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xenotext
                                              xenotext




              Introduction to
          translation technologies

                            Gerrit Sanders
                           www.xenotext.com




Computer-Assisted Translation
Computer-assisted translation                           xenotext
                                                          xenotext




           Computer-assisted translation (CAT)
           or computer-aided translation is a
           translation process in which a
           human translator uses software to obtain
           a higher degree of precision and efficiency.




2
Computer-Assisted   Translation                       Introduction
Computer-assisted translation                      xenotext
                                                     xenotext


   Typical components of a CAT-solution include:

                                     Data mining tools:
       Translation memory
                                       alignment and
              (TM)
                                      term extraction



         Translation editor           Quality assurance



                                   Translation management
             Termbase
                                        system (TMS)


33
Computer-Assisted   Translation                      Introduction
xenotext
                                        xenotext




                   Translation memory
                          (TM)




Computer-Assisted Translation
Translation memory                                           xenotext
                                                               xenotext




      A translation memory (TM) is a database that
      stores sentences and their translations for reuse in
      new translation projects.




    This is a                                               Ceci est
                                  This is a sentence.
    sentence.                     Ceci est une phrase.
                                                            une phrase.




5
Computer-Assisted   Translation                          Translation memory
Translation unit                                              xenotext
                                                                xenotext


      A record in the translation memory is called a
      translation unit (TU).




          source segment               This is a sentence.
           target segment              Ceci est une phrase.
                                    Created on:   18/09/2006
                                    Created by:   Gerrit
         information fields
                                    Customer:     ACME
                                    Project:      Training




6
Computer-Assisted     Translation                         Translation memory
Segmentation                                                             xenotext
                                                                           xenotext




       Segmentation is the process of splitting the new
       source text into logical, reusable units.
       Segmentation can be either sentence-based or
       paragraph-based.

   Paragraph-based segmentation               Sentence-based segmentation
   1   Welcome to Brussels                    1   Welcome to Brussels
   2   Brussels is the capital of             2   Brussels is the capital of
       Belgium. It is officially bilingual.       Belgium.
                                              3   It is officially bilingual.




7
Computer-Assisted    Translation                                  Translation memory
Match types                                                         xenotext
                                                                      xenotext



                                   Translation memory
                                            (TM)



       0%                99% or lower              100%                101% ??


   No match             Fuzzy match            Exact match         Context match
The new source        The new source         The new source       The new source
segment is            segment is             segment is           segment is
not found in the      similar (but not       identical to a       identical to a
TM.                   identical) to a        source segment       source segment
                      source segment         found in the TM.     found in the TM
                      found in the TM.                            and they both
                                                                  have the same
                                                                  context.

8Computer-Assisted   Translation                                Translation memory
TMX                                                    xenotext
                                                         xenotext




   • Most translation memory tools support TMX
     (Translation Memory eXchange), an XML-based
     open standard for the exchange of translation
     memory data.
   • TMX is developed and maintained by LISA
     (www.lisa.org).
    TMX does not ensure 100% compatibility between
         different translation tools: e.g. segmentation or
         formatting may be handled in different ways.



9
Computer-Assisted   Translation                    Translation memory
SRX                                              xenotext
                                                   xenotext




   • SRX (Segmentation Rules eXchange) is an
     XML-based open standard for the exchange of
     segmentation rules.
   • Without SRX, TMX leverage may be lower than
     expected.
   • SRX is developed and maintained by LISA
     (www.lisa.org).
    SRX is currently not supported by SDL Trados.




10
Computer-Assisted   Translation             Translation memory
xenotext
                                           xenotext




                      Translation editor




Computer-Assisted Translation
Translation editor                                  xenotext
                                                      xenotext




   • A translation editor is the translator's working
     environment, offering easy access to source and target
     segments.
   • Translation editors typically include spelling checkers
     in a wide variety of languages, and may enable the
     user to add comments or status indications to
     each translation.
   • File filters convert the source document to a
     translatable (or localizable) format, such as XLIFF.


12
Computer-Assisted   Translation                  Translation editor
File filters                                                                    xenotext
                                                                                  xenotext


    Source Document                    Translation Editor              Target Document


      HTML        DLL                                                    HTML         DLL
    EXE     PowerPoint                                                  EXE      PowerPoint
     InDesign      PHP                                                   InDesign      PHP
  SGML FrameMaker                                                      SGML FrameMaker
                                             XLIFF
         DOCX           File filters                    File filters          DOCX
   PDF      RTF                                                         PDF     RTF
         QuarkXPress                                                          QuarkXPress
   OpenOffice      Excel                                               OpenOffice      Excel
           TXT     XML                                                          TXT    XML
  DITA                                                                 DITA
          PageMaker                                                            PageMaker


13
Computer-Assisted       Translation                                       Translation editor
XLIFF                                              xenotext
                                                     xenotext




  • XLIFF (XML Localization Interchange File Format)
    is an XML-based open standard for translatable (or
    localizable) files.
  • XLIFF is developed and maintained by OASIS
    (www.oasis-open.org).
   There are various "flavours" of XLIFF (e.g. SDLXLIFF),
      which in practice complicates the interchange of XLIFF
      data between different tools.




14
Computer-Assisted   Translation                 Translation editor
XLIFF                                                      xenotext
                                                             xenotext




                                         XLIFF
                                  (localization data)
      source                                             target

                                       skeleton
                                     (other data)




15
Computer-Assisted   Translation                         Translation editor
xenotext
                                            xenotext




                                Alignment




Computer-Assisted Translation
Alignment                                          xenotext
                                                     xenotext




      Alignment is the process in which specialized
      software compares a source text with its
      translation, matching equivalent segments, e.g. for
      the purpose of creating a translation memory.
      In a semi-automatic alignment process, the
      alignment results are reviewed and misalignments
      are corrected by a human linguist.




17
17
 Computer-Assisted   Translation                      Alignment
Alignment process                                    xenotext
                                                       xenotext


     legacy     segmentation
                                  revision   export     import
   documents     + alignment


    source
     file


                                             TMX      translation
                                                        memory
    target
     file




18
Computer-Assisted   Translation                          Alignment
xenotext
                                           xenotext




                                Termbase




Computer-Assisted Translation
Example entry structure                               xenotext
                                                        xenotext


      Entry             Subject

                         Note

                        English   Definition   Source

                                    Term       Gender

                                               Source

                                    Term       Gender

                                               Source


                        French    Definition   Source

                                    Term       Gender

                                               Source


20
Computer-Assisted   Translation                         Termbase
Concept-oriented termbases                            xenotext
                                                        xenotext




            Your concept may
            look like this




      All terms and synonyms referring to the same concept
      should be stored in the same entry:
      car, motorcar, automobile, voiture, bagnole, ...

      This will ensure that each language in your termbase
      can be used as source or target language.


21
Computer-Assisted   Translation                          Termbase
TBX                                              xenotext
                                                   xenotext




     • TBX (TermBase eXchange) is an XML-based
       open standard for exchanging structured
       terminological data.
     • The TBX standard is developed by LISA
       (www.lisa.org) and has also been published as an
       ISO standard.




22
22
 Computer-Assisted   Translation                    Termbase
Term extraction                                      xenotext
                                                       xenotext




       Term extraction (or terminology extraction)
       is the process of extracting mono- or bilingual lists
       of potentially interesting terms from a selection of
       electronic texts.




23
23
 Computer-Assisted   Translation                        Termbase
Terminology extraction                             xenotext
                                                     xenotext




        Linguistic term extraction:
        • uses grammatical information to identify
          term candidates (and their translations)
        • language dependent

        Statistical term extraction:
        • looks for repeated sequences of lexical items
        • language independent




24
Computer-Assisted   Translation                       Termbase
xenotext
                                          xenotext




                      Quality assurance
                            (QA)




Computer-Assisted Translation
xenotext
                                                         xenotext




     Quality assurance (QA) tools detect formal errors in
     translations and/or translation memories, and enable
     their correction.
     Traceable errors include omissions, inconsistent
     translations, punctuation differences, formatting
     problems, terminology errors etc.
      QA tools do NOT guarantee a flawless translation!




26
26
 Computer-Assisted   Translation                  Quality assurance
The end...                    xenotext
                                xenotext




          www.xenotext.com




27
Computer-Assisted Translation

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Introduction To Translation Technologies

  • 1. xenotext xenotext Introduction to translation technologies Gerrit Sanders www.xenotext.com Computer-Assisted Translation
  • 2. Computer-assisted translation xenotext xenotext Computer-assisted translation (CAT) or computer-aided translation is a translation process in which a human translator uses software to obtain a higher degree of precision and efficiency. 2 Computer-Assisted Translation Introduction
  • 3. Computer-assisted translation xenotext xenotext Typical components of a CAT-solution include: Data mining tools: Translation memory alignment and (TM) term extraction Translation editor Quality assurance Translation management Termbase system (TMS) 33 Computer-Assisted Translation Introduction
  • 4. xenotext xenotext Translation memory (TM) Computer-Assisted Translation
  • 5. Translation memory xenotext xenotext A translation memory (TM) is a database that stores sentences and their translations for reuse in new translation projects. This is a Ceci est This is a sentence. sentence. Ceci est une phrase. une phrase. 5 Computer-Assisted Translation Translation memory
  • 6. Translation unit xenotext xenotext A record in the translation memory is called a translation unit (TU). source segment This is a sentence. target segment Ceci est une phrase. Created on: 18/09/2006 Created by: Gerrit information fields Customer: ACME Project: Training 6 Computer-Assisted Translation Translation memory
  • 7. Segmentation xenotext xenotext Segmentation is the process of splitting the new source text into logical, reusable units. Segmentation can be either sentence-based or paragraph-based. Paragraph-based segmentation Sentence-based segmentation 1 Welcome to Brussels 1 Welcome to Brussels 2 Brussels is the capital of 2 Brussels is the capital of Belgium. It is officially bilingual. Belgium. 3 It is officially bilingual. 7 Computer-Assisted Translation Translation memory
  • 8. Match types xenotext xenotext Translation memory (TM) 0% 99% or lower 100% 101% ?? No match Fuzzy match Exact match Context match The new source The new source The new source The new source segment is segment is segment is segment is not found in the similar (but not identical to a identical to a TM. identical) to a source segment source segment source segment found in the TM. found in the TM found in the TM. and they both have the same context. 8Computer-Assisted Translation Translation memory
  • 9. TMX xenotext xenotext • Most translation memory tools support TMX (Translation Memory eXchange), an XML-based open standard for the exchange of translation memory data. • TMX is developed and maintained by LISA (www.lisa.org).  TMX does not ensure 100% compatibility between different translation tools: e.g. segmentation or formatting may be handled in different ways. 9 Computer-Assisted Translation Translation memory
  • 10. SRX xenotext xenotext • SRX (Segmentation Rules eXchange) is an XML-based open standard for the exchange of segmentation rules. • Without SRX, TMX leverage may be lower than expected. • SRX is developed and maintained by LISA (www.lisa.org).  SRX is currently not supported by SDL Trados. 10 Computer-Assisted Translation Translation memory
  • 11. xenotext xenotext Translation editor Computer-Assisted Translation
  • 12. Translation editor xenotext xenotext • A translation editor is the translator's working environment, offering easy access to source and target segments. • Translation editors typically include spelling checkers in a wide variety of languages, and may enable the user to add comments or status indications to each translation. • File filters convert the source document to a translatable (or localizable) format, such as XLIFF. 12 Computer-Assisted Translation Translation editor
  • 13. File filters xenotext xenotext Source Document Translation Editor Target Document HTML DLL HTML DLL EXE PowerPoint EXE PowerPoint InDesign PHP InDesign PHP SGML FrameMaker SGML FrameMaker XLIFF DOCX File filters File filters DOCX PDF RTF PDF RTF QuarkXPress QuarkXPress OpenOffice Excel OpenOffice Excel TXT XML TXT XML DITA DITA PageMaker PageMaker 13 Computer-Assisted Translation Translation editor
  • 14. XLIFF xenotext xenotext • XLIFF (XML Localization Interchange File Format) is an XML-based open standard for translatable (or localizable) files. • XLIFF is developed and maintained by OASIS (www.oasis-open.org).  There are various "flavours" of XLIFF (e.g. SDLXLIFF), which in practice complicates the interchange of XLIFF data between different tools. 14 Computer-Assisted Translation Translation editor
  • 15. XLIFF xenotext xenotext XLIFF (localization data) source target skeleton (other data) 15 Computer-Assisted Translation Translation editor
  • 16. xenotext xenotext Alignment Computer-Assisted Translation
  • 17. Alignment xenotext xenotext Alignment is the process in which specialized software compares a source text with its translation, matching equivalent segments, e.g. for the purpose of creating a translation memory. In a semi-automatic alignment process, the alignment results are reviewed and misalignments are corrected by a human linguist. 17 17 Computer-Assisted Translation Alignment
  • 18. Alignment process xenotext xenotext legacy segmentation revision export import documents + alignment source file TMX translation memory target file 18 Computer-Assisted Translation Alignment
  • 19. xenotext xenotext Termbase Computer-Assisted Translation
  • 20. Example entry structure xenotext xenotext Entry Subject Note English Definition Source Term Gender Source Term Gender Source French Definition Source Term Gender Source 20 Computer-Assisted Translation Termbase
  • 21. Concept-oriented termbases xenotext xenotext Your concept may look like this All terms and synonyms referring to the same concept should be stored in the same entry: car, motorcar, automobile, voiture, bagnole, ... This will ensure that each language in your termbase can be used as source or target language. 21 Computer-Assisted Translation Termbase
  • 22. TBX xenotext xenotext • TBX (TermBase eXchange) is an XML-based open standard for exchanging structured terminological data. • The TBX standard is developed by LISA (www.lisa.org) and has also been published as an ISO standard. 22 22 Computer-Assisted Translation Termbase
  • 23. Term extraction xenotext xenotext Term extraction (or terminology extraction) is the process of extracting mono- or bilingual lists of potentially interesting terms from a selection of electronic texts. 23 23 Computer-Assisted Translation Termbase
  • 24. Terminology extraction xenotext xenotext Linguistic term extraction: • uses grammatical information to identify term candidates (and their translations) • language dependent Statistical term extraction: • looks for repeated sequences of lexical items • language independent 24 Computer-Assisted Translation Termbase
  • 25. xenotext xenotext Quality assurance (QA) Computer-Assisted Translation
  • 26. xenotext xenotext Quality assurance (QA) tools detect formal errors in translations and/or translation memories, and enable their correction. Traceable errors include omissions, inconsistent translations, punctuation differences, formatting problems, terminology errors etc.  QA tools do NOT guarantee a flawless translation! 26 26 Computer-Assisted Translation Quality assurance
  • 27. The end... xenotext xenotext www.xenotext.com 27 Computer-Assisted Translation