3. What is Colonialism?
• Exploitation colonialism - Exploitation by a
stronger party over a weaker sovereign’s resources.
• Settler colonialism - People moving into another
region to make a living, usually farm.
5. What are examples of Colonialism
Around the World?
• Australia, New Zealand, India, Hong Kong -
Colonized by the British
6. What are examples of Colonialism
Around the World?
• Australia, New Zealand, India, Hong Kong -
Colonized by the British
• Algeria, Vietnam/Laos/Cambodia(Indochina) -
Colonized by French.
7. What are examples of Colonialism
Around the World?
• Australia, New Zealand, India, Hong Kong -
Colonized by the British
• Algeria, Vietnam/Laos/Cambodia(Indochina) -
Colonized by French.
• Philippines (also by Spain), U.S. Virgin Islands,
Hawaii - Colonized by the U.S.
8. Effects of Colonialism
around the World
• India - East India Trading
Company adopted mercantilist
policies.
• Indochina - Tropical fruit and
crops. French border disputes
and racial tensions result in
wars.
• Australia - Smallpox brought in
by whites lead to population
decimation
11. Steps to Colonialism
in Canada
• Fur Trade among French,
British companies and the
natives result in temporary
settlements.
12. Steps to Colonialism
in Canada
• Fur Trade among French,
British companies and the
natives result in temporary
settlements.
• French and British establish
mercantilism as national policies
- 15th-17th century. Ideas such
as the triangular trade were
implemented.
13. Steps to Colonialism
in Canada
• Fur Trade among French,
British companies and the
natives result in temporary
settlements.
• French and British establish
mercantilism as national policies
- 15th-17th century. Ideas such
as the triangular trade were
implemented.
• Emphasis on colonies to export
goods to motherland.
14. Steps to Colonialism
in Canada
• Fur Trade among French,
British companies and the
natives result in temporary
settlements.
• French and British establish
mercantilism as national policies
- 15th-17th century. Ideas such
as the triangular trade were
implemented.
• Emphasis on colonies to export
goods to motherland.
15. Start of Colonialism
• Treaties - negotiated to make the West available for
settlement.
• Constitution Act (1867)/ BNA Act - gave government
(gov’t) powers over First Nations People(FNP) and their
land.
• Indian Act (1876) - attempted to assimilate FNP, took
rights away from ‘status Indians’.
• Residential schools were put into use to ‘integrate FNP’.
16. ‘Indian Treaties’
• Formal negotiations between
FN and the gov’t.
• Primary focus was to aid
colonization and settlement.
• The Aboriginal Title to the
land was lost and controlled
by the gov’t.
• Also defines who is considered
‘Indian’.
17. Constitution Act 1867
(BNA)
• Settlers liked the BNA
because it created Dominion
of Canada.
• Its purpose was to profit
settlers, not the FNP.
• As a result, many FN land
became under federal gov’t
control.
18. Indian Act (1876)
• Enfranchisement Act (1869)
encourages assimilation - women lose
status.
• Further outlines ‘Indian Status’ and
the rights they have, but they did not
have full privileges.
• Gave government power over FN
communities, replaced traditional
forms of gov’t.
• (1885) Ban on cultural ceremonies,
e.g. potlatch and sundance. FNP did
not accept, many ignored the ban.
19. Residential Schools
(1886)
• Created to assimilate FN, the
schools disallowed FN children
from speaking native languages.
• Led to loss of language and
culture.
• Child abuse was rampant
among many schools.
• As a result FN culture was
heavily affected.
21. Long Term Effects
• Disease decimated whole populations of FNP. The
majority became white settlers.
22. Long Term Effects
• Disease decimated whole populations of FNP. The
majority became white settlers.
• Change from fur trading to settlement took power away
from FN control in trading. In BC, the Klondike rush gave
many difficulties because of a violent population influx.
23. Long Term Effects
• Disease decimated whole populations of FNP. The
majority became white settlers.
• Change from fur trading to settlement took power away
from FN control in trading. In BC, the Klondike rush gave
many difficulties because of a violent population influx.
• Farming by settlers voided FN control over large areas of
land.
24. Long Term Effects
• Disease decimated whole populations of FNP. The
majority became white settlers.
• Change from fur trading to settlement took power away
from FN control in trading. In BC, the Klondike rush gave
many difficulties because of a violent population influx.
• Farming by settlers voided FN control over large areas of
land.
• The new economy required FN to become wage labourers.
26. Early Resistance
• Most early resistance was peaceful,
many FNP were protested about
the loss of their rights and the
separation of their land.
27. Early Resistance
• Most early resistance was peaceful,
many FNP were protested about
the loss of their rights and the
separation of their land.
• Red River Rebellion (1869) - Louis
Riel and the Métis fought to protect
Assiniboia (Manitoba) and
recognize it as a province.
28. Early Resistance
• Most early resistance was peaceful,
many FNP were protested about
the loss of their rights and the
separation of their land.
• Red River Rebellion (1869) - Louis
Riel and the Métis fought to protect
Assiniboia (Manitoba) and
recognize it as a province.
• Northwest Rebellions (1885) - Louis
Riel led an unsuccessful revolt
against the Dominion of Canada
for not protecting their rights.
29. Early Resistance
• Most early resistance was peaceful,
many FNP were protested about
the loss of their rights and the
separation of their land.
• Red River Rebellion (1869) - Louis
Riel and the Métis fought to protect
Assiniboia (Manitoba) and
recognize it as a province.
• Northwest Rebellions (1885) - Louis
Riel led an unsuccessful revolt
against the Dominion of Canada
for not protecting their rights.
30. Indian Act Legacy
• Many FNP defied the restrictions of the potlatch ban (1885),
and did not desire to ‘enfranchise’ themselves and lose Indian
status.
• 1951 Revision:
• Responsibility for FN was in the minister of Indian Affairs.
• Emphasized additional powers to ‘more advanced...’
bands, and kept the gender-biased enfranchisement.
• However, removed bans on cultural practices (potlatches,
etc...)
31. Indian Act cont’
• 1985 - Gov’t Introduced Bill C-31
• Repealed sexist enfranchisement of FN women
• Recent revisions increase band control over reserves.
• Indian Act Optional Modification Act (1996) was
heavily opposed by FN, got rejected.
• Public resistance from FN has helped in creating
amendments.
33. When did FN get the
right to Vote?
• 1960 - Prime Minister John Diefenbaker gives FNP
the right to vote in federal election.
34. When did FN get the
right to Vote?
• 1960 - Prime Minister John Diefenbaker gives FNP
the right to vote in federal election.
• Major milestone for FN resistance
35. When did FN get the
right to Vote?
• 1960 - Prime Minister John Diefenbaker gives FNP
the right to vote in federal election.
• Major milestone for FN resistance
• Gave FN more political power.
37. White Paper (1969)
• Intent was to remove ‘Native Status’
• Repealed the Indian Act
• Attempted to remove federal gov’t responsibility to
FN
• Disregarded FN land claims
39. Red Paper
• Primary FN response to White Paper
• Countered all the ideas in the White Paper
• Many FN across the country protested against the passing of the White Paper
• In 1970, the White Paper was revoked
40. Red Paper
• Primary FN response to White Paper
• Countered all the ideas in the White Paper
• Many FN across the country protested against the passing of the White Paper
• In 1970, the White Paper was revoked
41. Health Transfer
Policy (1970)
• Mercury poisoning from a chemicals company
causes FN in Dryden, ON, to fall ill due to polluted
fish.
• FN fisheries were closed by ON gov’t.
• Leads to signing of Health Transfer Policy, which
gave FN more control over their health services.
43. Meech Lake Accord
(1990)
• Planned to obtain Quebec’s
compliance with the
Constitution Act (1982)
• FN believed that the Accord
should be rejected: it could
give gov’t power over FN
affairs, and wanted sufficient
representation in the Act.
• Elijah Harper, a native MP,
44. Meech Lake Accord
(1990)
• Planned to obtain Quebec’s
compliance with the
Constitution Act (1982)
• FN believed that the Accord
should be rejected: it could
give gov’t power over FN
affairs, and wanted sufficient
representation in the Act.
• Elijah Harper, a native MP,
45. Constitution Express
• A large group of FN around Canada rallied on a
train trip called the Constitution Express,
protesting for recognition of Aboriginal rights in
the new Constitution Act of 1980.
48. Modern Responses
• FN are now in a continuing fight against ‘Neo-
Colonialism’.
• They are striving to regain rights lost in the past.
49. Modern Responses
• FN are now in a continuing fight against ‘Neo-
Colonialism’.
• They are striving to regain rights lost in the past.
• FN are attempting to ensure rights in new bills, like
the Constitution.
51. Native Organizations
• The Allied Indian Tribes was
created to resist an attempt of
extinguishing Aboriginal land
title (1912 - 1916).
52. Native Organizations
• The Allied Indian Tribes was
created to resist an attempt of
extinguishing Aboriginal land
title (1912 - 1916).
• The Native Brotherhood of BC
emerged in the 1930s and
became crucial to improving FN
human rights.
53. Native Organizations
• The Allied Indian Tribes was
created to resist an attempt of
extinguishing Aboriginal land
title (1912 - 1916).
• The Native Brotherhood of BC
emerged in the 1930s and
became crucial to improving FN
human rights.
• The Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs
(UBCIC) was founded to combat
the White Paper in 1969.
54. Native Organizations
• The Allied Indian Tribes was
created to resist an attempt of
extinguishing Aboriginal land
title (1912 - 1916).
• The Native Brotherhood of BC
emerged in the 1930s and
became crucial to improving FN
human rights.
• The Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs
(UBCIC) was founded to combat
the White Paper in 1969.
55. Nisga’a Final
Agreement
• First FN BC treaty since Treaty, effective from 2000.
• Nisga’a finally acquired a treaty.
• The treaty provided government for Nisga’a villages
and tribes.
• Secured areas of the Nass river for the Nisga’a.
• Nisga’a government is still in conjunction with
provincial and federal laws.