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The NoSQL Ecosystem
- 1. The NoSQL Ecosystem Adam Marcus MIT CSAIL marcua@csail.mit.edu / @marcua
- 2. About Me ● Social Computing + Database Systems ● Easily Distracted: Wrote The NoSQL Ecosystem in The Architecture of Open Source Applications 1 1 http://www.aosabook.org/en/nosql.html
- 3. History, Compressed Late 1990s Today
- 4. History, Compressed Buy RAM Late 1990s Today
- 5. History, Compressed Buy RAM Wrap RDBMSs Late 1990s Today
- 6. History, Compressed Buy RAM Wrap RDBMSs NoSQL Late 1990s Today
- 7. History, Compressed Not Only SQL Buy RAM Wrap RDBMSs NoSQL Late 1990s Today
- 8. History, Compressed Buy RAM Wrap RDBMSs NoSQL Commercialize Late 1990s Today
- 9. History, Compressed Buy RAM Wrap RDBMSs NoSQL Commercialize Late 1990s Today
- 10. The List, So You Don't Yell at Me HBase CouchDB Neo4j Cassandra Riak InfoGrid BerkeleyDB Voldemort HyperTable Redis MongoDB Sones AllegroGraph HyperGraphDB DEX FlockDB VertexDB Oracle NoSQL Tokyo Cabinet MemcacheDB
- 11. The List, So You Don't Yell at Me Marcus' Law of Databases: HBase CouchDB Neo4j Cassandra Riak InfoGrid The number of persistence HyperTable BerkeleyDB doubles every 1.5 years Voldemort options Redis MongoDB Sones AllegroGraph HyperGraphDB DEX FlockDB VertexDB Oracle NoSQL Tokyo Cabinet MemcacheDB
- 12. The List, So You Don't Yell at Me Marcus' Law of Databases: HBase CouchDB Neo4j Cassandra Riak InfoGrid The number of persistence HyperTable BerkeleyDB doubles every 1.5 years Voldemort options Redis MongoDB Sones Corollary: AllegroGraph HyperGraphDB I'm sorry I missedDEX FlockDB your persistence optionOracle NoSQL VertexDB Tokyo Cabinet MemcacheDB
- 13. interesting properties real-world usage takeaways questions
- 14. interesting properties real-world usage takeaways questions
- 15. Conventional Wisdom on NoSQL ● Key-based data model ● Sloppy schema ● Single-key transactions ● In-app joins ● Eventually consistent
- 16. Exceptions are More Interesting ● Data Model ● Query Model ● Transactions ● Consistency
- 17. Data Model ● Usually key-based... ● Column-families ● Documents ● Data structures
- 18. Data Model ● Usually key-based... ● Column-families ● Documents ● Data structures ● ...but not always ● Graph stores
- 19. Query Model ● Redis: data structure-specific operations ● CouchDB, Riak: MapReduce ● Cassandra, MongoDB: SQL-like languages, no joins or transactions
- 20. Query Model ● Redis: data structure-specific operations ● CouchDB, Riak: MapReduce ● Cassandra, MongoDB: SQL-like languages, no joins or transactions ● Third-party ● High-level: PigLatin, HiveQL ● Library: Cascading, Crunch ● Streaming: Flume, Kafka, S4, Scribe
- 21. Transactions ● Full ACID for single key ● Redis: multi-key single-node transactions
- 22. Consistency ● Strong: Appears that all replicas see all writes ● Eventual: Replicas may have different, divergent versions
- 23. Consistency ● Strong: Appears that all replicas see all writes ● Eventual: Replicas may have different, divergent versions ● Dynamo: strong or eventual (quorum size)
- 24. Consistency ● Strong: Appears that all replicas see all writes ● Eventual: Replicas may have different, divergent versions ● Dynamo: strong or eventual (quorum size) ● PNUTs: Timeline consistency ● ...many consistency models! See: http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2007/12/eventually_consistent.html
- 25. interesting properties real-world usage takeaways questions
- 26. NoSQL Use-cases ● Cassandra ● HBase ● MongoDB
- 27. Cassandra ● BigTable data model: key column family ● Dynamo sharding model: consistent hashing ● Eventual or strong consistency
- 28. Cassandra at Netflix ● Transitioned from Oracle ● Store customer profiles, customer:movie watch log, and detailed usage logging Note: no multi-record locking (e.g., bank transfer) In-datacenter: 3 replicas, per-app consistency read/write quorum = 1, ~1ms latency read/write quorum = 2, ~3ms latency “Replicating Datacenter Oracle with Global Apache Cassandra on AWS” by Adrian Cockcroft http://www.slideshare.net/adrianco/migrating-netflix-from-oracle-to-global-cassandra
- 29. Cassandra at Netflix ● Transitioned from Oracle ● Store customer profiles, customer:movie watch log, and detailed usage logging ● Note: no multi-record locking (e.g., bank transfer) In-datacenter: 3 replicas, per-app consistency read/write quorum = 1, ~1ms latency read/write quorum = 2, ~3ms latency “Replicating Datacenter Oracle with Global Apache Cassandra on AWS” by Adrian Cockcroft http://www.slideshare.net/adrianco/migrating-netflix-from-oracle-to-global-cassandra
- 30. Cassandra at Netflix ● Transitioned from Oracle ● Store customer profiles, customer:movie watch log, and detailed usage logging ● Note: no multi-record locking (e.g., bank transfer) ● In-datacenter: 3 replicas, per-app consistency “Replicating Datacenter Oracle with Global Apache Cassandra on AWS” by Adrian Cockcroft http://www.slideshare.net/adrianco/migrating-netflix-from-oracle-to-global-cassandra
- 31. Cassandra at Netflix (cont'd) ● Benefit: async inter-datacenter replication ● Benefit: no downtime for schema changes ● Benefit: hooks for live backups
- 32. HBase ● Data model: key column family ● Sharding model: range partitioning ● Strong consistency Applications Logging events/crawls, storing analytics Twitter: replicate data from MySQL, Hadoop analytics Facebook Messages
- 33. HBase ● Data model: key column family ● Sharding model: range partitioning ● Strong consistency ● Applications ● Logging events/crawls, storing analytics ● Twitter: replicate data from MySQL, Hadoop analytics ● Facebook Messages
- 34. HBase for Facebook Messages ● Cassandra/Dynamo eventual consistency was difficult to program against Benefit: simple consistency model Benefit: flexible data model Benefit: simple sharding, load balancing, replication
- 35. HBase for Facebook Messages ● Cassandra/Dynamo eventual consistency was difficult to program against ● Benefit: simple consistency model ● Benefit: flexible data model ● Benefit: simple sharding, load balancing, replication
- 36. MongoDB ● Document-based data model ● Range-based partitioning ● Consistency depends on how you use it
- 37. MongoDB: Two use-cases ● Archiving at Craigslist ● 2.2B historical posts, semi-structured ● Relatively large blobs: avg 2KB, max > 4 MB
- 38. MongoDB: Two use-cases ● Archiving at Craigslist ● 2.2B historical posts, semi-structured ● Relatively large blobs: avg 2KB, max > 4 MB ● Checkins at Foursquare ● Geospatial indexing ● Small location-based updates, sharded on user
- 39. interesting properties real-world usage takeaways questions
- 40. Takeaways ● Developer accessibility ● Ecosystem of reuse ● Soft spot
- 42. Developer Accessibility devops @DEVOPS_BORAT
- 43. Developer Accessibility devops self-taught dev @DEVOPS_BORAT
- 44. A Different Five-Minute Rule What does a first-time user of your system experience in their first five minutes? (idea credit: Justin Sheehy, Basho)
- 48. Accessibility is Forever Beyond five minutes: ● changing schemas ● scaling up ● modifying topology
- 49. Accessibility is Forever Beyond five minutes: ● changing schemas ● scaling up ● modifying topology An accessible data store will ease first-time users in, and support experienced users as they expand
- 51. Spectrum of Reusability Monolithic System System Kernel
- 52. Spectrum of Reusability Monolithic System System Kernel MongoDB Redis Use as provided
- 53. Spectrum of Reusability Monolithic System System Kernel MongoDB Cassandra Redis Voldemort Use as Pick between provided components
- 54. Spectrum of Reusability Monolithic System System Kernel MongoDB Cassandra ZooKeeper Redis Voldemort LevelDB Use as Pick between Reusable provided components components
- 55. Spectrum of Reusability Monolithic System System Kernel MongoDB Cassandra ZooKeeper Redis Voldemort LevelDB riak_core Use as Pick between Reusable Build your provided components components own system
- 56. And finally, a soft spot
- 57. polyglot persistence = right tool for right task
- 58. Polyglot persistence: Where's the data? “HBase at Mendeley,” Dan Harvey http://www.slideshare.net/danharvey/hbase-at-mendeley
- 59. Polyglot persistence: Where's the data? “HBase at Mendeley,” Dan Harvey http://www.slideshare.net/danharvey/hbase-at-mendeley
- 60. Polyglot persistence: Where's the data? Aid developers in reasoning about data consistency across multiple storage engines “HBase at Mendeley,” Dan Harvey http://www.slideshare.net/danharvey/hbase-at-mendeley
- 61. interesting properties real-world usage takeaways questions
- 62. ● Systems: Polyglot persistence + data consistency?
- 63. ● Systems: Polyglot persistence + data consistency? ● Operations: Availability/consistency/latency tradeoffs in datacenters?
- 64. ● Systems: Polyglot persistence + data consistency? ● Operations: Availability/consistency/latency tradeoffs in datacenters? ● Accessibility: RDBMS five-minute usability?
- 65. ● Systems: Polyglot persistence + data consistency? ● Operations: Availability/consistency/latency tradeoffs in datacenters? ● Accessibility: RDBMS five-minute usability? ● Accessibility: Scale-up wizard for storage systems?
- 66. ● Systems: Polyglot persistence + data consistency? ● Operations: Availability/consistency/latency tradeoffs in datacenters? ● Accessibility: RDBMS five-minute usability? ● Accessibility: Scale-up wizard for storage systems? ● Comparisons: Design or implementation?
- 67. ● Systems: Polyglot persistence + data consistency? ● Operations: Availability/consistency/latency tradeoffs in datacenters? ● Accessibility: RDBMS five-minute usability? ● Accessibility: Scale-up wizard for storage systems? ● Comparisons: Design or implementation? ● Future: Next-generation NoSQL stores?
- 68. Thank You! ● Systems: Polyglot persistence + data consistency? ● Operations: Availability/consistency/latency tradeoffs in datacenters? ● Accessibility: RDBMS five-minute usability? ● Accessibility: Scale-up wizard for storage systems? ● Comparisons: Design or implementation? ● Future: Next-generation NoSQL stores? Adam Marcus marcua@csail.mit.edu / @marcua