Slides on vital statistics and demography for fourth year medical students....

1. 1
Vital Statistics &
Demography
Dr. Rajan Rayamajhi, MD
Senior Resident
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences

2. 2

3. VITAL EVENTS
3

4. Statistics is the study of the
collection, organization,
analysis, and interpretation of
data
VITAL STATISTICS
4


“Vital statistics is
defined as that branch
of biometry which
deals with data and
the law of human
mortality, morbidity
and demography”
vital events are
collected, compiled
and the resulting
statistics are known as
Vital Statistics
Biometrics is the science and technology
of measuring and analyzing biological
data

5. 5
SOURCES OF POPULATION
DATA




Census
Registration of vital events
Sample registration Survey
Institutional records

6. CENSUS
6


“ the total process of collecting, compiling and
publishing demographic, economic and social
data pertaining at a specified time or times, to all
persons in a country or delimited territory".(United
Nations)
‘Census’ comes from the Latin world ‘Sensere’
means value or tax.

10 year interval

Important source of health information

7. Method of census taking
7
1.
1.
De facto census(in fact, whether by right or
not) : the method is to list all persons present
in the household or other living quarters at
midnight of the census day or all who
passed the night there.
De jure census(by right): all persons who
usually live in the household are listed on the
form whether they are present or not.
Visitors who have a usual residence
elsewhere are excluded from the listing but
are counted at their usual residence.

8. Modern census
8
 Each
individual is enumerated separately and
characteristics of each persons are recorded
separately.
 The census covers a precisely defined territory
and includes every person present or residing
within its scope.
 Population is enumerated with a well defined time
and date is in terms of a well defined reference
period.
 The census is taken at regular intervals.

9. Uses of census
9




Is the primary sources of basic national population
data required for administrative purposes and
many aspects of economic and social planning and
research.
Provides information on:
trends in population growth.
change in age and sex structure
cause of fertility, mortality, migration and
urbanization.
Useful for estimating, calculating birth and death
rates
Provides information on :

Changes in the national occupational and industrial
composition

10. 10







Religion, languages and caste/ethnic composition
Analysis of economic development.
Future trends of population growth.
National, local, public and private planning.
Estimating school going population, military and
economic manpower.
Future growth of cities and requirement of food,
water, housing and health services.
Number of voters- present and future and many
more.
Thus census is contributing to a revolutionary
expansion of global econom ,sociological and
ic
dem
ographic knowledge.

11. Census in Nepal
11




The first population count was carried out in
the year 1911 , since then censuses are being
carried out at an interval of more or less 10
years.
The first scientific census with the technical
assistance from UN was conducted in 1952/54
1961 census is regarded as the first scientific
census of Nepal in terms of internationally
accepted definitions of census.
The latest census was carried out in 2011.

12. Information in census
12


Household Information
Individual Information

13. Analysis of Vital Data
13
Measurement of Population
Mid year population :
(a)
Natural increase method
Pt =Po +(B-D) +(I-E)
where,
Po = total population at last census
region
B = total nos. of birth
D = total nos. of death
I = total nos. of immigrants into the
E = total nos. of emigrants from the region

14. 14
b)
Geometric progression method
Pt =Po (1+r) t
r= ( Pt/Po) -1
1/ t
where,
r = growth rate
t = time in years

15. Rate and Ratio
15

Rate of the vital events is defined as the
ratio of the total numbers of occurrences of
the events to the total numbers of person
exposed to the risk of occurrences of that
events.

Sex ratio= Male population
X 100
Female population
child women ratio
Nos of child<5 yrs
X 100
Total female pop 15-49 yrs


16. Measurement of Mortality
16
(a) Crude Death R (CDR
ate
)
= Total death in a given year
X 1000
Average or mid year pop. of a year
(b) Age-specific Death rate (AS )
DR
Nos. of death at age ’a’ _X 1000
Mid-yrs pop. of a given year
at age ’a’
Crude rate is
based on total
population
while a specific
rate is based
on the basis of
age, sex,
cause etc

17. 17
(c) Infant M
ortality rate (IM )
R
= Nos. of infant death in a year X1000
Nos. of live birth in the year



Sensitive indicators
Reflect the socio-economic status of the country
Also reflect the medical and health facilities in a
population

18. Two parts IMR
18
1) Neonatal M
ortality R
ate
= Death under one months X 1000

Nos. of live birth
It occurs basically due to the endogenous factors of
death
2) P
ost-neonates M
ortality R
ate
= Death between 1st and 11 complete months X1000

Nos. of live birth
It is affected by the exogenous factors
(environments, sanitation, health facilities, etc)

19. 19
(d) Cause-specific death rate
= Deaths due to the cause I (di)
Total nos. of death (D)

X1000
Useful to analysis the death by cause
(e) Case fatality rate
= Death due to the specific disease
X100
total nos. of illness due to that disease

20. 20
(f) M
aternal M
ortality R (M R
ate M )
nos. of death of mother due to the cause related
to maternity
X 100000
Total nos. of live birth

Sensitive and important indicator of maternal
health

21. Fertility?
Fertility?
The age of
The age of
fertility?
fertility?
Measurement of Fertility
21
(a) Crude B
irth R (CB )
ate
R
total nos. of birth in a year
Mid year pop. in that year
(b) General F
ertility R (GF )
ate
R
Total nos. of birth in a year
Average nos. of women
in reproductive age group
X 1000
X 1000

22. 22
(c) Age-specific fertility R (AS R
ate
F)
Nos. of birth to women aged “x” X 1000
Nos. of women aged ”x”

Useful for family planning programme point of view
(d) Age-specific M
arital fertility R (AS F )
ate
MR
Nos.of birth to women aged ”x”
Nos. of married women aged ”x”
X1000

23. 23
(e ) Total fertility R (TF )
ate
R
49
ΣASFR x
x=15

The physical meaning of TFR is that it is the
expected number of children that a women will bear
in her life time, passing through the reproductive
age and bearing children according to fixed
schedule of fertility

24. 24
(f) Gross R
eproduction R (GR )
ate
R

is a measure of population which describe the rate
of increase of population over a generation

Defined as the average number of daughter among
birth cohort of women, which they will bear in their
life time, passing through the reproductive age and
bearing children according to fixed schedule of
fertility, if they survive to the end of child bearing
period

25. 25
(g) Net R
eproduction R (NR )
ate
R

Measure of number of daughters which a cohort
of girl infant will bear as grow to adulthood and
pass through the child period, provided that as
they pass through each age they bear children
at the rate indicated by a current schedule of
age specific fertility rates and from birth till
the end of the child bearing period they are
subjected to mortality as per life table

26. Population statistics of Nepal
26
Population growth rateSize of household
ElectricitySafe drinking waterToilet facilityLiteracyTFRGFR
1.4% / annum
4.7 persons
51% household
90% - urban, 80% - rural
50% household
77%- M, 51%- F
2.6 births / women
96 births/1000 Women
aged 15-44 years
CBR
24.3 births/1000 population
Age at 1st marriage- Female-17.2yrs Male 20.2 yrs

27. CPR27
49.7%(any method)
43.2%(any modern method)
IMR46/1000 live births
Under 5 MR54/1000 live births
Neonatal Mortality33/1000 live births
Child Mortality9/1000 live births
Immunization coverage:
i. BCG96.2%
ii. DPT391.4%
iii. POLIO3 92.2%
iv. Measles 87.7%
v. All 86.6%
vi. None
2.9%

28. 

28




MMRANC –
TT2
Delivery –
281/100000 live births
58% (Health professionals)
82%
36% babies attended by
Skilled provider
28% in a health facility
Nutrition – Children Under Five
Stunting (low height for age) —
41%
Wasting (low weight for height) —
11%
Underweight (low weight for age) — 29%
Exclusive Breastfeeding –
69.6%

29. 29
Table A1: Items Covered in the Schedule 1 of the
2001 Population Census Questionnaire Schedule 1
Household Information
 1. Type of housing unit occupied by the household
 2. Tenure of housing unit
 3. Whether any land operated for agriculture
 4. Area of agricultural land operated
 5. Whether any livestock/ poultry raised
 6. Number of livestock/ poultry on the holding
 7. Whether any female member owned any house/land
 - Area of land owned

30. 30

8. Whether any female member owned any livestock






- Number of livestock (big and small head)
9. Whether household was engaged in small scale nonagricultural activities
10. Main type of small scale activity (other than
agriculture)
11. Whether any person absent from household and
living abroad
12. Information on the absentee
Sex, age, duration, and reason

31. Individual Information
31










1. Serial number of household member
2. Full name of the household member
3. Male/Female
4. Age
5. Caste/Ethnicity
6. Relationship to the household head
7. Religion
8. Language spoken- Mother tongue, - Second language
9. Citizenship
10. Type of disability

32. Table A2: Items Covered in the Schedule 2 of the 2001
Population Census Questionnaire Schedule 2
32











Household Information
1. Main source of drinking water
2. Main fuel used for cooking
3. Main source of light
4. Toilet facility
5. Household conveniences
6. Whether any death in the household
7. Information on the deceased person(s)
8- Sex, age, date, and cause
9. Level of education

33. 33












10. Whether currently attending any school
11. Marital status
12. Age at first marriage
13. No. of children ever born alive
14. Any live births during last 12 months
15. Work usually done during the last 12 months
16. No. of months worked during the last 12 months
17. Occupation (type of usual work)
18. Industry (place of usual work)
19. Employment Status
20. Reasons for usually not working
21. Living arrangements of children below 16 years

34. Individual Information
34








1. Serial number of household member
2. Full name and sex of the household member
3. Age
4. Place of birth
5. Duration of stay at the present place
6. Reason for staying in this district
7. Residence five years ago
8. Whether able to read and write