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Responses to
Colonialism
 Bryan Luu & Ryan Chung
What is Colonialism?
What is Colonialism?


• Exploitation colonialism - Exploitation by a
  stronger party over a weaker sovereign’s resources.
• Settler colonialism - People moving into another
  region to make a living, usually farm.
What are examples of Colonialism
       Around the World?
What are examples of Colonialism
       Around the World?


• Australia, New Zealand, India, Hong Kong -
  Colonized by the British
What are examples of Colonialism
       Around the World?


• Australia, New Zealand, India, Hong Kong -
  Colonized by the British
• Algeria, Vietnam/Laos/Cambodia(Indochina) -
  Colonized by French.
What are examples of Colonialism
       Around the World?


• Australia, New Zealand, India, Hong Kong -
  Colonized by the British
• Algeria, Vietnam/Laos/Cambodia(Indochina) -
  Colonized by French.
• Philippines (also by Spain), U.S. Virgin Islands,
  Hawaii - Colonized by the U.S.
Effects of Colonialism
     around the World
• India - East India Trading
  Company adopted mercantilist
  policies.

• Indochina - Tropical fruit and
  crops. French border disputes
  and racial tensions result in
  wars.

• Australia - Smallpox brought in
  by whites lead to population
  decimation
Response to colonialism
Steps to Colonialism
     in Canada
Steps to Colonialism
        in Canada
• Fur Trade among French,
  British companies and the
  natives result in temporary
  settlements.
Steps to Colonialism
        in Canada
• Fur Trade among French,
  British companies and the
  natives result in temporary
  settlements.

• French and British establish
  mercantilism as national policies
  - 15th-17th century. Ideas such
  as the triangular trade were
  implemented.
Steps to Colonialism
        in Canada
• Fur Trade among French,
  British companies and the
  natives result in temporary
  settlements.

• French and British establish
  mercantilism as national policies
  - 15th-17th century. Ideas such
  as the triangular trade were
  implemented.

• Emphasis on colonies to export
  goods to motherland.
Steps to Colonialism
        in Canada
• Fur Trade among French,
  British companies and the
  natives result in temporary
  settlements.

• French and British establish
  mercantilism as national policies
  - 15th-17th century. Ideas such
  as the triangular trade were
  implemented.

• Emphasis on colonies to export
  goods to motherland.
Start of Colonialism
• Treaties - negotiated to make the West available for
  settlement.
• Constitution Act (1867)/ BNA Act - gave government
  (gov’t) powers over First Nations People(FNP) and their
  land.
• Indian Act (1876) - attempted to assimilate FNP, took
  rights away from ‘status Indians’.
• Residential schools were put into use to ‘integrate FNP’.
‘Indian Treaties’
        • Formal negotiations between
          FN and the gov’t.

        • Primary focus was to aid
          colonization and settlement.

        • The Aboriginal Title to the
          land was lost and controlled
          by the gov’t.

        • Also defines who is considered
          ‘Indian’.
Constitution Act 1867
            (BNA)
• Settlers liked the BNA
  because it created Dominion
  of Canada.

• Its purpose was to profit
  settlers, not the FNP.

• As a result, many FN land
  became under federal gov’t
  control.
Indian Act (1876)
• Enfranchisement Act (1869)
  encourages assimilation - women lose
  status.

• Further outlines ‘Indian Status’ and
  the rights they have, but they did not
  have full privileges.

• Gave government power over FN
  communities, replaced traditional
  forms of gov’t.

• (1885) Ban on cultural ceremonies,
  e.g. potlatch and sundance. FNP did
  not accept, many ignored the ban.
Residential Schools
      (1886)
         • Created to assimilate FN, the
           schools disallowed FN children
           from speaking native languages.

         • Led to loss of language and
           culture.

         • Child abuse was rampant
           among many schools.

         • As a result FN culture was
           heavily affected.
Long Term Effects
Long Term Effects
• Disease decimated whole populations of FNP. The
  majority became white settlers.
Long Term Effects
• Disease decimated whole populations of FNP. The
  majority became white settlers.
• Change from fur trading to settlement took power away
  from FN control in trading. In BC, the Klondike rush gave
  many difficulties because of a violent population influx.
Long Term Effects
• Disease decimated whole populations of FNP. The
  majority became white settlers.
• Change from fur trading to settlement took power away
  from FN control in trading. In BC, the Klondike rush gave
  many difficulties because of a violent population influx.
• Farming by settlers voided FN control over large areas of
  land.
Long Term Effects
• Disease decimated whole populations of FNP. The
  majority became white settlers.
• Change from fur trading to settlement took power away
  from FN control in trading. In BC, the Klondike rush gave
  many difficulties because of a violent population influx.
• Farming by settlers voided FN control over large areas of
  land.
• The new economy required FN to become wage labourers.
Early Resistance
Early Resistance
• Most early resistance was peaceful,
  many FNP were protested about
  the loss of their rights and the
  separation of their land.
Early Resistance
• Most early resistance was peaceful,
  many FNP were protested about
  the loss of their rights and the
  separation of their land.

• Red River Rebellion (1869) - Louis
  Riel and the Métis fought to protect
  Assiniboia (Manitoba) and
  recognize it as a province.
Early Resistance
• Most early resistance was peaceful,
  many FNP were protested about
  the loss of their rights and the
  separation of their land.

• Red River Rebellion (1869) - Louis
  Riel and the Métis fought to protect
  Assiniboia (Manitoba) and
  recognize it as a province.

• Northwest Rebellions (1885) - Louis
  Riel led an unsuccessful revolt
  against the Dominion of Canada
  for not protecting their rights.
Early Resistance
• Most early resistance was peaceful,
  many FNP were protested about
  the loss of their rights and the
  separation of their land.

• Red River Rebellion (1869) - Louis
  Riel and the Métis fought to protect
  Assiniboia (Manitoba) and
  recognize it as a province.

• Northwest Rebellions (1885) - Louis
  Riel led an unsuccessful revolt
  against the Dominion of Canada
  for not protecting their rights.
Indian Act Legacy
• Many FNP defied the restrictions of the potlatch ban (1885),
  and did not desire to ‘enfranchise’ themselves and lose Indian
  status.
• 1951 Revision:
    • Responsibility for FN was in the minister of Indian Affairs.
    • Emphasized additional powers to ‘more advanced...’
      bands, and kept the gender-biased enfranchisement.
    • However, removed bans on cultural practices (potlatches,
      etc...)
Indian Act cont’
• 1985 - Gov’t Introduced Bill C-31
   • Repealed sexist enfranchisement of FN women
• Recent revisions increase band control over reserves.
• Indian Act Optional Modification Act (1996) was
  heavily opposed by FN, got rejected.
• Public resistance from FN has helped in creating
  amendments.
When did FN get the
  right to Vote?
When did FN get the
     right to Vote?

• 1960 - Prime Minister John Diefenbaker gives FNP
  the right to vote in federal election.
When did FN get the
     right to Vote?

• 1960 - Prime Minister John Diefenbaker gives FNP
  the right to vote in federal election.
• Major milestone for FN resistance
When did FN get the
     right to Vote?

• 1960 - Prime Minister John Diefenbaker gives FNP
  the right to vote in federal election.
• Major milestone for FN resistance
• Gave FN more political power.
White Paper (1969)
White Paper (1969)

• Intent was to remove ‘Native Status’
• Repealed the Indian Act
• Attempted to remove federal gov’t responsibility to
  FN
• Disregarded FN land claims
Red Paper
Red Paper



• Primary FN response to White Paper

• Countered all the ideas in the White Paper

• Many FN across the country protested against the passing of the White Paper

• In 1970, the White Paper was revoked
Red Paper



• Primary FN response to White Paper

• Countered all the ideas in the White Paper

• Many FN across the country protested against the passing of the White Paper

• In 1970, the White Paper was revoked
Health Transfer
        Policy (1970)
• Mercury poisoning from a chemicals company
  causes FN in Dryden, ON, to fall ill due to polluted
  fish.
• FN fisheries were closed by ON gov’t.
• Leads to signing of Health Transfer Policy, which
  gave FN more control over their health services.
Meech Lake Accord
     (1990)
Meech Lake Accord
          (1990)
• Planned to obtain Quebec’s
  compliance with the
  Constitution Act (1982)

• FN believed that the Accord
  should be rejected: it could
  give gov’t power over FN
  affairs, and wanted sufficient
  representation in the Act.

• Elijah Harper, a native MP,
Meech Lake Accord
          (1990)
• Planned to obtain Quebec’s
  compliance with the
  Constitution Act (1982)

• FN believed that the Accord
  should be rejected: it could
  give gov’t power over FN
  affairs, and wanted sufficient
  representation in the Act.

• Elijah Harper, a native MP,
Constitution Express


• A large group of FN around Canada rallied on a
  train trip called the Constitution Express,
  protesting for recognition of Aboriginal rights in
  the new Constitution Act of 1980.
Modern Responses
Modern Responses

• FN are now in a continuing fight against ‘Neo-
  Colonialism’.
Modern Responses

• FN are now in a continuing fight against ‘Neo-
  Colonialism’.
• They are striving to regain rights lost in the past.
Modern Responses

• FN are now in a continuing fight against ‘Neo-
  Colonialism’.
• They are striving to regain rights lost in the past.
• FN are attempting to ensure rights in new bills, like
  the Constitution.
Native Organizations
Native Organizations
         • The Allied Indian Tribes was
           created to resist an attempt of
           extinguishing Aboriginal land
           title (1912 - 1916).
Native Organizations
         • The Allied Indian Tribes was
           created to resist an attempt of
           extinguishing Aboriginal land
           title (1912 - 1916).

         • The Native Brotherhood of BC
           emerged in the 1930s and
           became crucial to improving FN
           human rights.
Native Organizations
         • The Allied Indian Tribes was
           created to resist an attempt of
           extinguishing Aboriginal land
           title (1912 - 1916).

         • The Native Brotherhood of BC
           emerged in the 1930s and
           became crucial to improving FN
           human rights.

         • The Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs
           (UBCIC) was founded to combat
           the White Paper in 1969.
Native Organizations
         • The Allied Indian Tribes was
           created to resist an attempt of
           extinguishing Aboriginal land
           title (1912 - 1916).

         • The Native Brotherhood of BC
           emerged in the 1930s and
           became crucial to improving FN
           human rights.

         • The Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs
           (UBCIC) was founded to combat
           the White Paper in 1969.
Nisga’a Final
             Agreement
• First FN BC treaty since Treaty, effective from 2000.
• Nisga’a finally acquired a treaty.
• The treaty provided government for Nisga’a villages
  and tribes.
• Secured areas of the Nass river for the Nisga’a.
• Nisga’a government is still in conjunction with
  provincial and federal laws.
IT’S OVER!!!!!!

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Response to colonialism

  • 3. What is Colonialism? • Exploitation colonialism - Exploitation by a stronger party over a weaker sovereign’s resources. • Settler colonialism - People moving into another region to make a living, usually farm.
  • 4. What are examples of Colonialism Around the World?
  • 5. What are examples of Colonialism Around the World? • Australia, New Zealand, India, Hong Kong - Colonized by the British
  • 6. What are examples of Colonialism Around the World? • Australia, New Zealand, India, Hong Kong - Colonized by the British • Algeria, Vietnam/Laos/Cambodia(Indochina) - Colonized by French.
  • 7. What are examples of Colonialism Around the World? • Australia, New Zealand, India, Hong Kong - Colonized by the British • Algeria, Vietnam/Laos/Cambodia(Indochina) - Colonized by French. • Philippines (also by Spain), U.S. Virgin Islands, Hawaii - Colonized by the U.S.
  • 8. Effects of Colonialism around the World • India - East India Trading Company adopted mercantilist policies. • Indochina - Tropical fruit and crops. French border disputes and racial tensions result in wars. • Australia - Smallpox brought in by whites lead to population decimation
  • 10. Steps to Colonialism in Canada
  • 11. Steps to Colonialism in Canada • Fur Trade among French, British companies and the natives result in temporary settlements.
  • 12. Steps to Colonialism in Canada • Fur Trade among French, British companies and the natives result in temporary settlements. • French and British establish mercantilism as national policies - 15th-17th century. Ideas such as the triangular trade were implemented.
  • 13. Steps to Colonialism in Canada • Fur Trade among French, British companies and the natives result in temporary settlements. • French and British establish mercantilism as national policies - 15th-17th century. Ideas such as the triangular trade were implemented. • Emphasis on colonies to export goods to motherland.
  • 14. Steps to Colonialism in Canada • Fur Trade among French, British companies and the natives result in temporary settlements. • French and British establish mercantilism as national policies - 15th-17th century. Ideas such as the triangular trade were implemented. • Emphasis on colonies to export goods to motherland.
  • 15. Start of Colonialism • Treaties - negotiated to make the West available for settlement. • Constitution Act (1867)/ BNA Act - gave government (gov’t) powers over First Nations People(FNP) and their land. • Indian Act (1876) - attempted to assimilate FNP, took rights away from ‘status Indians’. • Residential schools were put into use to ‘integrate FNP’.
  • 16. ‘Indian Treaties’ • Formal negotiations between FN and the gov’t. • Primary focus was to aid colonization and settlement. • The Aboriginal Title to the land was lost and controlled by the gov’t. • Also defines who is considered ‘Indian’.
  • 17. Constitution Act 1867 (BNA) • Settlers liked the BNA because it created Dominion of Canada. • Its purpose was to profit settlers, not the FNP. • As a result, many FN land became under federal gov’t control.
  • 18. Indian Act (1876) • Enfranchisement Act (1869) encourages assimilation - women lose status. • Further outlines ‘Indian Status’ and the rights they have, but they did not have full privileges. • Gave government power over FN communities, replaced traditional forms of gov’t. • (1885) Ban on cultural ceremonies, e.g. potlatch and sundance. FNP did not accept, many ignored the ban.
  • 19. Residential Schools (1886) • Created to assimilate FN, the schools disallowed FN children from speaking native languages. • Led to loss of language and culture. • Child abuse was rampant among many schools. • As a result FN culture was heavily affected.
  • 21. Long Term Effects • Disease decimated whole populations of FNP. The majority became white settlers.
  • 22. Long Term Effects • Disease decimated whole populations of FNP. The majority became white settlers. • Change from fur trading to settlement took power away from FN control in trading. In BC, the Klondike rush gave many difficulties because of a violent population influx.
  • 23. Long Term Effects • Disease decimated whole populations of FNP. The majority became white settlers. • Change from fur trading to settlement took power away from FN control in trading. In BC, the Klondike rush gave many difficulties because of a violent population influx. • Farming by settlers voided FN control over large areas of land.
  • 24. Long Term Effects • Disease decimated whole populations of FNP. The majority became white settlers. • Change from fur trading to settlement took power away from FN control in trading. In BC, the Klondike rush gave many difficulties because of a violent population influx. • Farming by settlers voided FN control over large areas of land. • The new economy required FN to become wage labourers.
  • 26. Early Resistance • Most early resistance was peaceful, many FNP were protested about the loss of their rights and the separation of their land.
  • 27. Early Resistance • Most early resistance was peaceful, many FNP were protested about the loss of their rights and the separation of their land. • Red River Rebellion (1869) - Louis Riel and the Métis fought to protect Assiniboia (Manitoba) and recognize it as a province.
  • 28. Early Resistance • Most early resistance was peaceful, many FNP were protested about the loss of their rights and the separation of their land. • Red River Rebellion (1869) - Louis Riel and the Métis fought to protect Assiniboia (Manitoba) and recognize it as a province. • Northwest Rebellions (1885) - Louis Riel led an unsuccessful revolt against the Dominion of Canada for not protecting their rights.
  • 29. Early Resistance • Most early resistance was peaceful, many FNP were protested about the loss of their rights and the separation of their land. • Red River Rebellion (1869) - Louis Riel and the Métis fought to protect Assiniboia (Manitoba) and recognize it as a province. • Northwest Rebellions (1885) - Louis Riel led an unsuccessful revolt against the Dominion of Canada for not protecting their rights.
  • 30. Indian Act Legacy • Many FNP defied the restrictions of the potlatch ban (1885), and did not desire to ‘enfranchise’ themselves and lose Indian status. • 1951 Revision: • Responsibility for FN was in the minister of Indian Affairs. • Emphasized additional powers to ‘more advanced...’ bands, and kept the gender-biased enfranchisement. • However, removed bans on cultural practices (potlatches, etc...)
  • 31. Indian Act cont’ • 1985 - Gov’t Introduced Bill C-31 • Repealed sexist enfranchisement of FN women • Recent revisions increase band control over reserves. • Indian Act Optional Modification Act (1996) was heavily opposed by FN, got rejected. • Public resistance from FN has helped in creating amendments.
  • 32. When did FN get the right to Vote?
  • 33. When did FN get the right to Vote? • 1960 - Prime Minister John Diefenbaker gives FNP the right to vote in federal election.
  • 34. When did FN get the right to Vote? • 1960 - Prime Minister John Diefenbaker gives FNP the right to vote in federal election. • Major milestone for FN resistance
  • 35. When did FN get the right to Vote? • 1960 - Prime Minister John Diefenbaker gives FNP the right to vote in federal election. • Major milestone for FN resistance • Gave FN more political power.
  • 37. White Paper (1969) • Intent was to remove ‘Native Status’ • Repealed the Indian Act • Attempted to remove federal gov’t responsibility to FN • Disregarded FN land claims
  • 39. Red Paper • Primary FN response to White Paper • Countered all the ideas in the White Paper • Many FN across the country protested against the passing of the White Paper • In 1970, the White Paper was revoked
  • 40. Red Paper • Primary FN response to White Paper • Countered all the ideas in the White Paper • Many FN across the country protested against the passing of the White Paper • In 1970, the White Paper was revoked
  • 41. Health Transfer Policy (1970) • Mercury poisoning from a chemicals company causes FN in Dryden, ON, to fall ill due to polluted fish. • FN fisheries were closed by ON gov’t. • Leads to signing of Health Transfer Policy, which gave FN more control over their health services.
  • 43. Meech Lake Accord (1990) • Planned to obtain Quebec’s compliance with the Constitution Act (1982) • FN believed that the Accord should be rejected: it could give gov’t power over FN affairs, and wanted sufficient representation in the Act. • Elijah Harper, a native MP,
  • 44. Meech Lake Accord (1990) • Planned to obtain Quebec’s compliance with the Constitution Act (1982) • FN believed that the Accord should be rejected: it could give gov’t power over FN affairs, and wanted sufficient representation in the Act. • Elijah Harper, a native MP,
  • 45. Constitution Express • A large group of FN around Canada rallied on a train trip called the Constitution Express, protesting for recognition of Aboriginal rights in the new Constitution Act of 1980.
  • 47. Modern Responses • FN are now in a continuing fight against ‘Neo- Colonialism’.
  • 48. Modern Responses • FN are now in a continuing fight against ‘Neo- Colonialism’. • They are striving to regain rights lost in the past.
  • 49. Modern Responses • FN are now in a continuing fight against ‘Neo- Colonialism’. • They are striving to regain rights lost in the past. • FN are attempting to ensure rights in new bills, like the Constitution.
  • 51. Native Organizations • The Allied Indian Tribes was created to resist an attempt of extinguishing Aboriginal land title (1912 - 1916).
  • 52. Native Organizations • The Allied Indian Tribes was created to resist an attempt of extinguishing Aboriginal land title (1912 - 1916). • The Native Brotherhood of BC emerged in the 1930s and became crucial to improving FN human rights.
  • 53. Native Organizations • The Allied Indian Tribes was created to resist an attempt of extinguishing Aboriginal land title (1912 - 1916). • The Native Brotherhood of BC emerged in the 1930s and became crucial to improving FN human rights. • The Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs (UBCIC) was founded to combat the White Paper in 1969.
  • 54. Native Organizations • The Allied Indian Tribes was created to resist an attempt of extinguishing Aboriginal land title (1912 - 1916). • The Native Brotherhood of BC emerged in the 1930s and became crucial to improving FN human rights. • The Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs (UBCIC) was founded to combat the White Paper in 1969.
  • 55. Nisga’a Final Agreement • First FN BC treaty since Treaty, effective from 2000. • Nisga’a finally acquired a treaty. • The treaty provided government for Nisga’a villages and tribes. • Secured areas of the Nass river for the Nisga’a. • Nisga’a government is still in conjunction with provincial and federal laws.