1. +ve: appreciate, understand, revenue to maintain and protect, employment, impact
-ve:
nature-based,
laws- hunting and poaching, liable to damage, numbers- income, reluctant to impose
rules, upset, firefly, kampung kuantan, motorised, catch fireflies, disturbance,
sustainability, banned, replaced
compete- open up, flood of human activities
Ecotourism:
Responsible travel to natural areas
that conserves the environment and
improves the well-being of the
people

2. • aims to let visitors appreciate the scenery and
• help them understand the local culture
• ensures part of the revenue earned is put back into maintaining and
protecting the area
• there’s a conscious effort to increase the employment of local being and
to minimize the impact on the natural environment by
 reducing the volume of waste generated
 using recycled materials and
 conserve resources such as water and energy.
• in order to be effective, it is usually carried out in groups.

3. • activities normally revolves around places with natural attractions
that are under careful management by the authorities.
• when tourists use the services of a local tour guide, for example,
these people contribute to the economy and development of the
local community.
• one place ecotourism is practiced is the islands of Phang Nga Bay in
Phuket, Thailand
• tourists explore the limestone caves in the area by rowing in sea
canoes.
• each canoe led by a local guide who educates tourists about the
places, resulting in employment of local people in the tourism
industry.

4. • profit-driven tour operators try to take advantage of
ecotourism’s growing popularity by offering nature-based
tour packages which are not always environmentally
sustainable.
• this is because visits to these areas do not guarantee that
care has been taken by tourists and tour operators to
minimize the negative impacts on the environment.
• for example, some tourists who profess to practise
ecotourism may enjoy scuba diving in marine environment
where there are coral reefs, but harms these environment in
reality

5. • effectiveness of ecotourism might suffer in areas where
the laws are not strictly enforced
• for example, Gabon, a country located in west central
Africa, has a large area of pristine forests and wide
variety of wildlife, making it ideal for ecotourism.
• however, lack of regulations to protect these places
have resulted in frequent hunting and poaching of
animals like elephants and gorillas.
• thus, some tour operators conducts trips that profess to
be ecotourism in nature carelessly, knowing that that are
unlikely to be liable for any damages inflicted on the
natural environment.

6. • some tour operators also view large numbers as a
source of higher income
• hence, visitor numbers are not controlled.
• many tour operators or guides are reluctant to impose
rules of correct behavior on their customers for the fear
of upsetting them.
• for example, as firefly watching became increasingly
popular in Kampung Kuantan mangroves in Malaysia,
motorised boats replaced the manually rowed sampans
to cater to large crowds, and some guides allowed
tourists to catch fireflies.
• this caused disturbances to the fireflies and the peace
of the mangrove habitat, threatening the sustainability
of the area.
• motorised boats were eventually banned and replaced
by boats using silent electric motors after outcry from
nature lovers.

7. • as ecotourism becomes more popular, countries
may compete to position themselves as
ecotourism destinations.
•Many previously untouched natural
enivronments or places with unique culture and
traditions would be opened up as alternative to
mass tourist attractions, and the flood of human
activities may threaten the sustainability of these
areas.

8. +ve:
control- authentic heritage, experience, knowledge, appreciation, socially sustainable,
benefit economically, create jobs, improve facilities and living conditions
consult- guidelines, participate actively, support, misunderstandings, Phou Kao Khouay,
views, training
-ve:
fail to share in the ideals, phuket, gibbons hunted, bred for tourism, dispel view, encourage
participation, lack knowledge to manage development
less revenue- small scale, used up, little opportunity, small portion, insufficient
poor understanding- unrealistic expectations, dissatisfied, unreasonable demands, conflict
Community-based tourism:
process of tourism development and
management that includes, consults and
benefits the local community, especially in
the context of rural villages and
indigenous people in LDCs.

9. • by giving local people control over tourist activities such as home stays
or teaching traditional handicraft, it enables locals to promote their
authentic culture.
• tourists that join these activities and live in the community are able to
experience the community’s lifestyle, hence gaining more knowledge and
appreciation of the place and its heritage.
• thus, it is socially sustainable because the people can benefit
economically when they earn and share the revenue earned from tourists.
more jobs for the locals will be created, and more money can be used to
improve facilities as well as living conditions of the people.

10. • tour operators and government authorities may also consult the local
community on tourism projects
• the different parties involved work towards agreeing on guidelines to
manage the impacts of tourism on the community, such as designing a
protected area as a national park.
• this allows the local communities to participate actively in the project to
make tourism a success. by obtaining the support of the local community,
misunderstandings between tour operators and locals can be minimised.
• an example of community-based tourism: the management of Phou
Khao Khouay nature reserves in Laos and National Tourism Authority of
Lao (NTAL) regularly conduct meetings with communites located inside or
near the reserves to make decisions on various tourist projects.
• views of the local villagers are often sought, and training is given to these
people to act as guides or home stay hosts to tourists visiting the area.

11. • if certain parties fail to share in the ideals of community-based tourism, the
environment and livelihood of others may be jeopardised.
• for example, in Phuket, Thailand, there are reported cases of locals hunting
down gibbons in their natural habitat to train them as performers for tourists.
many tourists think that these endangered animals are bred for the tourism
industry, and the locals did not feel the need to dispel this view.
• hence, while community based tourism encourages the participation of the
local people, these communities may lack the knowledge to manage the
development of tourism in a sustainable manner.

12. • as community-based tourism is conducted on a small-scale, there is
relatively less revenue for local communities to earn from tourists
compared to mass tourism.
• tourists are more likely to have used up most of their expenditure on air
travel or on foreign tour operators, since there is generally little
opportunity for them to spend large amounts of money in the places they
visit.
• therefore, only a small portion of a tourist’s total expenditure goes to
the local community, and this revenue may be insufficient to fund certain
community-based projects.
• visitors who embark on community-based tourism without a good
understanding of the locals may have unrealistic expectations of their
trips, hence becoming dissatisfied with the conditions of rural settings
and make unreasonable demands to the people there, resulting in conflict
with the local communities.