Legislative and Executive Branches
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Legislative and Executive Branches
- 1. The Executive and Legislative Branches Chapter 12-13
- 2. Chapter 12 Congress Copyright © 2011, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite
- 4. Copyright © 2011, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. AP Photo/Susan Walsh
- 6. Copyright © 2011, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 9. Copyright © 2011, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 11. Copyright © 2011, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 14. Copyright © 2011, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 17. Copyright © 2011, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ian Tragen/Shutterstock
- 24. Impeachment, the formal accusation of wrongdoing by an executive or judicial branch officeholder, can only be done by
- 26. The most powerful position in the House of Representatives is
- 28. If the President does not sign a bill and the Congress has adjourned, the bill dies. This action is known as a
- 29. Break!
- 30. Chapter 13 The Presidency Copyright © 2011, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Doug Mills/The New York Times/Redux Pictures Associated Press
- 32. Copyright © 2011, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chicago Tribune/MCT/Newscom
- 41. Copyright © 2011, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 43. Copyright © 2011, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. (bl):CORBIS;(br):ASSOCIATED PRESS; (tl):Franklin D. Roosevelt Library/Pearson Education;(tr): AP Photo
- 45. Copyright © 2011, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 48. In addition to allowing the president to fill a vacant vice presidency, the 25 th Amendment
- 49. When President Obama committed troops to Afghanistan, he was acting in his presidential role of
- 52. Which of the following tools of presidential power allows the president to adopt a policy without legislative approval?
Notes de l'éditeur
- Congressional policymaking takes place within the context of bicameralism . Members of the House (representatives) are elected by direct popular vote; the size of a state ’s delegation depends on the state’s population. Senators are chosen in statewide at-large elections, two per state. Because of their different constitutional structures and responsibilities, the House and Senate have developed into distinct legislative bodies.
- The U.S. Constitution specifies age, citizenship, and residency requirements for each body. The Voting Rights Act and changing social and cultural values have helped elect an increasingly diverse Congress. Profile of the Membership Although most members of Congress are older and relatively affluent, the institution is more diverse today than at any time in U.S. history. Compensation In recent years, members of Congress have increased their salaries substantially, sometimes without having to go on record in favor of higher pay.
- The U.S. Constitution specifies age, citizenship, and residency requirements for each body. The Voting Rights Act and changing social and cultural values have helped elect an increasingly diverse Congress. Profile of the Membership Although most members of Congress are older and relatively affluent, the institution is more diverse today than at any time in U.S. history. Compensation In recent years, members of Congress have increased their salaries substantially, sometimes without having to go on record in favor of higher pay.
- Personal Styles Traditionally, members of Congress got things done and advanced their careers by building relationships with colleagues, deferring to senior members, and bargaining. In today ’s Congress, some members are particularly skilled in the use of the media to independently establish themselves as national political figures and promote their agendas.
- Membership Turnover Incumbents seeking reelection usually win. Nonetheless, retirement and election defeats have produced significant turnover in recent years.
- The House and Senate choose leaders, establish committees, and hire staff assistance. Organization of the Floor The organization of the floor is based on party strength in each chamber. Real power on the floor of the Senate is in the hands of the Majority Leader ; the Speaker is the most powerful figure in the House. The Senate Majority Leader and the Speaker hold positions of visibility and prestige.
- Because party leadership posts are elected internally, the Senate Majority Leader and the Speaker maintain power by helping members achieve their goals: reelection, political influence, policy enactment, and election to higher office. Congressional party leadership style depends much upon the occupant of the White House
- Committee and Subcommittee Organization The detailed work of Congress takes place in standing committees and subcommittees. When members are first elected, they request assignments to particular committees that they believe will help them win reelection, gain influence, and affect policy.
- Origin and Introduction Congress conducts much of its work through the legislative process. Once a member introduces a bill or resolution , that chamber ’s presiding officer refers it to one or more committees for consideration. In 2007, members of Congress introduced 9,227 bills and resolutions. Congressional committees reported 908 measures to the floor (a report rate of 9.8%) and 138 were enacted into law.
- Committee and Subcommittee Action In the House, most important pieces of legislation that pass standing committees go to the Rules Committee, which must grant a rule before the measure can go to the floor. Floor Action Because Senate rules do not limit the amount of time a senator or the chamber as a whole can spend discussing a measure, a bill ’s opponents may filibuster , that is, attempt to defeat the measure through prolonged debate. The procedure for forcing an end to a filibuster is known as cloture .
- Conference Committee Action A bill doesn ’t pass Congress until it clears both the House and the Senate in identical form. Should legislation pass each chamber in different forms, one house can simply agree to accept the changes made by the other. A conference committee is a joint committee created to negotiate differences on similar pieces of legislation passed by the House and Senate.
- Conference Committee Action A bill doesn ’t pass Congress until it clears both the House and the Senate in identical form. Should legislation pass each chamber in different forms, one house can simply agree to accept the changes made by the other. A conference committee is a joint committee created to negotiate differences on similar pieces of legislation passed by the House and Senate.
- Presidential Action The president can sign a bill, allow it to become law without his signature (if Congress is in session), kill the bill by refusing to sign it (if Congress has adjourned), or veto the measure. Unlike most state governors, the president has no line-item veto.
- Qualifications and Backgrounds Although the constitutional qualifications for the office of president are broad, most presidents have come from fairly narrow social circles. As of this writing, all the nation ’s presidents have been white males of Western European ancestry. Term of Office The president ’s constitutional term of office is four years. The Twenty-second Amendment, ratified in 1951, limits the president to two terms.
- Impeachment and Removal Presidents who seriously abuse power or fail to discharge their duties can face impeachment (a formal accusation against an executive or judicial officeholder). The process of impeachment and removal involves both houses of Congress. Presidential Succession and Disability The Twenty-fifth Amendment, ratified in 1967, reformed and clarified the process of presidential succession
- The Vice Presidency As the importance of the presidency has grown, so has the significance of the vice presidency, and men and women of stature are more willing to accept the position. Recent presidents have actively involved their vice presidents in their administrations.
- Constitutional Powers and Duties Diplomatic Powers: The Constitution gives the president, as chief of state (the official head of government), broad diplomatic authority to conduct foreign relations. The president has the power to negotiate treaties with other nations, subject to a two-thirds vote of ratification by the Senate. Executive agreements , which are international understandings between the president and foreign nations that do not require Senate ratification, are more numerous than treaties.
- Military Powers: The Constitution names the president commander in chief of the armed forces ( civilian supremacy of the armed forces , which is the concept that the armed forces should be under the direct control of civilian authorities). Congress responded to what it considered an infringement of its constitutional power to declare war by passing the War Powers Act in 1973, which limited the president ’s ability to commit American armed forces to combat abroad without consultation with Congress and congressional approval. Judicial Powers: The president also has a role in judicial policymaking. The president nominates all federal judges pending majority-vote confirmation by the Senate.
- Executive Powers: The president is the nation ’s chief executive , that is, the head of the executive branch of government. Presidents sometimes issue executive orders to manage the federal bureaucracy. An executive order is a directive issued by the president to an administrative agency or executive department.
- Legislative Powers: The Constitution gives the president sufficient legislative authority to participate in the legislative process but not enough legislative tools to dictate policy. The president shall “give to Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.” The president can use the veto power to shape the content of legislation.
- The development of the modern presidency has been accompanied by significant growth in both the size and power of the presidential bureaucracy. The White House Staff The White House staff consists of personal aides, assistants, and advisors to the president. Political loyalty is usually the foremost criterion the president uses in selecting a staff. The Executive Office of the President Congress established the Executive Office of the President in 1939. Today, the major agencies of the Executive Office are the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) , the National Security Council (NSC) , and the Council of Economic Advisers (CEA). The Presidential Bureaucracy and Presidential Influence The presidential bureaucracy is essential to the effective operation of the modern presidency.
- Political scientists take different approaches to describing and explaining presidential leadership Presidential Character James David Barber believes that a president ’s performance in office depends on personality traits formed primarily during childhood, a adolescence, and early adulthood. Leadership Style Fred I. Greenstein believes the ability to effectively use the powers of the office depends on leadership style. The Power to Persuade Richard Neustadt believes that presidents succeed or fail based on their skills as political bargainers and coalition builders. Going Public The mass media has become an important political tool for presidents. Samuel Kernell illustrates that contemporary presidents use both political bargaining and going public, depending on the issue.
- Political scientists take different approaches to describing and explaining presidential leadership Presidential Character James David Barber believes that a president ’s performance in office depends on personality traits formed primarily during childhood, a adolescence, and early adulthood. Leadership Style Fred I. Greenstein believes the ability to effectively use the powers of the office depends on leadership style. The Power to Persuade Richard Neustadt believes that presidents succeed or fail based on their skills as political bargainers and coalition builders. Going Public The mass media has become an important political tool for presidents. Samuel Kernell illustrates that contemporary presidents use both political bargaining and going public, depending on the issue.
- What role does the presidency play in America ’s policymaking process? First, presidential influence depends on a number of factors, including the president ’s constitutional position, the role of the presidential bureaucracy, the political skills and personality of the incumbent officeholder, the president’s popular standing, and a broad range of contextual factors. Second, presidential influence varies, depending on the issue and the time.