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Biofortification Provitamin A Maize in Zambia
1. Biofortification
Provitamin A Maize in Zambia
Fabiana De Moura, Ph.D.
HarvestPlus c/o IFPRI
2033 K Street, NW • Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA
Tel: 202-862-5600 • Fax: 202-467-4439
HarvestPlus@cgiar.org • www.HarvestPlus.org
2. An Interdisciplinary Program
200+ scientists, 40+ countries
IFPRI
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
CIAT
Cali, Colombia
Consultative Group on Int’l Ag. Research (CGIAR)
8. Biofortified Crops for Asia
Pearl Millet
Iron (Zinc)
2012 India
Rice
Zinc
2013 Bangladesh, India
Wheat
Zinc
2013 India, Pakistan
9. Biofortified Crops for Africa
Cassava
Provitamin A
2011 DR Congo, Nigeria
Beans
Iron
DR Congo, Rwanda RELEASED!
2012
Sweet Potato
Maize Provitamin A
Provitamin A Mozambique,
2012 Zambia Uganda
10. Nutrition Challenge
Nutrition Challenge
Demonstrate the ability of biofortified
crops to have an impact on the
nutritional and health status of the
target population
11. Target Level
By how much we need to increase the
provitamin A content in the maize
to improve the vitamin A status for their
consumers?
12. Initial Assumptions
% of daily micronutrient Approximately 50%
requirement to achieve
Women Children
4-6 yrs-old
Requirement (EAR) (µg/day) 500 275
Intake of Maize (g/day) 400 200
Retention 50%
Bioavailability 12:1
Baseline content (µg/g) 0-0.5
Additional content (µg/g) +15
INITIAL TARGET LEVEL: 15.0-15.5 µg/g fresh, raw weight
17.0-17.5 µg/g dw
13. Nutrition Research
Maize Intake
Development
Estimate the Retention
Target Level
Bioavailability
Evaluation
Efficacy Trial
Effectiveness
15. Vitamin A status
Age/Gender Year Prevalence Notes Information Source
Group
Children ages 1997 65.7% Serum retinol levels NFNC
6-59 months <0.7 umol/L
Children ages 2003 53% Serum retinol levels NFNC
6-59 months <0.7 umol/L
Children ages 2009 57% Serum retinol levels HarvestPlus Survey
24-59 months <0.7 umol/L
Prevalence adjusted Mkushi and
for infection using Nyimba districts
MRDR test was 48%
16. Usual Intake of Maize
Nyimba (gm) Mkushi (gm) p-value
n Mean Median n Mean Median
(mean +se) (mean +se)
Reference child Season 175 154.8 +5.5 145 208 165+5.9 144 ns
1 (May -
June)
Season 162 183.4 +7.7 171 177 195+6.8 183 ns
2 (Oct -
Dec)
Total 337 168.5+4.7 153 385 178.9 +4.5 174
Younger sibling Season 53 70.1 +7.2 53 58 67.8 +6.9 46 ns
1 (May -
June)
Season 51 106.3 +15 78 56 106.1 +7.2 108 ns
2 (Oct -
Dec)
Total 104 87.8+8.6 64.5 114 86.7 +5.3 75.5
Mother/female Season 169 260.4 +9.2 260 205 311.3+10.9 282 0.001
caret aker 1 (May -
June)
Season 156 256+8.8 242 173 320.8+9.8 315 0.000
2 (Oct -
Dec)
Total 325 258.4+6.4 115 378 315.7 +7.4 293
17. Maize Production
• Both hybrid and open-pollinated varieties
(OPVs) are reported to be grown.
• Although the relative amounts of each major
type of maize seed has not been calculated,
the data suggest that providing both hybrids
and OPVs may be necessary to reach the
majority of rural households.
18. Retention
CIMMYT study showed 50% exponential decay of provitamin A in
maize grain, cobs, and flour after 4 months of storage:
– Genotype, storage time and temperature are the most important determinant
of provitamin A retention.
Study at Iowa State University showed 75% retention of provitamin
A maize when cooked into porridge
NISIR Study (2011)
4 genotypes considered for release in 2012
Storage: 6 months (0, 3, 5, and 6 mo)-stored as grains and cobs
Milling: samp and maize meal
Cooking: roasted, boiled, nshima, porridge and samp
20. More Favorable Bioconversion
Provitamin A Maize
b-carotene to Vitamin A 7:1
Li et al. AJCN 2010
Other bioconversion results for biofortified crops
Golden rice 3:1
Biofortified Yellow Maize 3:1
21. HarvestPlus assumption for Assumptions for target levels of
target levels of provitamin A in provitamin A in maize, updated with
maize research results
% of daily
micronutrient ~50% ~50%
requirement to achieve
Non-
Age/physiological status pregnant/non- Children 4-6 Non-pregnant/non- Children 4-6 yr of
group lactating yr of age lactating women age
women
Estimated average
500 275 500 275
requirement (µg/day)
Intake (g fresh
400 200 250-300 200
weight/day)
Retention after 4 months storage: 43%
Micronutrient retention Retention after wet milling and cooking:
50%
after processing 75%
Total cumulative retention: 33%
Bioavailability 12:1 7 :1
Baseline micronutrient
content (µg/g dry 0 - 0.5 0 – 0.5
weight)
Additional content + 15 + 15
22. Efficacy Trials in 2012
Mkushi: Population-based approach (JHU)
Nyimba: Stable Isotope approach (UWM)
Zambian Collaborators:
NFNC and TDRC
23. Reaching End Users (REU)
Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato Project
HarvestPlus c/o IFPRI
2033 K Street, NW • Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA
Tel: 202-862-5600 • Fax: 202-467-4439
HarvestPlus@cgiar.org • www.HarvestPlus.org
Image:www.hki.org
24. Project Description
• The HarvestPlus Reaching End Users Orange
Fleshed Sweet Potato Project disseminated orange-
fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) in Uganda and Mozambique
from 2006 to 2009.
• First time that a biofortified crop with a visibly different
trait (color) had been deployed on such a large scale.
• Project assessed OFSP adoption rates and whether
adoption resulted in improved vitamin A intakes among
young children and their mothers.
• 14,000 households in Mozambique and 10,000
households in Uganda were reached.
25. Key Findings: Adoption
The Project successfully promoted OFSP in
Mozambique and Uganda. It resulted in adoption
of OFSP by:
•77 percent of project households in Mozambique
(compared to 9 percent in the control group)
65 percent of project households in Uganda,
(compared to 4 percent in the control group).
26. Key Findings: Vitamin A Intakes
The REU intervention resulted in a significant increase in
total vitamin A intakes among young children, older
children, and women in both Mozambique and Uganda.
In both countries, the change in vitamin A intakes in the
intervention groups was accounted for by the increased
intake of vitamin A from OFSP. Image:www.hki.org
Notes de l'éditeur
We are interdisciplinary-plant breeders, nutritionist, economists, marketing professionals, and behavior change specialists
This process is called biofortification. HarvestPlus is the conventional breeding of food crops with higher micronutrient content that will have a measurable impact on nutritional status at the public health level.Focus on 3 micronutrients that are most limiting vitamin A, zinc, and iron
The HarvestPlus strategy is targeted to poor people who eat large amounts of staple foods daily and who mostly live in rural areas. Includes subsistence farmers or landless who purchase locally. Overall, those who depend heavily on one or two staple foods.
Seed (and in this case, sweet potato vines) can be saved and shared with other farmers.(don’t use maize as an example)
This is a photo of our head breeder for HarvestPlus, Wolfgang, and our country manager for pearl millet in India, Kedar Rai.This approach offers a one-time research investment to develop biofortified crops, low additional costs to continue improvement once integrated into breeding programs.
There are a variety of possible interventions for addressing micronutrient malnutrition: Already discussed dietary diversity Supplementation: distribution of supplements such as vitamin A or iron pills to large portions of the populations either through yearly campaigns or through health centers or health workers Fortification: adding nutrients to already processed foods, such as iodine to salt or iron and B vitamins to flour Another strategy is biofortification—which is what the remainder of my presentation will focus on
We focus on seven staple food crops eaten by the word’s poor. Staple food crops eaten by the worlds poorestCrops are disease resistant and perform as well as other crops
Here is the scheme of the nutrition research. In the development stages of the biofortified maize, the main question is by much do we need to increase the PVA levels. What is the target level? And to answer this question we need to know how much maize will people eat? How much of PVA is lost during the cooking process and how much stays in the food and how much is absorbed by the body.Then we will do an efficacy trial with to determine the impact of the PVA maize on the Vitamin A status of the study population under controlled conditionsEffectiveness: when the PVA maize is made available to population to study the results on improved levels of vitA and health
Reference Child (24-59 months)Younger Sibling (6-23 months)Women of childbearing age (
If the production of biofortified maize by rural households is to be promoted, factors that affect their choice of maize seed may be helpful in assessing potential impacts and identifying limitations. Although Nyimba and Mkushi districts were similar in many characteristics associated with maize production and food security and risk of malnutrition, there are some important, key differences in their maize production practices regarding choice of varieties and seed sources.
First Study:2 maize genotypes at the same physiological maturityEars and grain dried under the sunStorage condition:Shelled grain in permeable bagsFlour in air-tight paper bagsEars in open containersStorage temperature: room subtropical and -80CStorage time: 0,4,8,and 12 months