn] k|df0fsf] cfwf/ df d'2f x] g] { xf] .
o;/ L kLl8tsf] tkm{af6sf JolQmx? ;d] tn] hfx] / Ldf
36gf ePsf] elgPsf] lbg gePsf] eg] sfn] ;'? txaf6
kL8snfO{ ;kmfO{ lbg] u/ L km} ;nf eof] .
xbDofbsf sf/ 0f jf:tjdf 36gf ePsf] kLl8tnfO{
cGofo k/ ] sf] egL d'2f cbfntdf nUbf cbfntn] klg
sfg'geGbf aflx/ hfg gldNg] / d'2fdf kLl8tn] Gofo
gkfpg] cj:yf sltko d'2fdf ePsf] 5 .
36gf cWoog #
aif{ !) sL ;ldtf -gfd kl/ jt{g _c? lbg em} + ufO{ afv|f
r/ fpg jgdf uPsL lyOg . ToxfF kL8s nIdL of] lgh
aflnsfnfO{ cfFk au} +rfdf nuL anfTsf/ u/ ] . ;f] xL
a] nf aflx/ xNnf eof] . kL8s efUg vf] Hof] t/ dfG5] x?
e] nfeO{ ;s] sf] n] efUg ;kmn x'g;s] g . kLl8t ;ldtf
ljxf] ; lyOg . b] Vg] AolQmx?n] PDj'n] G; af] nfO{ hgsk'/
c~rn c:ktfn k'¥ofP . / fte/ pgL xf] zdf cfpg
;lsgg . kL8snfO{ sfg'gL sf/ jfxLsf] nflu lx/ f;tdf
lnO{ ha/ h:tL s/ 0fL d'2fdf btf{ d'2f rNof] .
hgsk'/ c~rn c:ktfnsf sd{rf/ L tyf 8fS6/ n] !%
lbg;Dd pgnfO{ c:ktfndf / fv] . t/ s] an ;nfOg
kfgL dfq lbO{ / fv] sf] , s] xL jf:tf gug] { ems] {/ af] Ng]
l/ ;fpg] , oxfF geP c? g} 7fpF n} hfp eGg] u/ ] . ptf
a'jfn] æ$) xhf/ eGbf a9L vr{ e} ;Sof] , ca vr{ ug{
;lSbg, a? d/ ] d5{ 3/ nfG5' Æ d'vjf6 / ut cfO/ x] sf]
13

kLl8tsf] z/ L/ ;'Sb} uPsf] 6f] s] sf] 7fFpdf ;'lgPsf]
3fpx? km} lnb} uPsf] . :jf:Yo l:ylt lau|b} uPsf] 5 .Æ
To;sf] ef] lnkN6 dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x? hgsk'/ c~rn
c:ktfnsf] 8fS6/ uf} / f ld>fsf] lghL lSnlgsdf uO{
lsg o;/ L anfTsf/ af6 kLl8tsf] pkrf/ gePsf] egL
;f] Wbf cfkm"nfO{ yfxf gePsf] egL cfn6fn ug] { sfo{
eof] . / pgsf] cf} ifwf] krf/ ug] { cfZjf;g lbg'eof] .
tyflk lghsf] s'/ fn] Tolt ;Dj] bgzLntf b] vfPg .
anfTsf/ af6 kLl8t dlxnfsf] pkrf/ ug] {, jf:tjdf
kLl8tnfO{ kl5;Dd c;/ gkg] { d'2fdf c;/ gkg] { u/ L
;xL k|ltj] bg agfOlbg] sfo{sf :jf:YosdL{af6 x] NrqmofO{
nfk/ jfxL e} / x] sf] o; 36gfn] b] vfpF5 .
l;kmfl/ ;x¿
 ;jf] {Rr cbfntaf6 k|i6?kdf g] kfn ;/ sf/ nfO{ hah{:tL
s/ 0fL !! g+ df n] lvPsf] #% lbg] xbDofb lgs} sd
xfn;Dd b] lvPsf ;d:of kLl8tsf] cj:yf, ef} uf] lnstf,
kLl8tn] ph'/ lbg;Sg] kl/ l:ylt nufotsf cfwf/ df
ljrf/ k'¥ofO{ xbDofbsf] ;do a9fpg] sfg'g lgdf{0f ug'{
eGg] pTk|] 0ffsf] cfb] z lbO{ ;s] sf] eP klg xfn;Dd ;f]
af/ ] df P] g ;+zf] wg ePsf] 5} g .
 ha{h:tL s/ 0fLsf] ph'/ ug] { xbDofb slt x'g'k5{ eGg]
;DaGwdf xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/ df kLl8tsf]
cj:yf ;fdfGo ePsf ldltn] # dlxgf x'g'k5{ .
 uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] kmf} hbf/ L d'2f ePsf] sf/ 0f ha{h:tL
s/ 0fLjf6 kLl8t dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo pkrf/ , lghsf] ;'/ Iff,
cfjf;u[x tyf ;+/ If0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd] jf/ L ;/ sf/ n]
lng'k5{ . o;sf nflu 5'§} sfg'g lgb] {lzsf jgfO{ b] ze/
nfu" x'g] u/ L tTsfn k|s[of cufl8 j9fpg'k5{ .
 anfTsf/ 36gfsf] ;fIfL, kLl8t, kLl8tsf] kl/ jf/
;d] tnfO{ k6s k6s wDsL cfpg] , afWo eP/ cbfntdf
36gfsf] ljk/ Lt aofg lbg afWo kfg] {, ;dflhs abgfd,
cfly{s nf] e, / fhgLlts bjfa cflb lbP/ 36gfnfO{
sdhf] / kfg] { sfo{ e} / x] sf] n] o;nfO{ lgif] w ug{ ;j{k|yd
kLl8t, ;fIfL, kl/ jf/ ;d] tsf] ;'/ Iffsf] Uof/ ] G6L ug'{k5{ .
kLl8t Gofozf:qsf] k6s k6s s'/ f p7] klg xfn;Dd
g] kfndf ljz] if sfg'g gePsf] n] kLl8tsf] ;+/ If0fsf nflu
sfg'g agfOg'k5{ . ;fy} o;sf] af/ ] df cfjfh p7fpg]
clwsf/ sdL{, kqsf/ , ;fdflhs sfo{stf{dfly ;d] t 7"nf]
wDsL cfpg] u/ ] sf] n] pgLx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf af/ ] df klg
af] Ng'k5{ .
 ha{h:tL s/ 0fLsf] ck/ fwdf cg';Gwfg ug] { lhDd] jf/ L
;Dk"0f{ k|x/ Lsf] ePsf] / d'2f rnfpg] clwsf/ ;/ sf/ L
jsLnsf] ePsf] n] xfn;Ddsf] cg'ej x] bf{ k|x/ L, sd{rf/ L
tyf jlsnx? Tolt ;Da] bgzLn gePsf] , pgLx? s}
nfk/ jfxLn] d'2f sdhf] / ePsf] , kLl8tn] Gofo gkfPsf]
eGg] u'gf;f] x? cfO/ x] sf] n] k|x/ L sd{rf/ L tyf ;/ sf/ L
jlsnx?nfO{ cem lhDd] jf/ agfpg' kg] { . o;sf nflu
dxfGofolwjQmfsf] sfof{no / k|x/ L k|wfg sfof{non]
;Dj] bgzLntf ckgfpg gLltut lgb] {zg, k'/ :sf/ tyf
b08sf] Jo:yf eO{ ;xL lgodg ;d] t x'g'kg] { .
 s] Gb|b] lv lhNnf tx;Dd hah{:tL s/ 0fLsf] 36gfdf
kLl8tsf] ;+/ If0f, d'2fdf ;xof] u ug{, ;fIfL tyf
kl/ jf/ sf] ;'/ Iff nufPtsf sfo{df ;xof] u ug{sf nflu
ljz] if k|s[ltsf] ;+/ rgfdf agfO{ To;nfO{ ;lqmo kfg] { .
 cbntsf GofowLz tyf sd{rf/ Lx? ;/ sf/ L jlsn,
sfg'g Joj;foLx?, k|x/ L sd{rf/ Lx?nfO{ of} g lx+;f tyf
anfTsf/ af6 kLl8tk|lt ug] { Jojxf/ df kl/ jt{g Nofpg
ljleGg lsl;dsf tflndsf Joj:yf x'g'kg] { .
 xfnsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf cg';f/ anfTsf/ jf ha/ h:tL
s/ 0fL ug] { JolQmnfO{ ;hfo w] / } sd ePsf] sf/ 0fn] ubf{
o:tf sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ ;j{:j ;lxt hGds} bsf]
Joj:yf x'g'kg] { .
kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ :j?k / fHojf6 g} oyf] lrt Ifltk"lt{sf]
Jo:yf sfg'gL ?kdf x'g'kg] { . kL8saf6 Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g
g;Sg] cj:yfx? h:t} kLl8s;Fu ;Dklt g/ x] sf] cj:yfdf
/ fHon] g} Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg] { .
14

nfdf] ;dob] lv dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{sf] ¿kdf / x] / dlxnfx?sf] xs, clwsf/ / Iffsf] lglDt nflu/ xg'
ePsL >L df] xgf cG;f/ L xfn / fli6«o dlxnf cfof] usf] ;b:o x'g'x'G5 . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o
;~hfn / ;~hfn;+u cfj4 / x] / dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/ / x] sf clwsf/ sdL{x?sf]
sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ , ;'/ Iff, r'g} tL / klxrfgsf] ;DaGwdf hfg'sf sfsL{n] ug'{ePsf] s'/ fsfgL .
sfdn] cfof] unfO{ dfq} xf] Og ;Dk"0f{ / fHonfO{ g}
;xof] u k'u] sf] 5 . cem} eGg] xf] eg] o;n] cfof] u
/ / fHon] ug'{kg] { sfdsf] cfwf ef/ g} 36fPsf] 5 .
;d'bfo:t/ df dlxnfdfly 36] sf 36gfx?sf] lj?4
n8g] , cg'udg ug] {, kLl8t / k|efljtx?nfO{ Gofo
lbnfpg] / sfo{jfxL nflu l;kmf/ L; ug] { h:tf dxTjk"0f{
sfdx? dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?jf6 ePsf] 5 h'g
s'/ fsf] d"Nofªsg cfof] u / / fHo b'j} n] ug'{' h?/ L 5 .
%= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ;~rfng u/ ] sf] cleofg
jf sfo{qmdnfO{ tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] ;+:yfn] s;/ L ;xof] u
ul/ / x] sf] 5 <
 sltko ;dodf ;xsfo{ ePsf] 5 . sltko 7fpFdf jxfFx?n]
p7fPsf] cfjfhnfO{ cfof] un] cfkmg} cfjfhsf] ?kdf
p7fPsf] 5 . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg /
;'/ Iff x'g'k5{ eGg] ;Gbe{df d cfkm} klg nfluk/ ] sf] 5'
eg] xfdLn] cfof] usf] tkm{jf6 klg / fHonfO{ bafa lbPsf
5f} + . h:tf] d tkfFOnfO{ Pp6f pbfx/ 0f lbG5', cgf} krfl/ s
If] qdf sfd ug] {x?nfO{ / fHon] :k] z lbPsf] lyPg t/
dlxnf cfof] usf] kxndf jxfFx?sf] >dsf] ;Ddfg ug'{k5{
eGb} To; If] qdf p7] sf] cfjfhnfO{ ;Daf] wg u/ ] sf] 5 .
;Ddfg / ;'/ Iffsf] nflu lg/ Gt/ kxn ul/ / x] sf] 5 .
^= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / IfsnfO{ sfd ubf{ hf] lvd 5 sL
5} g < 5 eg] pgLx?dfly s] s:tf] hf] lvd cfOk5{g <
 5 . pgLx?dfly pRr hf] lvd 5 . d cfkm" klg
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifssf] ?kdf sfd u/ ] sf]
x'gfn] pgLx?dflysf] hf] lvdnfO{ d glhsjf6 dxz';
ug{;S5' . vf;u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs dlxnfsf]
d'2fdf kmf] s; eP/ sfd ug] { x'gfn] pgLx? kLl8tsf]
;+/ If0fdf nflu k/ ] sf x'G5g . o:tf] cj:yfdf pgLx?
b'j} kIfjf6 hf] lvddf k/ ] sf x'G5g . kLl8tsf] d'2fnfO{
cfkm} n] p7fP/ lxF8g' kg] { x'G5 eg] slxn] sFfxL cfkmg}
3/ df ;] N6/ lbg'kg] { cj:yf klg / xG5 . o;/ L kL8ssf]
tf/ f] x'g] x'gfn] yk hf] lvddf kg] { u/ ] sf 5g . sltko
cj:yfdf pgLx?sf] Hofg} uPsf] ;d] t cj:yf 5 .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n]
/ fHosf] cfwf sfd 36fPsf 5g
!= g] kfndf ;~rflnt dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifx?sf]
cleofgnfO{ s;/ L x] g'{ ePsf] 5 <
 of] cleofg Pp6f lj:t[t ?kdf hgr] tgf km} nfpg]
dfWofd xf] eg] csf] { rfFlx dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifssf]
cleofgn] lhNnf :t/ sf] cfjfhnfO{ s] Gb|Lo :t/ ;Dd
hf] 8g] sfd u/ ] sf] 5 . d} n] o;nfO{ log} b'O{ t/ Lsfjf6
x] / ] sL 5' .
@= tkfFOsf] j'emfOdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? sf] sf]
x'g <
 xfdL ;j} xf} + . kqsf/ , gful/ s ;dfh, :j+;] jL, s'g}
sfo{nosf] sd{rf/ L h:fn] dlxnfsf] ljifodf cf–cfkmgf]
tx / tKsfjf6 cfjfh p7fpg] , n] Vg] , ;+/ If0fsf] jsfnt
ug] { u5{g / dlxnfx?sf] clwsf/ sf] lglDt sfd ug] {
hf] ;'s} AolQm klg dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? x'g .
o;sf nflu s'g} ;+3 ;+:yfdf afFlwg' k5{ eGg] 5} g . t/
slxn] sfFxL ljlzi6s[t klg x'g;Sb5 . oL g} dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? x'g eg] / ls6fg u/ ] sf] s'/ f rfFlx
dnfO{ Tolt 7Ls nfUb} g .
#= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ug] { ultljlwnfO{ s;/ L
x] g'{ ePsf] 5 <
 dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ug] { s[ofsnfkx? sxLF
;Gtf] ifhgs 5g eg] sxLF 5} g . ;Gtf] if hgs kfOPsf]
eg] sf] cfkmgf] sfdx?nfO{ 7f] ; ?kfdf cufl8 j9fpg'
jxfFx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ lhDd] jf/ L xf] hf] pxfFx?n] ul/ / fVg'
ePsf] 5 . t/ To;} leq jxfFx?sf] hLjg r'gf} tLk"0f{ klg
/ x] sf] 5 . hf] sltko ;jfndf lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfsf]
lglDt jsfnt ubf{ ub} { cfkmgf] ;'/ Iff / klxrfgsf] s'/ f
uf} 0f x'g hfG5g / tLleq cfkm" :jo+ lx+;fsf] lzsf/ aGg'
kl/ / x] sf] cj:yf 5 .
$= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] u/ ] sf] ultljlwn]
cfof] usf] sfdnfO{ s;/ L ;xof] u k'u] sf] 5 <
 Jff:tjdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] u/ ] sf]
df] xgf cg;f/ L
;b:o
g] kfn dlxnf cfof] u
15
$= cGtjf{tf{

&= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? sf] jf6 hf] lvddf kg] {
u/ ] sf 5g <
kL8snfO{ hf] ufpg vf] Hg] x?jf6 g} hf] lvddf k/ ] sf
5g . klxnf] s'/ f t pgLx? kL8sjf6 g} hf] lvddf kg] {
u/ ] sf 5g eg] slxn] sfFxL / fHo, ;dfh / ;d'bfojf6
klg pgLx?dfly hf] lvd kg{;S5 .
*= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsn] cfkm"dfly x'g] hf] lvd jf/ ]
ph'/ L u5{g ls ub} {gg <
 dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsn] cfkm"dfly x'g] hf] lvd jf/ ]
c;fWo} sd ph'/ L ug] { u/ ] sf 5g . lhNnf k|d'v /
k|x/ Lx?jf6 klg pgLx?sf] vf; ;'g'jfO{ ePsf] kfO{Fb} g .
pgLx?sf] ljrf/ df lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfx?sf] nflu n8g]
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? cfkmgf] ;+/ If0f :jo+ ug{ ;S5g
eGg] dfGotf klg xf] nf . t/ Tof] unt xf] h:tf] nfU5
dnfO{ . csf] { rflxF dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?df ;x] /
j:g] afgLsf] sf/ 0fn] o;f] ePsf] xf] . o;/ L ;xg' eg] sf]
pgLx?dflysf] hf] lvd cem} a9b} hfg' xf] . JolQmut
?kdf t emg ph'/ L u/ ] sf] xfdLn] la/ n} e] 6] sf 5f} + .
clwsf/ sf] If] qdf sfd ug] {n] cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;f
lj?4 lzsfot ug] { ug'{k5{ .
(= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsn] sfd ubf{ cfOkg] { hf] lvd
sd ug{ cfof] usf] e"ldsf s] x'g;S5 <
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;d:of / pgLx?dfly
kg] { hf] lvdnfO{ sd ug{ cfof] usf] e"ldsf / fli6«o tyf
cGt/ f{li6«o:t/ df k} / jL ug] { vfnsf] x'G5 .
!)= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsn] sfd ubf{ cfkmgf] hf] lvd
sd ug{ / fHosf] e"ldsf s] x'g;S5 <
 dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg eO;s] sf]
cj:yf 5 . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ;dfhdf
k|x/ Lsf] e"ldsf u/ ] sf x'gfn] pgLx?sf] sfdnfO{
/ fHon] d"Nof+sg ug{' cfjZos 5 . / fHos} Pp6f cËsf]
?kdf cfkmgf] lhDd] jf/ L axg ul/ / x] sf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] bfloTj ca / fHosf] xf] . To;} n]
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ljz] if ;'/ Iffsf] Joj:yf
ug] { / pgLx?dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] 36gfsf] Ifltk"lt{sf]
Joj:yf klg / fHon] ug'kg] { x'G5 .
!!= pgLx?n] ul/ / x] sf] sfdnfO{ ;d'bfob] lv s] Gb|Lo:t/ ;Dd
:yflkt ug{ tkfOsf] e"ldsf s] x'g;S5 <
;xsfo{ ug{;S5f} . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf]
klxrfg / ;'/ Iffsf] nflu jxfx?n] p7fpg'ePsf] d'2f
/ ;jfnx?df / jxfx?n] v] Ng'ePsf] e"ldsfnfO{ / fli6«o
:t/ ;Dd hf] 8gsf] nflu sfd ug{;S5f} + . hf] ug'{ cfjZos
klg 5 / k|oTg/ t klg 5f} + .
!@= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?nfO{ ;'/ lIft ?kdf sfd
ug] { jftfj/ 0fsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;j} eGbf 7"nf] lhDd] jf/ L
s;sf] x'g;S5 <
 ;'/ lIft ?kdf sfd ug] { jftfj/ 0f jgfpg] k|d'v lhDd] jf/ L
eg] sf] / fHosf] g} xf] . To:t} :yfgLo :t/ , k|x/ L k|zf;g,
;'/ IffsdL{ / fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof] u, / fl6«o dlxnf
cfof] usf ;fy ;fy} ;dfh / kl/ jf/ sf] e"ldsf klg
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
!#= tkfO{+sf] ljrf/ df dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs -k'?if_ ;/ x dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsn] ;Ddfg kfPsf 5g ls 5} gg <
 5} gg eGbf x'G5 . jf:tjdf / fHon] g} lje] b ul/ / x] sf]
cj:yfdf k'?if ;/ x dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n]
;Ddfg kfpg ufx|f] 5 . h:tf] ls lhNnf:t/ df x'g]
dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL a} 7sx?df dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?sf] pkl:ylt x'g'k5{ eGg] dxz'; klg gul/ Psf]
kfOG5 w] / } 7fFpdf . / fHosf] s'g} klg gLlt, sfo{qmd jf
of] hgf ;DaGwL 5nkmn ubf{ g] kfnsf] &% j6} lhNnfdf
g] 6js{ ePsf] oqf] 7"nf] ;+:yfnfO{ jf] nfpg cfjZos
7fg] sf] d} n] kfPsf] 5} g . sltko 7fFpdf d} n] s'/ f
p7fPsf] klg 5' .
!$= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg / ;'/ Iffsf]
nflu s;n] s] ug'{knf{ <
 dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifx?sf] klxrfg / ;'/ Iffsf] nflu
;j} If] qn] cf–cfkmgf] :t/ jf6 kxn ug{'kb{5 . / fHo,
gful/ s ;dfh, ;d'bfo, k|] ;, h:tf If] qjf6 pgLx?n]
u/ ] sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;dflhs sfdnfO{ / fHosf] ;j} ;+oq;Dd
k'¥ofpg, jx;df Nofpg, To;sf] rrf{ ug] { ug'{kb{5 .
!%= kl5Nnf] ;dodf dlxnf lx+;fsf] d'2fx? ;+rf/ dfWoddf
v'j} ;'Gg / k9g kfOG5 o;f] lsg ePsf] xf] <
 jf:tjdf lx+;f t a9] s} xf] t/ Tof] eGbf klg l/ kf] {l6Ë
a9] sf] xf] h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . dflg;x? cfkmgf]
clwsf/ sf] lglDt ;r] t ePsf 5g . lx+;f ;x] / j:g'
x'Gg eGg] dfgl;stfsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] ls eGg] h:tf]
klg nfU5 . d g} dlxnf cfof] udf cfpFbf oxFf jif{sf] b;
afx| j6f 36gfsf] dfq} ph'/ L kb{Yof] t/ clxn] cfP/
jif{sf] Ps ;ob] lv Ps ;o krf;;Dd ph'/ L kg] { u/ ] sf]
5 . o;nfO{ x] bf{ ph'/ L ug] { qmd kSs} klg j9] sf] 5
/ l/ kf] {l6Ë klg . :yfgLo :t/ df / x] / sfd ug] { dlxnf
16

dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;lqmotfn] klg o;f] ePsf]
x'g;S5 .
!^= o; cleofgnfO{ cem ;s[o / ;+ul7t ?kdf nfgsf]
nflu tkfOsf] ;'dmfj <
 dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? ljz'4 ¿kdf dlxnfsf]
d'2fdf kmf] s; eP/ nfUg d ;Nnfx lbG5' . pgLx?n]
dWo:tstf{sf] e"ldsf t ug{ ;S5g t/ sfg'g
/ flwsf ;fksf] 6f
;+:yfks lhNnf cWoIf
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfn wflbª
xftdf lnP/ km} ;nf ug] { sfd ul/ g' x'b} g . Tof] sfd
Gofofnosf] xf] . lx+;fsf] 36gfx?sf] ljifodf naL ug] {
sfd dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] eP klg d'2f ldnfpg]
sfd pgLx?sf] xf] Og . ;+u7gnfO{ jlnof] jgfpg] xf] eg]
oL s'/ fx?df Wofg lbg'kb{5 . / fhgLlts ?kdf 6f9f a:g'
/ fd|f] x'G5 . o; ;+u7gnfO{ ;dfj] zL 9+un] n} hfg'k5{ .
cGo ;d'bfodf klg dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? 5g
pgLx?nfO{ klg ;d] 6] / n} hfg ;s] ;+u7gsf] lxt x'G5 .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf]
nflu plrt gLlt / fHon] agfpg'k5{
!= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs lhNnf ;~hfn wflbËsf]
slxn] / s;/ L z'?jft eof] <
lhNnfdf s] xL ;dob] lv dlxnfx? ljleGg If] qdf / x] / dlxnf
lx+;f lj?4 sfd ul/ / x] sf lyof} + . xfdL ;fyLx? sf] xL u} /
;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t lyof} +, sf] xL ;xsf/ Ldf t sf] xL lzIfs .
ljleGg If] qdf / x] / cfcfkmg} tl/ sfn] xfdLn] sfd ul/ / x] sf]
cj:Yffdf wflbªdf Ps} k6s # j6f dlxnf lj?4sf 7"nf
ck/ flws 36gfx? eP . ! ;o b'O{ jif{sf] a[4fdfly anfTsf/
eof] , clwsf/ sdL{ lgd{nf yfkfsf] lqz'nLdf xTof eof] /
Pshgf !# jifL{of aflnsfnfO{ cfkmg} sfsf kg] { lzIfsn]
of} g zf] if0f u/ L ue{jtL jgfP/ ue{ktg u/ fP . oL # j6f
36gfn] xfdLnfO{ ;+ul7t x'gsf] nflu afWo u/ fof] . xfdL
s;/ L s] df ;+ul7t x'g] eGg] s'/ fdf cGof} ndf lyof} + . s] xL
;fyLx?n] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;+hfnsf]
jf/ ] df yfxf kfP/ To;sf] lhNnf ;ldlt u7g ug{ kxn klg
ug'{ePsf] lyof] . t/ oL 36gfn] xfdLnfO{ / fli6«o ;~hfn;Fu
glhs u/ fof] . ljz] if u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs lgd{nf
yfkfsf] 36gfdf xfdL;Fu} / x] / sfd u¥of} + . clg xfdLn]
lhNnfdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] lhNnf ;~hfn
u7g ug{ ;xof] u ul/ lbg / fli6«o ;+hfnnfO{ cg'/ f] w u¥of} + .
@)^^ h] 7 @ ut] ljlwjt ¿kdf sl/ a ! ;o hgf dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] e] nf u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?sf] lhNnf ;+hfn wflbªsf] u7g eof] .
@= wflbË lhNnf ;~hfnn] s;/ L sfd ul/ / x] sf] 5 <
hltv] / lhNnfdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] lhNnf
;~hfn wflbª u7g eof] Toltj] nfb] lv xfn;Dd lqmofzLn
?kdf sfd ul/ / x] sf] 5 . ;+hfnsf] :yfkgf kZrft xfdLn] w] / }
d] xgt P] Soj4tf / k|ltj4tfsf ;fy dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf]
Pp6f cleofg g} lhNnfdf 5] 8g ;kmn eof} + . xfd|f] sfdn]
5f] 6f] ;dodf ;a} sf] d'vdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs
;~hfnsf] gfd cfpg] eof] . kLl8tx?n] cfkmgf] ;fyL kfPsf]
jf cfkm"nfO{ ;fy lbg] l6d kfPsf] dx;'; u/ ] / cfkm"dflysf]
lx+;flj?4 af] Ng cfF6 u/ ] eg] kL8sx? klg xfdL;+Fu 8/ fpg]
/ xfdLnfO{ zq'sf] ?kdf x] g{ yfn] . ;/ sf/ L lgsfon] klg
slxn] xfd|f] sfdn] ;xof] u dx;'; u¥of] eg] slxn] bafasf]
dx;'; u¥of] .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] lhNnf ;+hfnn] dlxnf
clwsf/ sf] If] qdf / dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 ljleGg If] qdf sfd
ug] { dlxnfx?nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf ;+ul7t u/ L pgLx?n] u/ ] sf]
sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug] { pgLx?sf] klxrfg :yflkt ug{sf
nflu sfd ul/ / x] sf] 5 . xfdLn] lhNnfdf lhNnf ;~hfn
u7g u/ ] kl5 If] qLo :t/ sf, Onfsf :t/ sf / uflj; :t/ sf
;d] t ;~hfnx? u7g u¥of} + . clxn] !! j6f uflj;df
uflj; ;~hfnx? u7g e} ;s] sf] 5 . csf] { lx+;f kLl8t
dlxnfx?sf] sfg'gL tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu ;~hfnn]
sfd ul/ / x] sf] 5 . lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfx?sf] ph'/ L btf{
ug{] b] lv d'2f g6'Ë] ;Dd ;~hfnn] ;xof] u ug] { u/ ] s] f 5 . o;}
u/ L sltko kLl8tx?sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu pgLx?sf]
;d'bfo 3/ df j;] / 5nkmn u/ L kLl8tnfO{ :yflkt ug] { u/ ] sf]
5 . ljleGg 36gfsf lx+;f kLl8tx?nfO{ cfkmgf] kl/ jf/ df
a:g] cj:yf gx'Fbf ljleGg ;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo u/ L k'g:yf{kgf
s] Gb|x?df ;d] t k7fpg] u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 ljleGg
cleofgx? ;+rfng ug] {, dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu sfd ug] {, dlxnfx?sf] Gofodf kx'Frsf
nflu k} / jL ug] { sfd lhNnf ;~hfnn] ul/ / x] sf] 5 .
17

#= tkfO{+sf] lhNnfdf dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <
wflbª lhNnf dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yfnfO{ x] g] { xf] eg] Psbd}
;+j] bgzLn lhNnfsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . oxfF dlxnfdfly
c;fWo} cdfgjLo / sNkgf g} ug{ g;lsg] k|s[ltsf 36gfx?
x'g] u/ ] sf 5g . ! ;o @ jif{sf] j[4f b] lv # jif{sf] aflnsf;Dd
anfTsf/ sf] lzsf/ x'g' k/ ] sf] 5 eg] b'O{ hgf dlxnfx?nfO{
xTof kl5 anfTsf/ ul/ Psf] 5 . cfdfnfO{ anfTsf/ ug{sf
nflu ;Fu} ;'t] sf 5f] / Lx?nfO{ ;d] t sfl6Psf] 5 . lhNnfdf
ax'ljjfxsf 36gfx? c;fWo} w] / } 5g . To;} u/ L afnljjfx
klg cem} ;Dd rln/ x] sf] 5 . wflbª lhNnfdf )^( >fj0fb] lv
)^( df3;Ddsf] dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gf hf] lhNnf k|x/ L
sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf 5g ltgnfO{ dfq} x] g] { xf] eg] klg
cj:yf lrGtfhgs g} 5 .
wflbª lhNnfdf )^( >fj0f b] lv )^( df3;Ddsf] dlxnf
lx+;fsf 36gfdfq ! ;o $ k'u] sf] 5 . h;df xTof $,
jnfTsf/ ^ j6f , anfTsf/ sf] k|of; $, 3/ ] n' lx+;f M%),
cfTdxTof $, jx'ljjfx @ jfnljjfx @, ckx/ 0f @ / x] sf 5g .
oL lhNnf k|x/ L sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf 36gf dfq} x'g . slt
36gf ufpFdf g} ldnfkq ul/ Psf 5g, slt t cem} cfpg
;s] sf 5} gg . of] cj:yfn] klg lhNnfdf dlxnf lx+;fsf]
cj:yf a'emg d2t u5{ .
$= dlxnfdfgjclwsf/ / Ifs eP/ sfdubf{ tkfFOx?nfO{
slQsf] r'gf} tL 5 <
Psbd} r'gf} tLk"0f{ 5 . dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf] lj?4 af] Ng]
eg] sf] of] lkt[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfsf] lj?4 af] Ng] xf] .
dlxnf la?4 x'g] lx+;fnfO{ ;dfhn] :jefljs ¿kdf lnPsf]
x'G5 . h'g s'/ fnfO{ dlxnfn] ;xg'k5{ lj/ f] w ug'{x'b} g eGg]
dfGotf / x] sf] 5 . ha cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] lj?4 cfjfh
jflx/ Nofpg xfdL dlxnfx?nfO{ ;xof] u ub{5f} + clg xfdL
;fdflhs ;+/ rgf eTsfpg] c/ fhs, g} ltsxLg dlxnfx?sf]
¿kdf u0fgf ul/ G5f} + . cem b08xLgtfsf] cj:yfdf xfdL
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? yk hf] lvddf k/ ] sf x'G5f} +
/ xfdLn] oltj] nf w] / } r'gf} tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg] { x'G5 .
dlxnfx?nfO{ Gofosf nflu cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;flj?4
jf] Ng tof/ ug{ Psbd} ufx|f] 5 . pgLx?sf] ;zQmLs/ 0f
/ pgLx?nfO{ alnof] gagfP;Dd cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fsf
36gfx? aflx/ NofpFb} gg . To;} n] dlxnfx?nfO{ j'emfP/
pgLx?nfO{ cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] lj?4 af] Ng] cj:yf ;[hgf
ug'{ xfd|f] nflu r'gf} tL 5 eg] hlt dlxnfx? Gofosf] nflu
aflx/ cfpF5g b] zdf a9] sf] b08xLgtfsf sf/ 0f pgLx?n]
Gofo kfpg g;Sbf cfpg] ;d:of / c? dlxnfx?sf] aflx/
cfpg] qmd / f] lsg] s'/ f klg clxn] xfd|f] r'gf} tLsf] ?kdf b] vf
k/ ] sf] 5 .
clxn] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] nflu ;a} eGbf
r'gf} tLsf] ljifo eg] sf] cfkmgf] ljleGg k] zf If] q / sfddf
/ x] / :jo+;] jL ?kdf dlxnfx?sf] If] qdf sfd ug] { s'/ f ag] sf]
5 . lsgeg] k|foM dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? / f] hL/ f] 6Lsf]
nflu ljleGg k] zfdf sfo{/ t 5g eg] cfkmgf] ;donfO{
dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] cleofgdf klg vr{ ul/ / x] sf 5g .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?nfO{ cfkm"n] sfd ug] { 7fpFaf6 g}
lgsfNg] ;Ddsf ;d:ofx? clxn] b] vfk/ ] sf 5g . clwsf/ sf
s'/ f ug] { / dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 ;do lbPsf] eGg] cf/ f] kdf
sfd u/ ] sf] 7fpFdf ;d] t xfdL hf] lvddf kl/ / x] sf 5f} + . of]
xfd|f] nflu Psbd} ;d:of ag] s] f 5 . cfkmg} sfo{If] qaf6 xfdL
sfd ;d] t ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'Ug nfu] sf 5f} + . o;nfO{
sd u/ fpg' klg xfd|f] r'gf} tL ag] sf] 5 . cfkmgf] 3/ kl/ jf/ ,
sfd / dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] cleofg ;a} nfO{ Joj:yfkg u/ ] /
cufl8 a9g clxn] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] r'gf} tLsf]
ljifo ag] sf] 5 . Pp6f dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / IfsnfO{ nfdf]
;do oxL If] qdf sfo{nfO{ lg/ Gt/ tf lbg] agfpg ;a} eGbf
ufx|f] 5 .
%= dlxnf lx+;fsf] d'2fx?df k} / jL ubf{ ;d'bfo Pjd gful/ s
;dfhaf6 s:tf] ;xof] u ldn] sf] 5 <
dlxnf lx+;fsf] lj?4 k} / jL ubf{ ;d'bfoaf6 slta] nf ;xof] u
/ slta] nf c;xof] usf] cj:yf x'G5 . k|foM dlxnfdfly x'g]
lx+;fdf ;d'bfosf dflg;x? lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfsf] ljkIfdf
x'g] u/ ] sf] kfOG5 . ha Pp6f dlxnf kl/ jf/ af6 ljleGg
sf/ 0fn] lgsflnG5] To;kl5 Tof] ;d'bfo zlQm x'g] kl/ jf/ sf]
;b:olt/ g} nfU5 . zlQm ljxLg dlxnfsf] kIfdf sd
dflg;x? dfq} x'G5g . hf] lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfsf] kIfdf x'G5g
pgLx? klg v'n] / p;sf] kIfdf af] Ng ;Sg] cj:yf x'Fb} g .
clg ha xfdL sfg'gsf s'/ f u5f} +, pgsf] clwsf/ sf] s'/ f
u5f} + TolQj] nf ;d'bfo xfd|f] lj?4df x'G5 . xfdLNffO{ ljleGg
cf/ f] kx? nfUg] ;d] t u5{ . k|foM 36gfx?df xfdLn] ;d'bfosf]
;xof] u kfpFb} gf} + t/ kl5Nnf] ;do ha dlxnfx? ;d"x,
;+u7gx?df cfj4 x'g yfn] of] xfdL dlxnfx?sf] d'2f xf] /
of] n8fO{ xfdL ldn] / n8g' k5{ eGg] a'emg yfn] To;kl5
sDtLdf klg s] xL dlxnfx?n] xfdLnfO{ ;xof] u u/ ] sf] cj:yf
5 . xfdL dlxnfx?sf] d'2fx? p7fO/ xFbf dlxnfx?n] ;fy lbg]
cj:yf ag] sf] 5 .
gful/ s ;dfhsf] s'/ f ubf{ s'g} j] nf gful/ s ;dfhsf
cu'jfx?n] g} xfd|f] g] t[Tj / dlxnfx?sf] cu'jfO{nfO{ :jLsf/
ug{ g;s] sf] cg'e'"lt x'G5 . xfd|f] g] t[Tj / cu'jfO{sf] Oiof{
ug] { / xfdLnfO{ k5fl8 kfg{sf nflu ljleGg cf/ f] kx? nufpg]
sfd ePsf] kfOG5 . dlxnfx?sf d'2fdf cfFvf lrDn] / nfUg] ,
;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfnfO{ Vofn gug] { vfnsf] cf/ f] k
gful/ s ;dfhaf6} xfdLnfO{ nfUg] u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfx?sf] d'2f
dlxnfx?sf] dfq} lhDd] jf/ L xf] , pgLx?n] dfq} x] g'{k5{ eGg]
18

dfgl;stf cem} hfg ;s] sf] 5} g . o;sf] ;fy} kl5Nnf]
;dodf gful/ s ;dfhsf JolQmx?n] klg dlxnfx?sf
d'2fx?df ;fy lbg'k5{ eGg] ;f] +rsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 .
To;} n] s] xLn] xfd|f d'2fdf ;xof] u ug] { / ;fy lbg] u/ ] sf
klg 5g .
^= dlxnf lx+;fsf] d'2fx?df k} / jLubf{ / fHosf] kIfjf6 slQsf]
;xof] u kfpg'ePsf] 5 <
dlxnf lx+;fsf] d'2fx?df k} / jL ubf{ / fHosf] kIfaf6 klg
;xof] u / c;xof] u b'a} x'g] u/ ] sf] 5 . s'g} klg 36gfdf
ha / fhgLlts bafa x'G5 jf / fHosf lgsfon] ha sfg'gsf]
sfof{Gjog u/ fpg cfgfsfgL u5{g TolQj] nf xfd|f] n8fO+{
/ fHosf] :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu g} x'G5 . TolQj] nf xfdL pgLx?sf]
lj?4df x'G5f} + / pgLx? klg xfd|f] lj?4 g} plePsf] b] lvG5 .
xfdL ha dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 / fHon] ug{ g;s] sf sfdx?nfO{
d'2f agfpF5f} + p7fpF5f} + TolQj] nf c;xof] u a9L x'g] u/ ] sf]
5 . dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfdf / fhgLlts bnsf] bafanfO{
/ fHosf] lgsfon] dfg] / kLl8tnfO{ cGofo ubf{sf] ;dodf
xfdL / fHosf] ljkIfdf x'g] u/ ] sf 5f} + .
sltko cj:yfdf / fHosf lgsfox?n] xfdLnfO{ w] / } ;xof] u
u/ ] sf] cj:yf klg 5 . xfdLn] eGg] lalQs} sfd ul/ lbg] ,
dlxnfx?sf] lx+;f la?4 t'?Gt} sfd ug] { h:tf sfdx?sf]
klg yfngL ePsf] 5 . slxn] sfFxL cfkmgf] clwsf/ eGbf dfly
p7] / klg dlxnfx?sf] Gofosf nflu sfd u/ ] sf] cj:yf klg
5 . dlxnf lx+;fla?4sf] cfGbf] ng eg] sf] / fHosf] la?4sf]
cfGbf] ng klg xf] . lsgeg] xfd|f] dfgjclwsf/ sf] Uof/ ] G6L
ug] { / xfd|f] ;'/ Iff ug] { bfloTj / st{Jo t / fHosf] xf] . ha
/ fHon] Tof] ug{;Sb} g clg xfdL c;'/ lIft x'G5f} + / xfdLdfly
lx+;f x'G5 . To;} n] hlxn] klg dlxnf lx+;fla?4sf] cfGbf] ng
eg] sf] ;/ sf/ sf] / / fHosf] la?4sf] cfGbf] ng g} xf] .
&= tkfO{+sf] cg'ejdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? sf] af6
a9L hf] lvddf kg] { u/ ] sf 5g<
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? ljleGg If] q / txaf6 hf] lvddf
kg] { u/ ] sf 5g . vf;u/ L kL8saf6 hf] lvddf kg] { cj:yf
pRr / xG5 . dlxnf la?4 x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx?df kLl8t
dlxnfsf] Gofosf nflu xfdLn] ;xof] u u/ ] sf x'G5f} { . h'g
kLl8tnfO{ ;xof] u u/ ] / Goflos k|s[ofdf cufl8 a9fOG5
;fy} kL8snfO{ sf/ jfxLsf] nflu klg xfd|f] bafa x'G5 .
Toltj] nf kL8sn] d} n] ulNt u/ ] To;} n] d} n] ;hfo ef] Ug'
k¥of] eGg' eGbf klg dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf
sf/ 0f ;hfPsf] efuLbf/ x'g'k¥of] eGg] 7fGb5g . oxL
a'emfO kL8ssf] kl/ jf/ sf] klg / xg] x'gfn] xfdL pgLx?jf6
hf] lvddf kg] { u5f} { .
/ fhgLlts bnx?af6 klg xfdLdflysf] hf] lvd plQs} 5 .
eg] ePsf] 5 . h'g ;sf/ fTds 5 .
csf] { eg] sf] cfkm"dfly x'g] ;fdfGo vfnsf] lx+;fsf]
ph'/ L ubf{ To;} df clNemG5f} / c? sfd ug{ EofOb} gsL eGg]
8/ klg xf] . Tof] eGbf klg d'Vo s'/ f t cfkm" ;d:ofdf
k/ ] sf] s'/ f b] vfpFbf jf aflx/ NofpFbf xfdLnfO{ e/ f] ;f u/ ] /
cfpg] jf xfd|f] cfF6 / ;fx;df cfpg] dlxnfx? kl5 x65g
eGg] 8/ klg xfdLnfO{ ;+u} 5 . h;sf] sf/ 0fn] ubf{ xfdL
xfd|f hf] lvdx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{ rfxFb} gf} + .
(= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?nfO{ sfd ubf{ cfOkg] {
hf] lvd sdug{ / fHosf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g;S5<
;a} eGbf klxnf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] sfdnfO{
dfGotf lbg] / xfd|f] sfdsf sf/ 0f / fHonfO{ k'u] sf]
;xof] unfO{ dfGotf lbg' h?/ L 5 . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu plrt gLlt / fHon] jgfpg'k5{ .
ha;Dd dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] sfdnfO{ / fHon]
dfGotf lbg] / pgLx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu gLlt jgfpFb} g
tj;Dd dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? hf] lvddf / lx/ xG5g .
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? ;a} hf] lvddf e} / x] sf] cj:yfdf
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? cem} a9L hf] lvddf / lx/ x] sf]
cj:yf 5 . gLlt agfpFbf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf]
;'/ Iffsf] nflu ;f+] r] / agfpg' cfjZos 5 . To;} u/ L dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] sfd ul/ / xFbf
pgLx?dfly hf] lvdsf] cj:yf ePdf / fHon] t'?Gt ;xof] u
ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/ fsf] cfb] z ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] u/ ] sf] 5 .
t/ klg xfn;Dd / fHosf] e"ldsf To:tf] b] lvPsf] 5} g .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] sfdsf] sf/ 0f dlxnf lx+;f
Go"gLs/ 0fdf 7"nf] of] ubfg k'u] sf] 5 . o;nfO{ dgg ub} {
/ fHon] pgLx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu plrt gLlt agfpg' h?/ L
5 . o;} u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] sfdnfO{ lgvfg{
Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu klg / fHon] ;f+] Rg h?/ L 5 .
!)= lhNnfdf j;] / sfdubf{ s] Gb|jf6 s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;xof] u
kfO/ xg' ePsf] 5 < / s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;xof] usf] ck] Iff
ug'{ePsf] 5 <
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfnn] xfd|f]
sfdsf] nflu w] / } ;xof] u u/ ] sf] 5 . lhNnfdf j;] / sfd ug] {
;fyLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu klg s] Gb|n] sfd ul/ / x] sf]
5 . hltv] / lhNnfsf] Pp6f s'gfdf j;] / sfd ug] { Pp6f
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs hf] lvddf k5{ jf pdfly s'g}
lx+;f x'G5 Toltj] nf s] Gb|n] b] z el/ sf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?dfkm{t Ps} k6s cfjfh p7fpg] s'/ fdf ;xof] u
ul/ / x] sf] 5 . o;} u/ L xfdLnfO{ x/ ] s lsl;dsf ;'rgfx?
k|bfg ug] { sfddf s] Gb|sf] 7'nf] ;xof] u k'u] sf] 5 . ;a} eGbf
7'nf] s'/ f lxDdt ;fx; / k|] / 0ff lbg] s'/ f xf] . dnfO{ s] xL
19

kl5Nnf] ;dodf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? / fhgLlts
bnx?af6 klg c;'/ lIft e} / x] sf] cj:yf 5 . / fhgLlts
bnx?n] c? s] xL gx] / L ef] 6sf] / fhgLltnfO{ dfq} x] g] { u/ ] sf]
kfOG5 . w] / } h;f] cfkmgf] bnsf] sfo{stf{ tyf ef] 6 a} +ssf]
?kdf x] g] { ghl/ ofsf sf/ 0f ck/ fwLx?nfO{ / fhgLlts
;+/ If0f ug] { k|j[lt j9bf] 5 . ha To;sf lj?4df dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? pleG5g TolQj] nf / fhgLlts bnx?n]
xfdLnfO{ tf/ f] jgfpg] u/ ] sf 5g . sltko j] nf t ck/ fw
ug] { dflg; ck/ fw u/ ] kl5 cfkm" hf] lugsf] nflu / fhgLlts
bnsf] ;+/ If0fdf hfg] u/ ] sf] ;d] t 5 . o;/ L / fhgLlts
;+/ If0fsf sf/ 0f jf:tljs ck/ fwL hf] luG5 . xfdL hf] lvddf
k5f} { . olt dfq xf] Og / fHosf] :yfgLo lgsfojf6 klg xfdL
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? c;'/ lIft e} / x] sf] cj:yf d} n]
dx;'; u/ ] sf] 5' . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf ck/ fwLx?nfO{
ha zlQmsf] cf8df jf / fhgLlts ;+/ If0fsf] cf8df k|x/ L
k|zf;gn] ;hfo lbnfpg cfgfsfgL u5{ jf sfd ub} {g
TolQj] nf xfdL pgLx?sf] lj?4 plqG5f} + . pgLx?n] xfdLnfO{
cgfjZos bafa lbPsf] jf cfkmgf] sfddf cj/ f] w u/ ] sf]
;+emg] ub{5 . TolQj] nf ;+:yfut ?kdf xfdLnfO{ xfgL gul/ P
klg ToxLleqsf JolQmx?n] xfgL ug{;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf
ePsf] 5 . To;} n] of] klg Pp6f hf] lvdsf] If] q jg] sf] 5 .
Pp6f kLl8tn] PSn} uP/ Gofo kfpg] cj:yf 5} g . To;sf]
nflu xfdLn] ;xof] u ubf{ cgfjZos bafasf] dx;'; ug] {
s'/ fn] klg xfdLnfO{ ;d:ofdf kf/ ] sf] 5 . csf] {lt/ k|x/ L
/ k|zf;g cfkm" hf] lugsf] nflu slxn] sfFxL cf+} nf xfdLlt/
t] :of{Olbg] klg ul/ / x] sf] 5 h;n] xfd|f] hf] lvnfO{ emg
a9fPsf] 5 .
*= cfkm"dfly x'g] hf] lvdsf] af/ ] df dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx? ph'/ L u5{g ls ub} {gg < ub} {gg eg] gu{'gsf
sf/ 0fx? s] s] x'g < u5{g eg] s] s:tf ph'/ Lx? kg] {
u/ ] sf 5g <
cfkm"dfly ePsf] hf] lvdsf] af/ ] df clwsf+z dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ph'/ L ug] { u/ ] sf] kfOFb} g . lsgeg]
sfd ubf{ ;fgfltgf ;d:ofnfO{ :jefljs dflgG5 . xfdLn]
u/ ] sf] sfd g} hf] lvdk"0f{ 5, To;} n] of] hf] lvd s] xL x} g eGg]
efjgfn] ubf{ ;a} hf] lvdx?nfO{ xfdLn] ;fdfGo ?kdf lng]
u/ ] sf 5f} + . xfdLdfly 7"n} 36gf h:tf] , s'6kL6 jf cGo To:t}
36gf eof] eg] dfq xfdL ph'/ L u5f} { . gq ufnL a] OHhlt
ug] {, wDSofpg] , dfgl;s oftgf lbg] s'/ fnfO{ xfdLn] ;fdfGo
dfg] sf 5f} + . / To;sf] clen] vLs/ 0f ;d] t ub} {gf} + h;n] ubf{
xfdL slt hf] lvddf 5f} + eGg] ;d] t cfFsng ug{ ufx|f] ePsf]
5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf s] xL ;fyLx?n] ph'/ L ug] { s'/ fsf] klg
z'?jft ug'{ePsf] 5 . df] jfOnaf6 Dof;] h k7fpg] , kmf] g
u/ ] / wDSofpg] la?4 klg k|x/ L ph'/ L ug] { sfdsf] z'?jft
eof] eg] b] ze/ sf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;fyLx?
x'g'xG5 . xfd|f] / fli6«o ;+hfn 5 eGg] s'/ fdf xfdL 9'Ss x'G5f} +
/ xfdLnfO{ sfd ug] { pT;fx x'G5 . ;d'bfo :t/ af6 p7fPsf
;d:ofx?nfO{ s] Gb|Lo :t/ df k} / jL ug] { sfddf klg s] Gb|n]
;xof] u ul/ / x] sf] 5 .
olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg / fli6«o ;+hfnn] w] / } sfddf lhNnfnfO{
;xof] u ug'{kg] { b] lvG5 . y'k|} dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n]
lhNnfdf j;] / hf] lvd df] n] / sfd ul/ / x] sf] cj:yf 5
tfklg cfkm"n] u/ ] sf] sfdnfO{ clen] vLs/ 0f ug{ g;Sbf Tof]
b] lvPsf] 5} g . slt dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? cfkmg}
;'/ n] sfd ul/ / x] sf] cj:yf 5 . pgLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;
u/ fpg afFsL 5 . To;} u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?
hf] lvddf / x] sf 36gfx?sf] xfdLn] clen] vLs/ 0f ug{ ;s] sf
5} gf} + . o:tf s'/ fx?df s] Gb|n] ;f+] Rg'k5{ / ;xof] u ug'{k5{ .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? sfd ubf{ ub} { dfgl;s
;d:ofdf kl/ / x] sf] cj:yf 5 . sDtLdf xfdLnfO{ ;do
;dodf e] 6 u/ fpg] / dgf] ljdz{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfd
klg s] Gb|n] ug'{k5{ . ;a} ;Fu ;Dks{df / xg] / hltj] nf hxfF
hf] ;fyL ;+s6df k5{ p;nfO{ t'?Gt} ;xof] u ug] { jftfj/ 0f
lgdf0f{ s] Gb|n] ug'{k5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .
!!= dlxnfdfgjclwfsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg / ;'/ Iffsf nflu
s;n] s] ug'{knf{ <
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfgsf] nflu ;a} eGbf
klxnf / fHon] pgLx?sf] sfdnfO{ dfGotf lbg] / pgLx?nfO{
:jLsf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . To;kl5 / fHon] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx? / ;Dk"0f{ dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu
gLlt agfpg' h?/ L 5 .
!@= tkfFOx?n] dlxnfsf] d'2fnfO{ dfq p7fpg] ug'{ePsf] 5
ls cGo d'2fnfO{ klg<
d dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ePsf] sf/ 0fn] d] / f] klxnf]
k|fyldst eg] sf] dlxnfx?sf] d'2f g} xf] . lsgeg] clxn]
;a} eGbf al9 hf] lvddf / ;a} eGbf lx+;fdf dlxnfx? 5g .
dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 sfd ug'{ h?/ L 5 . c?sf] k|fyfldstfsf]
If] qdf dlxnf lx+;f kl/ / x] sf] cj:yf klg 5} g . xfdLn]
dlxnf ePs} sf/ 0f klg dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf nflu sfd
ug'{k5{ . o;sf ;fy} d dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ePsf]
sf/ 0fn] ;du| dfgjclwsf/ sf d'2fx? klg d] / f ;/ f] sf/ sf
d'2fx? x'g . To;} n] dlxnf ;du| dfgjclwsf/ sf d'2fx?df
klg sfd ug] { u/ ] sf] 5' .
!#= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] lx+;fsf] d'2fnfO{ k} / jL
ug] { dfq geO{ km} ;nf klg u5{g eGg] cf/ f] k nfu] sf] 5,
To;df tkfFO s] eGg'x'G5<
20

dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] sfd eg] sf] dlxnf lj?4
x'g] lx+;fsf d'2fx?df k} / jL ug] { / pgLx?nfO{ Gofosf nflu
;xof] u ug] { g} xf] . t/ slxn] sfFxL ;d:of s:tf] e} lbG5 eg]
dlxnfx? sfg'gL Gofodf cfpg ;Sb} gg . pgLx?n] ;fdflhs
Gofo vf] lh/ x] sf] cj:yf x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdLn]
pgLx?nfO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] nflu ;xof] u ug'{kg] { cj:yf
cfpF5 . o;/ L ;fdflhs Gofosf] nflu ;xof] u ul/ / xFbf
;dfh Psflt/ / kLl8t dlxnf Psflt/ e} / x] sf] x'G5 . xfdLn]
sfg'gsf s'/ f / dlxnfsf clwsf/ sf s'/ fnfO{ :yflkt u/ fpg
nfU5f} + t/ ;d:of s] e} lbG5 eg] ;d'bfon] To;nfO{ :jLsf/
ub} {gg / xfdLnfO{ nf~5gf nufpg] sfd u5{g . xfdLn] s'g}
klg d'2fdf km} ;nf ug] { sfd ub} {gf} + t/ kLl8t dlxnfsf]
kIfdf sfd ul/ / xFbf xfdL lgikIf eP/ x} g kLl8tsf] kIfw/
eP/ sfd u5f} + Tof] rFfxL lglZrt xf] . slxn] slxn] xfdLnfO{
lgikIf eP/ sfd ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/ f klg cfpF5 . t/ d
To;df ;xdt 5} g . xfdL hlxn] klg kLl8t dlxnfsf] kIfdf
5f} + / x'G5f} + .
!$= o; cleofgnfO{ cem ;lqmo / ;+ul7t ¿kdf n} hfgsf]
nflu tkfFOsf] s] xL ;'emfj Pj+ ;Nnfx 5 ls<
of] xfd|f] cleofg xf] . of] s;} sf] ;xof] u / s'g} ;+:yfsf]
kl/ of] hgf x} g . of] xfdL dlxnfx?sf] n8fOsf nflu tof/
ul/ Psf] Pp6f ;+oGq dfq} xf] . of] cleofgdf nfUg] eg] sf]
dgleqaf6 d dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 nfU5' eGg] k|ltj4 ePsf]
JolQm dfq} nfUg ;ls/ xG5 . s] xL kfpF5' jf s] xL kfpg]
cfzfn] nfUg] xf] eg] cleofgnfO{ lg/ Gt/ tf lbg;Sb} g .
To;} n] of] xfd|f] n8fO{ xf] . cfkm"n] n8g'k5{ eGg] dlxnfx?sf]
hdft o;df cfpg' h?/ L 5 . oltj] nf xfd|f] ;lqmotf vfFrf]
5 . xfd|f] ;lqmotfn] dfq} of] cj:yfdf dlxnf lj?4 x'g]
lx+;fnfO{ sd ug{ / dlxnfx?nfO{ Gofo lbg ;+ej 5 . To;} n]
xfdLn] of] ;~hfnnfO{ hlt alnof] agfpF5f} + TolQ g} xfd|f]
cleofg / fd|f] / ;lqmo x'g] xf] . To;} n] ;a} eGbf klxnf
;~hfnnfO{ k|efjsf/ L agfpg' k5{ . ;+VofTds ;Fu} u'0ffTds
?kdf klg o;sf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . To;f] eP dfq} xfdL] n]
ck] lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;S5f} + eGg] nfU5 . b] ze/ af6
dlxnf cfGbf] ngdf xf] ldPsf lqmofzLn ;fyLx?nfO{ of]
cleofgdf ;fd] n u/ fpg] / pgLx?nfO{ ljleGg cj;/ x?
k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/ 0f ;[hgf ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg :yflkt u/ fpg / ;'/ Iffsf]
nflu / fHonfO{ gLlt agfpgsf nflu bafa lbg' h?/ L 5 .
of] cleofg ;a} sf] ;femf / :jtM:k'mt{ ?kdf nfu] sf dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] cleofg xf] . / o;nfO{ o;/ L g}
a'emg] / a'emfpg] ul/ g' k5{ eGg] nfU5 .
dlxnf lx+;fsf] cGTo s;/ L <
b] ze/ a9b} uPsf] dlxnf lx+;fn]
;j} nfO{ :tAe agfPsf] 5 . ;r] t
gful/ sn] ljleGg k|sf/ n] o;sf]
k|ltjfb ul/ / x] sf 5g . b] zsf]
k|wfgdGqL cfkmgf] js{tn] EofP;Dd
o;nfO{ cGTo ug{ k|ltj4 5' eG5g .
t/ clxn] ;Dd cufl8 cfPsf Pp6f
klg lx+;fsf] 36gfdf kLl8tn] Gofo
kfPsf 5} gg . o:tf] lsg eO/ x] sf]
5 < eGg] ljZn] if0fn] gu/ L ;d:ofsf] pkrf/ ub} {5' eGg'
jfn'jfdf kfgL xfNg' h:t} xf] .
;+;f/ e/ j9b} uO/ x] sf] ;} lgsLs/ 0f, h8;"qjfb /
ljZjJofkLs/ 0fn] dlxnf lx+;f x'g] jftfj/ 0f agfO/ x] sf
5g . To;} n] o;sf] pkrf/ vf] Hbf ;d:ofnfO{ of] 9fFrfdf
/ fvL ljZn] if0f ug'{kb{5 egL ;+;f/ sf dlxnfjfbLsf] laZn] if0f
5 . ljZjJofkLs/ 0fn] lgDTofPsf] cfly{s ;+/ rgfut
kl/ jt{g, ltgåf/ f xfd|f] h:tf] b] zdf pTkGg hLljsf] kfh{g;Fu
8f= / ] 0f' / fhe08f/ L
hf] l8Psf] ljifdtfsf sf/ 0f ul/ a, blnt, kfvf nufOPsf
JolQmdflysf] u/ LaLsf] af] em / ;a} ;d"xleq / x] sf] n]
lkQ[;Qfsf sf/ 0f tL ;d"xleqsf dlxnfdf yf] kl/ Psf
af] em xfdL ;j} n] cg'e"t ug} {k5{ . o;sf sf/ 0fn] clxn]
w] / } dlxnfsf] hLjg si6s/ jGb} uPsf] 5 . pgLx?
Hff] lvdo'Qm sfd ug{ jfWo agfOPsf 5g . pgLx?sf]
oxL hf] lvdtfnfO{ k|of] u u/ L ;+;f/ df j9b} uO/ x] sf]
ljZjJofkLs/ 0f, h8;"qjfb / ;} lgsLs/ 0fn] pgLx?dfly
lx+;f ug] { jftfj/ 0f tof/ u/ ] sf] 5 . oL tTjx?n]
lkt[;QfnfO{ jlnof] jgfPsf] 5 . ;du|df eGg' kbf{
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f b] zsf] / fhgLlt, cy{gLlt / ;fdflhs
gLlt, lgod / Jojxf/ x?;Fu hf] l8Psf] ljifo xf] . To;} n]
o;nfO{ Psf+sL tj/ n] / fhgLltsdL{, dlxnfclwsf/ sdL{ /
lkt[;QfnfO{ bf] if lbP/ , logLx?s} sf/ 0fn] ePsf] xf] eg] /
dfq k'Ub} g . o;sf] ;Djf] wgsf] nflu cfjZos 5, sf/ s
tQjx?sf] ljZn] if0f / ;Daf] wgsf nflu ;a} leq OdfGbf/
k|ltj4tf . To;sf nflu lgDg sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos b] lvG5 .
/ fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] 7"nf] ;fgf] eGg] cx+ 5f8L b] zsf]
nf] stfGqLs/ 0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg] sfo{sf
21
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