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primary Êý¾Ý¿âµÄÊý¾ÝÎÄ¼þ£©ÈÔÈ»ÊÇÓÐÐ§µÄ¡£
µ±È»£¬ÓÐÊ±ºòÓÃ¼¤»îµÄ·½Ê½ÊÇ²»¿É±ÜÃâµÄ£¬ÌØ±ðÊÇÔÚ redo log ÒÑ¾-²»¿ÉÓÃÊ±¡£ÔÚÐèÒ
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primary ºÍ standby ×öÁÙÊ±ÇÐ»»£¨ÈçÓ²¼þÉý¼¶¡¢»ú·¿°áÇ¨£©Ê±£¬¿
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Êý¾Ý¿â°æ±¾£º Oracle 8.1.6.3
²Ù×÷ÏµÍ³£º Solaris 2.6
A »ú : primay database
B »ú : standby database
standby database ÔÚ recover managed standby database ×´Ì¬£»
Êý¾ÝÎÄ¼þ¶¼ÊÇ online ×´Ì¬£»



initSID.ora Ö÷Òª²ÎÊý
:

log_archive_dest_1 "location=/t11a/oracle8i/switch_data/archive mandatory"
log_archive_dest_2 "service=standby reopen=300"
log_archive_dest_state_1 Enable
log_archive_dest_state_2 Enable
standby_archive_dest /t11a/oracle8i/switch_data/archive
db_file_name_convert ('/export/home2/oracle', '/t11a/oracle8i/switch_data')
log_file_name_convert ('/export/home2/oracle', '/t11a/oracle8i/switch_data')

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:

A »ú B »ú
1.¹éµµµ±Ç°µÄÈÕÖ¾1.¼ì²é
standby Êý¾Ý¿â
alter system archive log current;
È·ÈÏ datafile µÄ×´Ì¬²»ÊÇfuzzy »ò
recover:
2.Éú³É´´½¨¿ØÖÆÎÄ¼þµÄ½Å±¾
select name,fuzzy,recover
alter database backup controlfile from v$datafile_header;
to trace noresetlogs; ºóÀ´ÐÂµÄÔöµÄÊý¾ÝÎÄ¼þµÄ×´Ì¬¿É
recover
´Ë½Å±¾ÌáÈ¡³ö
create controlfile µÄÄÇÒ»
¾ä³öÀ´£¬ÇÐ»»Ê±ÔÚ
standby Êý¾Ý¿â´ò¿ª È·ÈÏdatafile µÄ
unrecoverable_change# <
ºóÖ´ÐÐ v$backup.change#:
select d.name,unrecoverable_change#,change#
3.¹Ø±ÕÊý¾Ý¿â from v$datafile d, v$backup b
shutdown immediate where b.file#=d.file#;
ÈôÊý¾Ý¿âÒì³£¹Ø±Õ£¬Ö»Òª
online redolog
ÍêºÃÒ²¿ÉÒÔ È·ÈÏÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ
resetlog version Ò»Ñù
:
select resetlogs_change#, resetlogs_time,
open_resetlogs
from v$database;

2.Ó¦ÓÃÍêËùÓÐµÄ
archivelog£¬ÖÐÖ¹
recovery
recover managed standby database cancel;

3.Õý³£¹Ø±ÕÊý¾Ý¿â
shutdown immediate;

4.¿½±´ online redolog µ½
ËùÓÐµÄ B
»ú:
²»ÒªÉ¾³ýÕâÐ©
online redo log;



4.ÐÞ¸Ä´´½¨¿ØÖÆÎÄ¼þµÄ½Å±¾
ÈçÊý¾ÝÎÄ¼þÃûµÈ£¨ÔÚ
standby ºÍ
primary Êý¾ÝÎÄ¼þÃû²»
Ò»ÖÂµÄÇé¿öÏÂ£©

5.´ò¿ªÊý¾Ý¿â
startup nomount;
create controlfile .....;
£¨´ËÎªÔÚÊý¾Ý¿âÉÏ±¸·Ý¿Ø
primary
ÖÆÎÄ¼þÉú³ÉµÄ½Å±¾£©
recover database;
alter database open;

6.¼ì²éÊý¾Ý¿âÊÇ·ñÕý³£

7.´´½¨
standby Êý¾Ý¿âµÄ¿ØÖÆÎÄ¼þ
alter database create standby controlfile as '....';

8.¿½±´
standby Êý¾Ý¿âµÄ¿ØÖÆÎÄ¼þµ½
A »ú
5.½ÓÊÕ archive log
B »úµÄ

6.¿ªÆô
standby Êý¾Ý¿â
:
startup nomount;
alter database mount standby
database;
recover managed standby database;

Switchback ºÍ
Switchover µÄ²½ÖèÒ»Ñù

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1.ÇÐ»»ºó£¬ÔÚÐÂµÄ standby Ö´ÐÐ recover managed standby database£¬ÌáÊ¾ ORA-308£¬
ÕÒ²»µ½ÏàÓ¦µÄ øÇÒ
archivelog£¬ ¶ archivelog µÄÎÄ¼þÃû»¹ÊÇ primary ÉÏµÄÃû×Ö£¬Ã»ÓÐ¸ù¾Ý
log_file_name_convert ²ÎÊý×ª»»
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³£¹¤×÷£¬ Oracle ÈÏÎªÄÇÐ© archivelog Ó¦¸ÃÒÑ¾-ÔÚÏàÓ¦µÄÄ¿Â¼ÏÂ (ÔÚÇÐ»»ºóµÄprimary ÒÑ¾-
archive ÁË¸ÃÎÄ¼þÉú³É
log ºó²Å standby ¿ØÖÆÎÄ¼þ£¬ Oracle ¸ù¾Ý¿ØÖÆÎÄ¼þÅÐ¶ÏÊÇ·ñÉú³
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ÕâÐ© archivelog ±ØÐëÊÖ¹¤´«µ½ standby µÄÏàÓ¦Ä¿Â¼ÏÂ£¬ÇÒÓÉÓÚ²»ÊÇÓÉ RFS ½ø³Ì½øÐÐ
archive£¬ÎÄ¼þÃûÒ²Ã»ÓÐ¸ù¾Ý log_file_name_convert ²ÎÊý½øÐÐÏàÓ¦µÄ×ª»»£¬ÕâÐ© log ÒªÍ¨¹ý
recover standby database ÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃµ½ standby Êý¾Ý¿âÖÐ .
2.³öÏÖÌáÊ¾ ºó£¬ÔÙ´ÎÖ´ÐÐ
ORA-308 recover managed standby database Ê±£¬ÌáÊ¾£º
ORA-00275: media recovery has already been started
ÖØÐÂ internal ¼´¿É
sqlplus

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Granceful Switchover and Switchback Oracle Standby Database


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s80_svc:oraprd 22> ls -l rbs.dbf
-rw-r----- 1 oraprd dba 62916608 Jan 20 21:48 rbs.dbf

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# lsvg oravg
VOLUME GROUP: oravg VG IDENTIFIER: 000c738d015de954
VG STATE: active PP SIZE: 64 megabyte(s)
VG PERMISSION: read/write TOTAL PPs: 543 (34752 megabytes)
MAX LVs: 256 FREE PPs: 114 (7296 megabytes)
LVs: 8 USED PPs: 429 (27456 megabytes)
OPEN LVs: 8 QUORUM: 2
TOTAL PVs: 1 VG DESCRIPTORS: 2
STALE PVs: 0 STALE PPs: 0
ACTIVE PVs: 1 AUTO ON: no
MAX PPs per PV: 1016 MAX PVs: 32

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# mklv -y lvorarbs oravg 1
lvorarbs
# chown oraprd:dba /dev/rlvorarbs

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offline£¬ÏÈÒª »Ø¹ö¶Î£º
offline



SQL> select segment_name,status from dba_rollback_segs;

SEGMENT_NAME STATUS
------------------------------ ----------------
SYSTEM ONLINE
RBS01 ONLINE
RBS02 ONLINE
RBS03 ONLINE
SQL> alter rollback segment rbs01 offline;
Rollback segment altered.

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s80_svc:oraprd 25> rman target / nocatalog
Recovery Manager: Release 8.1.7.2.0 - Production
RMAN-06005: connected to target database: TEST (DBID=1749460842)
RMAN-06009: using target database controlfile instead of recovery catalog

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RMAN> run{
2> allocate channel c3 type disk;
3> sql 'alter tablespace rbs offline';
4> copy datafile '/backup/test/datafile/rbs.dbf' to '/dev/rlvorarbs';
5> }

Ö´ÐÐÕâ¸öÃüÁî¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½£¬ÃüÁî³É¹¦Ö´ÐÐ£º

RMAN-03022: compiling command: allocate
RMAN-03023: executing command: allocate
RMAN-08030: allocated channel: c3
RMAN-08500: channel c3: sid=9 devtype=DISK

RMAN-03022: compiling command: sql
RMAN-06162: sql statement: alter tablespace rbs offline
RMAN-03023: executing command: sql

RMAN-03022: compiling command: copy



RMAN-03023: executing command: copy
RMAN-08000: channel c3: copied datafile 4
RMAN-08501: output filename=/dev/rlvorarbs recid=8 stamp=451692882
RMAN-08031: released channel: c3

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SQL> alter tablespace rbs rename datafile
2 '/backup/test/datafile/rbs.dbf' to '/dev/rlvorarbs';
Tablespace altered.
SQL> alter tablespace rbs online;
Tablespace altered.

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SQL> l
1* select tablespace_name,file_name from dba_data_files where
tablespace_name='RBS'
SQL> /

TABLESPACE_NAME FILE_NAME
------------------------------ --------------------
RBS /dev/rlvorarbs

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# mklv -y lvrawtest oravg 1
lvrawtest
# chown oraprd:dba /dev/rlvrawtest

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SQL> create tablespace rawtofs datafile
2 '/dev/rlvrawtest' size 60m;
Tablespace created.

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SQL> create table testforraw (id number) tablespace rawtofs;



Table created.
SQL> insert into testforraw values(100);
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
RMAN> run{
2> allocate channel c3 type disk;
3> sql 'alter tablespace rawtofs offline';
4> copy datafile '/dev/rlvrawtest' to '/backup/test/datafile/testforraw.dbf';
5> }

RMAN-03022: compiling command: allocate
RMAN-03023: executing command: allocate
RMAN-08030: allocated channel: c3
RMAN-08500: channel c3: sid=13 devtype=DISK

RMAN-03022: compiling command: sql
RMAN-06162: sql statement: alter tablespace rawtofs offline
RMAN-03023: executing command: sql

RMAN-03022: compiling command: copy
RMAN-03023: executing command: copy
RMAN-08000: channel c3: copied datafile 5
RMAN-08501: output filename=/backup/test/datafile/testforraw.dbf recid=7
stamp=451692581
RMAN-08031: released channel: c3

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SQL> alter tablespace rawtofs rename datafile '/dev/rlvrawtest' to
'/backup/test/datafile/testforraw.dbf';
Tablespace altered.
SQL> alter tablespace rawtofs online;
Tablespace altered.

ÎÒÃÇ¼ì²éÒ»ÏÂÎÒÃÇ²åÈëµÄÊý¾Ý£¬Ã»ÓÐÎÊÌâ£º

SQL> select *from testforraw;

ID
----------
100

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SQL> L
1* select tablespace_name,file_name from dba_data_files where
tablespace_name='RAWTOFS'
SQL> /

TABLESPACE_NAME FILE_NAME
------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------
RAWTOFS /backup/test/datafile/testforraw.dbf

>


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void logon(sql_context ctx)
{
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
VARCHAR username[20],password[20],server[20];
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
EXEC SQL CONTEXT USE :ctx;
printf("n ÊäÈëÓÃ»§Ãû£º");
gets(username.arr);
username.len = (unsigned short)strlen((char *) username.arr);
printf("n ÊäÈë¿ÚÁî£º
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gets(password.arr);
password.len = (unsigned short)strlen((char *) password.arr);
printf("n ÊäÈë·þÎñÃû£º
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gets(server.arr);
server.len = (unsigned short)strlen((char *) server.arr);
EXEC SQL CONNECT :username IDENTIFIED BY
<img src="images/smilies/tongue.gif" border="0" alt="">assword
USING :server;
printf("n ÒÔÓÃ»§ %s ³É¹¦µØÁ¬½Óµ½ÁË·þÎñÆ÷ %s ÉÏ£¡ n",
username.arr,server.arr);
}
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Void logoff(sql_context ctx)
{
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}
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void sql_ error(struct sqlca sqlca)
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void modify(parameters *param)
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struct sqlca sqlca;
sql_context ctx;
ctx=param->ctx;
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EXEC SQL UPDATE type SET type_remark='¿ÆÑ§
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WHERE type_code='AA';
EXEC SQL COMMIT;
}
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----------------------------------------- -------- --------------
PRODNAME VARCHAR2(20)
COLOR VARCHAR2(1)

scott@ORCL> SELECT * FROM PROD;

PRODNAME C
-------------------- --
CAR R
CAR B
CAR W
MOTOR W
MOTOR B

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scott@ORCL> COLUMN COLORS FORMAT A10
scott@ORCL >select PRODNAME,
2 max(decode( COLOR, 'B', COLOR, null )) ||
3 max(decode( COLOR, 'W', COLOR, null )) ||
4 max(decode( COLOR, 'R', COLOR, null )) COLORS
5 from PROD
6 group by PRODNAME
7 /

PRODNAME COL
-------------------- ---
CAR BWR
MOTOR BW



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create or replace
function list_func1( p_dept in varchar2 )
return varchar2
is
l_str varchar2(4000) default null;
l_sep varchar2(2) default null;
begin
for x in ( select empno from emp where deptno = p_dept ) loop
l_str := l_str || l_sep || to_char(x.empno);
l_sep := ', ';
end loop;
return l_str;
end;
/

scott@ORCL> column emplist format a60
scott@ORCL> select deptno, emplist1(deptno) emplist
2 from emp
3 group by deptno
4 /

DEPTNO EMPLIST
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------
10 7782, 7839, 7934
20 7369, 7566, 7788, 7876, 7902
30 7499, 7521, 7654, 7698, 7844, 7900

scott@ORCL>

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create or replace
function list_func2( p_key_name in varchar2,
p_key_val in varchar2,



p_other_col_name in varchar2,
p_tname in varchar2 )
return varchar2
as
type rc is ref cursor;
l_str varchar2(4000);
l_sep varchar2(2);
l_val varchar2(4000);
l_cur rc;
begin
open l_cur for 'select '||p_other_col_ name||'
from '|| p_tname || '
where ' || p_key_name || ' = :x '
using p_key_val;
loop
fetch l_cur into l_val;
exit when l_cur%notfound;
l_str := l_str || l_sep || l_val;
l_sep := ', ';
end loop;
close l_cur;

return l_str;
end;
/

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p_key_name¡ª¡ª ²éÑ¯ÒÀ¾ÝµÄÁÐÃû
p_key_val¡ª¡ª²éÑ¯ÒÀ¾ÝµÄÁÐÃûËù¶ÔÓ¦µÄÁÐÖµ
p_other_col_name¡ª¡ª
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p_tname¡ª¡ª ±íÃû

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scott@ORCL> column emplist format a60
scott@ORCL> select DEPTNO,
2 list_func2('DEPTNO', DEPTNO, 'EMPNO', 'EMP') emplist
3 from emp
4 group by deptno
5 /

DEPTNO EMPLIST
---------- --------------------------------------------------
10 7782, 7839, 7934
20 7369, 7566, 7788, 7876, 7902



30 7499, 7521, 7654, 7698, 7844, 7900

scott@ORCL>


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BREAK ON TABLE_NAME SKIP 1
SET LONG 180
SET LINE 255
SET ARRAY 10
SET PAGES 50000
COLUMN TABLE_NAME HEADING TABLENAME FORMAT A30
COLUMN COLUMN_ID HEADING CID FORMAT 999
COLUMN NULLABLE HEADING NULLABLE
COLUMN COLUMN_NAME HEADING COLUMNNAME FORMAT A30
COLUMN DATA_TYPE HEADING DATATYPE FORMAT 999
COLUMN DATA_LENGTH HEADING D_L FORMAT 9999
COLUMN DATA_PRECISION HEADING D_P FORMAT 99
COLUMN DATA_SCALE HEADING D_S FORMAT 99
COLUMN COL_COMMENT HEADING C_COMMENT FORMAT A150

SPOOL c:LSTSLCOLUMN7.LST
Select substr(o.name,1,30) TABLE_NAME,
c.col# COLUMN_ID,
decode(sign(c.null$),-1,'D', 0, 'Y', 'N') NULLABLE,
substr(c.name,1,30) COLUMN_NAME,
decode(c.type#, 1, 'VARCHAR2',
2, decode(c.scale, null,
decode(c.precision, null, 'NUMBER', 'FLOAT'),
'NUMBER'),
8, 'LONG', 9, 'VARCHAR',
12, 'DATE', 23, 'RAW', 24, 'LONG RAW',
69, 'ROWID',96,'CHAR', 105, 'MLSLABEL',
106, 'MLSLABEL', 'UNDEFINED') DATA_TYPE,
c.length DATA_LENGTH,
c.precision DATA_PRECISION,
c.scale DATA_SCALE,
substr(co.comment$,1,150) COL_COMMENT
from sys.col$ c, sys.obj$ o, sys.com$ co
where o.obj# = c.obj#
and o.owner# = userenv('SCHEMAID')



and c.obj# = co.obj#(+)
and c.col# = co.col#(+)
and o.type in (1,2,3,4,5)
order by o.type,o.name,c.col#;
SPOOL OFF

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BREAK ON TABLE_NAME SKIP 1
SET LONG 180
SET LINE 255
SET ARRAY 10
SET PAGES 50000
COLUMN TABLE_NAME HEADING TABLENAME FORMAT A30
COLUMN COLUMN_ID HEADING CID FORMAT 999
COLUMN NULLABLE HEADING NULLABLE
COLUMN COLUMN_NAME HEADING COLUMNNAME FORMAT A30
COLUMN DATA_TYPE HEADING DATATYPE FORMAT 999
COLUMN DATA_LENGTH HEADING D_L FORMAT 9999
COLUMN DATA_PRECISION HEADING D_P FORMAT 99
COLUMN DATA_SCALE HEADING D_S FORMAT 99
COLUMN COL_COMMENT HEADING C_COMMENT FORMAT A150

SPOOL c:LSTSLCOLUMN8.LST
select substr(o.name,1,30) TABLE_NAME,
c.col# COLUMN_ID,
decode(sign(c.null$),-1,'D', 0, 'Y', 'N') NULLABLE,
substr(c.name,1,30) COLUMN_NAME,
decode(c.type#, 1, 'VARCHAR2',
2, decode(c.scale, null,
decode(c.precision#, null, 'NUMBER', 'FLOAT'),
'NUMBER'),
8, 'LONG', 9, 'VARCHAR',
12, 'DATE', 23, 'RAW', 24, 'LONG RAW',
69, 'ROWID',96,'CHAR', 105, 'MLSLABEL',
106, 'MLSLABEL', 'UNDEFINED') DATA_TYPE,
c.length DATA_LENGTH,
c.precision# DATA_PRECISION,
c.scale DATA_SCALE,
substr(co.comment$,1,150) COL_COMMENT
from sys.col$ c, sys.obj$ o, sys.com$ co
where o.obj# = c.obj#
and o.owner# = userenv('SCHEMAID')
and c.obj# = co.obj#(+)



and c.col# = co.col#(+)
and o.type# in (1,2,3,4,5)
order by o.type#,o.name,c.col#;
SPOOL OFF

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SET LONG 180
SET LINE 255
SET ARRAY 20
SET PAGES 0
SET FEED OFF
SPOOL C:LSTSCOMMSETT.SQL
SELECT 'SPOOL COMMSETT.ERR' FROM DUAL;
SELECT 'COMMENT ON TABLE',
TABLE_NAME,
'IS',
'''',
SUBSTR(COMMENTS,1,150),
'''',
';'
FROM USER_TAB_COMMENTS
WHERE TABLE_TYPE='TABLE'
ORDER BY TABLE_NAME;
SELECT 'SPOOL OFF' FROM DUAL;
SPOOL OFF

2.È¡µÃÁÐ×¢ÊÍ
COMMGETC.SQL

SET LONG 180
SET LINE 255
SET ARRAY 20
SET PAGES 0
SET FEED OFF
SPOOL C:LSTSCOMMSETC.SQL
SELECT 'SPOOL COMMSETC.ERR' FROM DUAL;
SELECT 'COMMENT ON COLUMN',
LPAD(SUBSTR(A.TNAME,1,30),30),
'.',
SUBSTR(A.CNAME,1,30),
'IS',



'''',
SUBSTR(A.REMARKS,1,150),
'''',
';'
FROM COL A,
TAB B
WHERE A.TNAME=B.TNAME
AND B.TABTYPE='TABLE'
ORDER BY A.TNAME,A.CNAME;
SELECT 'SPOOL OFF' FROM DUAL;
SPOOL OFF

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INDXGET7.SQL

SPOOL C:LSTSINDXCRA.SQL
Select 'create '||
decode(rtrim(i.uniqueness),'UNIQUE','unique index ','index ')||
rtrim(i.index_name)||
' on '||
rtrim(decode(i.table_owner,user,'',table_owner||'.'))||
rtrim(i.table_name)||
'('||
max(decode(c.column_position,1,rtrim(c.column_name),null))||
max(decode(c.column_position,2,','||rtrim(c.column_name),null))||
');'
from user_indexes i, user_ind_columns c
where i.index_name = c.index_name
group by i.index_name,i.table_owner,i.table_name,i.uniqueness;
SPOOL OFF

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SYNOGET7.SQL

SPOOL C:LSTSSYNOCRA.SQL
Select 'create synonym '||synonym_name||' for '||
decode(table_owner,user,'',table_owner||'.')||table_name||';'
from user_synonyms;



SPOOL OFF

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LSTTVS7.SQL
set line 30;
SET PAGES 0;
SPOOL C:LSTSUERTAB.LST;
SELECT TNAME FROM TAB WHERE TABTYPE='TABLE';
SPOOL OFF
SPOOL C:LSTSUSRVEW.LST;
SELECT TNAME FROM TAB WHERE TABTYPE='VIEW';
SPOOL OFF
SPOOL C:LSTSUSRSEQ.LST;
SELECT OBJECT_NAME FROM OBJ WHERE OBJECT_TYPE='SEQUENCE';
SPOOL OFF

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Lession1 Selecting Rows

* RELATIONSHIPS
Solid Line = Must Be
Dashed Line = May Be
Single Line = One and Only One
Crow's foot = One or More
UID = #
Secondary UID = ( # )
Mandatory attribute = ( * )
Optional Attribute = ( o )

* An SQL command is entered at the SQL prompt, and subsequent lines are numbered.
This is called the SQL buffer. £-¿ÉÓÐ¶à¸ö plus Óï¾ä
buffer ´æÖü

* Only one statement can be current at any time within the buffer, and the statement can
be executed in a number of ways: (ÖØµã )

Place a semicolon at the end of last clause.

Place a semicolon or slash on the last line in the buffer.

Place a slash at the SQL prompt.

Issue a SQL*Plus RUN command at the SQL prompt.

* Character and date column headings and data are left-justified within a column and
numbers are right-justified. Character and date column headings may be truncated, but
number headings may not be truncated. The column labels appear in uppercase by default.
You can override the column label display with an alias. £¨Øµã
Ö £¬×¢Òâ£º½öÊý×ÖÊÇÓÒ¶Ô
µÄ£¬¶øÇÒ±£ÁôÍêÕûµÄ heading£©

* SQL*Plus ignores blank spaces before and after the arithmetic operator.

* By default, alias headings will be forced to uppercase and cannot contain blank spaces
and special characters (such as # or $), unless the alias is enclosed in double quotation
marks (“ ).
”

* You can include the AS keyword before the alias name to comply with ANSI SQL 92
standards.


001

* ¹ØÓÚ±ðÃûµÄÊ¹ÓÃ£¨
ÖØµã
££
©º

1. Ò»µ©ÔÚ ÖÐ¶¨ÒåÁË±í±ðÃû£¬ÔòÔÚÕû¸ö
WHERE SELECT Óï¾äÖÐ²»ÄÜÔÙÊ¹ÓÃ±íÔ-Ãû

2. where,group by ×Ó¾äÖÐ¿ÉÒÔÊ¹ÓÃ±í±ðÃû£¬µ«²»ÄÜÊ¹ÓÃÁÐ±ðÃû

3. order by ×Ó¾äÖÐ¿ÉÒÔÊ¹ÓÃÁÐ±ðÃû
£¬µ«²»ÄÜÓÐ±íÃûÇ°×º£¬²»ÄÜÊ¹ÓÃ£º±
.ÁÐ±ðÃû£¬
µ«¿ÉÒÔÊ¹ÓÃ£º±í±ðÃû
.ÁÐÔ-Ãû

4. ±í±ðÃû¿ÉÒÔÓëÁÐ±ðÃûÏàÍ¬

* A literal is any character, expression, or number included in the SELECT list that is not a
column name or a column alias. --¿ÉÒÔÀí½âÎª³ýÁË×Ö¶ÎÃû£¨°üÀ¨±ðÃû£©
·û¡¢Êý×Ö¡¢±í´ïÊ½£©

* Currently, Oracle treats a character value with length of zero as null. However, this may
not continue to be true in future versions of Oracle. -- 8i ÖÐ»¹Ã»ÓÐ¸Ä±ä£¬ ''ÈÔÈ»ÊÓÎª null
´¦Àí

* You can use the NVL function to convert any datatype, but the return value is always the
same as the datatype of expr1. -- ³ý·Ç¿ÉÒÔÒþº¬×Ô¶¯×ª»»µÄÀàÐÍ£¬±ÈÈçÊ

* In SQL*Plus, you can display the structure of a table using the DESCRIBE command. The
result of the command is to see the column names, datatypes, and whether a column must
contain data(null or not null). £¨Øµã
Ö £©

* You terminate the SQL buffer by either entering one of the terminator characters
(semicolon or slash), or pressing [RETURN] twice. You will now see the SQL prompt. (ÖØµã
)

* SQLPLUS Command : 0 text Inserts a line before line 1.

* SPO[OL] [filename[.ext]|OFF|OUT] Stores query results in a file, OFF closes the spool
file. OUT closes the spool file and sends the file results to the system printer. (ÖØµã
)

* COLUMN ÃüÁî£º

JUS[TIFY] {align} Justifies the column heading (not the data) to be left, center, or
right.
NOPRI[NT] Hides the column.
NUL[L] text Specifies text to be displayed for null values.
PRI[NT] Shows the column.
TRU[NCATED] Truncates the string at the end of the first line of display. £-Óë
wrap
¶ÔÓ¦£¬¸ù¾ÝÁÐ¿í½Ø¶Ï


001

WRA[PPED] Wraps the end of the string to the next line.
WOR[D_WRAPPED] Same as WRAPPED, but ensures that words do not split. £-ÔÚÖÐÎÄ
×Ö·û¼¯ÏÂµÄ´¦Àí£¬Ò²ÊÇÒÔ¿Õ¸ñÇø·Ö
L Represents local currency. L9999 £-Óë
nls_currency µÄÉè¶¨
Ïà¹Ø
*
COL[UMN] column Displays the current settings for the specified column.
COL[UMN] Displays the current settings for all columns.
COL[UMN] column CLE[AR] Clears the settings for the specified column.
CLE[AR] COL[UMN] Clears the settings for all columns.

* The selection capability in SQL allows you to choose rows in a table to be returned by a
query. You can restrict the rows returned by selection using various criteria. The
projection capability in SQL allows you to choose columns in a table to be returned by a
query. You can control the number of columns returned by a query. Selection is often
considered horizontal partitioning, and projection is often considered vertical partitioning.

? SQL commands are not case sensitive, unless indicated.

Lession2 Limiting Selected Rows

* ORDER BY clause is last in SELECT command. £-£¨£©
ÖØµã

* If no ORDER BY clause, the Oracle7 Server may not fetch rows in the same order for the
same query twice. --ÓëÊý¾Ý´æÖüµÄ±ä»¯ÓÐ¹Ø

* ASC orders the rows in ascending order. This is the default order.

* In Oracle7, null values are displayed last for ascending sequences and first for
descending sequences. -- 8i ÒÀÈ»ÊÇÕâ¸öÔ-Ôò£¨
ÖØµã £©

* You can order by position to save time. -- Ã»ÓÐ²âÊÔ¹ý°´Î»ÖÃ
order by ÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÒÔ½ÚÊ¡ÔË
ÐÐÊ±¼ä£¿

* Sort by position is especially useful when sorting by a long expression. Rather than typing
the expression again. £-±ðÃûÒ²¿ÉÒÔ½â¾öÎÊÌâ

* You can order by columns that are not in the SELECT list. --×¢ÒâÀýÍâÇé¿öÊÇ£ºÔÚ
SELECT
ÖÐÊ¹ÓÃÁË ºÍ×éº¯Êý
DISTINCT £¨Øµã
Ö £©

* Conditions consist of the following:
- Column name,expression,constant


001

- Comparison operator
- Literal
* ...WHERE expr operator value : the expr cannot be an alias. £-²Î¼û µÄ¹ØÓÚ
Lession1
±ðÃûµÄÏÞÖÆËµÃ÷

* SQL Operator Precedence ÓÅÏÈ´ÎÐòÖØµã
£-£¨£©
1. Õý¸º- +
2. ³Ë³ý/ *
3. ¼Ó¼õ- ||
+
4. All comparison operators ±È½ÏÔËËã·û£º <> BETWEEN...AND... IN(list)
= < <= > >=
LIKE is(not) null
5. NOT
6. AND Âß¼-ÔËËã·û
7. OR

* = NULL that an error is not raised, the result is simply always FALSE.

* It may be faster and easier to eliminate rather than include. £-
?ÅÅ³ý±È°üÀ¨ËÙ¶È¿ì
?Ðè
Òª²âÊÔ

* Search conditions can contain either literal characters or numbers.

* The % and _ symbols may be used in any combination with literal characters.

* When you need to have an exact match for the actual “ and “ characters, use the
%” _”
ESCAPE option. This option specifies what the ESCAPE character is.

? ÎÞ
ORDER BY Ê±
ORACLE È±Ê¡ÓÃÊ²Ã´ÑùµÄË³ÐòÏÔÊ¾Êý¾Ý£¿
ROWID?

Lession3 Single Row Functions

* Functions are a very powerful feature of SQL and can be used to
Perform calculations on data.
Modify individual data items.
Manipulate output for groups of rows.
Alter date formats for display.
Convert column datatypes.

* An argument may be one of the following:
A user-supplied constant
A variable value
A column name


001

An expression

* Features of Single Row Functions
They may expect one or more user arguments.
You can nest them.
You can use them in SELECT, WHERE, and ORDER BY clauses. --ÎªÊ²Ã´²»Ð´£º
group
by?

* Lower(),Upper(): Converts alpha character

INITCAP(): Converts alpha character values to uppercase for the first letter of each
word, all other letters in lowercase.

CONCAT(): Í¬||

SUBSTR(column|expression,m[,n]): m ²»ÄÜÈ±Ê¡£¬ end, n=0 ·µØ
n È±Ê¡Îªµ½ » null

NVL(column|expression1,column|expression2)£º
exp1 ºÍ
exp2 ±ØÐëÍ¬ÀàÐÍ£¬»òÕß¿ÉÒ
Òþº¬×ª»»

ROUND(column|expression,n)£º 0 »ò ²»Ö¸¶¨£¬Ôò
n£½ n round µ½ÕûÊýÎ»£»
n Îª¸ºÊý£¬Ôò
´ÓÐ¡ÊýµãÆðÏò×ó±ß date at midnight.
round£» Round the

TRUNC(column|expression,n)£º 0 »ò ²»Ö¸¶¨£¬Ôò
n£½ n round µ½ÕûÊýÎ»£»
n Îª¸ºÊý£¬Ôò
´ÓÐ¡ÊýµãÆðÏò×ó±ß
n Î» trunc Îª0

NEXT_DAY(date,‘ )£º
char’ Finds the date of the next specified day of the week (‘ )
char’
following date. char may be a number representing a

day or a character string. (char ÔÚÓ¢ÎÄ×Ö·û¼¯ÏÂ£¬ÓÃÈýÎ»±íÊ¾¼´¿É£¬È
mon, char ÊÇ
ºÍ×Ö·û¼¯Ïà¹ØµÄ£¿ÔÚÖÐÎÄ×Ö·û¼¯ÏÂ¾ßÌåµÄ char ¸ñÊ½ÈçºÎÑ°ÕÒ£¿
)

* Oracle stores dates in an internal numberic format. - Century, year, month, day,hours,
minutes, seconds.

* Default date display is DD-MON-YY. – ÓëCharacterSet ÉèÖÃÓÐ¹Ø£¬
nls_data_format,
nls_date_language

* Valid Oracle dates are between January 1, 4712 B.C. and December 31, 4712 A.D.
--Oracle8i ÖÐ²»ÖªÊÇ·ñ¸ü¸ÄÁË
?

* The DUAL table is owned by the user SYS and may be accessed by all users. It contains
one column, DUMMY, and one row with the value “X”


001

* Add hours to a date by dividing the number of hours by 24. £-°´ÌìµÄ·½Ê½Ôö¼õ

* ÈÕÆÚÖµ¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Ó°´×Ö·ûÐÎÊ½±È½Ï£¬±ÈÈç£º
WHERE start_date LIKE ’
%1991’ µ±È»ÓÚ
;
nls_date_format ÓÐ¹Ø

* to_char(date): The names of days and months in the output are automatically padded
with blanks. To remove padded blanks or to suppress leading zeros, use the fill mode fm
element. The resultant column width is 80 characters by default. (×¢Òâ£º
8i ÖÐÒÑ¾-¸Ä±äÁË
²»ÊÇ )
80 ÁÐ

* TO_CHAR() format:
MONTH Name of month padded with blanks to length of 9 characters.
RM Roman numeral month.
DAY Name of day padded with blanks to length of 9 characters.
DY Name of day; 3-letter abbreviatio n.
Years in dates YYYY or SYYYY Year; S prefixes BC date with -.
SCC or CC Century; S prefixes BC date with -.
Q Quarter of year.
SSSSS Seconds past midnight (0-86399).
/., Punctuation is reproduced in the result.
“ the ” Quoted string is reproduced in the result.
of
TH Ordinal number (for example, DDTH for 4TH).
SP Spelled-out number (for example, DDSP for FOUR).
SPTH or THSP Spelled-out ordinal numbers (for example, DDSPTH for FOURTH).
L uses the floating local currency symbol set the NLS_CURRENCY parameter
MI Minus signs to right (negative values). 999999MI 1234-
PR Parenthesize negative numbers. 999999PR <1234>
EEEE Scientific notation (format must specify four Es). 99.999EEEE 1.234E+03
V Multiply by 10 n times (n= no of 9s after V). 9999V99 123400
B Display zero values as blank, not 0. B9999.99 1234.00
FM/fm Fill Mode É¾³ýÇ°µ¼ 0 ºÍÓÒ±ßµÄ¿Õ¸ñ
FX Format Exact ¾«È·Æ¥Åä ORACLE ÎÄµµ
£-²Î¼û

* RR available in Oracle7, not Oracle Version 6.

* NLS parameters may be added to init.ora file to set default date formats and language
names and abbreviations. And you can use the dcl command: "Alter Session" to change it
in a session and can change it in register table in Windows system.

* The Oracle Server displays a string of pound signs (#) in place of a whole number whose
digits exceed the number of digits provided in the format model.

* Single row functions can be nested to any depth. Nested functions are evaluated from
the innermost level to the outermost level. ¿ÉÒÔÇ¶Ì×ÈÎÒâ²ã´Î£¬Ö´ÐÐ´ÎÐò´ÓÄÚ


001

£¿ÔÚÖÐÎÄ×Ö·û¼¯ÏÂ¾ßÌåµÄ
char ¸ñÊ½ÈçºÎÑ°ÕÒ£¿

Lession4 Displaying Data from Multiple Tables

* Cartesian Product µÑ¿¨¶ù³Ë»ý

* To join tables together, you need a minimum of the number of join conditions
summarized as the number of tables minus one. ×îÉÙµÄÁ¬½ÓÌõ¼þÊÇ ÖØ Á¬½Ó±íµÄ¸öÊý£-
1£¨
µã¿¼ÊÔÌâ may not apply if your table has a concatenated primary key, in which
£© rule
This
case more than one column is equired to uniquely identify each row. µ±ÓÐ×éºÏµÄÖ÷¼üÊ±£¬
¸Õ²ÅµÄÔ-Ôò²»ÊÊÓÃ£»

* Table aliases help to keep SQL code smaller, therefore using less memory.

* Once you use the table alias, you must continue to qualify every column reference with
the table alias. ±íÃûºÍ±í±ðÃû²»ÄÜÍ¬Ê±Ê¹ÓÃ£»particular table
If a table alias is used for a
name in the FROM clause, then that table alias must be substituted for the table name
hroughout the SELECT statement.

* Table aliases can be up to 30 characters in length. £-ÖÐ¹æ¶¨£¿
8i

* The table alias is only valid for the current SELECT statement.

* A NON-EQUIJOIN's relationship is obtained using an operator other than equal (=).
£- ²»ÊÇÊ¹ÓÃ
=Á¬½ÓµÄ¾ÍÊÇ·ÇµÈÖµÁ¬½Ó

* Table aliases have been specified for performance reasons, not because of possible
ambiguity.

* (+) is placed on the “ side” the join that is deficient in information. (the side where
of
there is no value to join to, or which have no direct match in the other side , But not on
both sides. Place the outer join symbol following the name of the table without the
matching rows.)

* A condition involving an outer join may not use the IN operator or be linked to another
condition by the OR operator.

* Speed up database access with table ailiases.

? Additional join methods include the following:


001

Outer joins
Self joins
Set operators ? update ?

? When writing a SELECT statement that joins tables, precede the column name with the
table name for clarity and to enhance database access. ÄÜ¹»Ìá¸ßÓÅ»¯Æ÷µÄÊ¹ÓÃÃ´£¿

? How to code with an outer join on both sides? This is possible with the UNION operator,
which is not addressed in this course.

Lession5 Group Functions

* ORACLE7 ÖÐÓÐ
7 ¸ö×éº¯Êý£»?????
£-ÖÐ
8i

* STDDEV() ±ê×¼·½²î£»
VARIANCE() ?

* COUNT(*)=COUNT(ROWID)=COUNT(1) Í³¼Æ ºÍÖØ¸´µÄÖµ£»µ«
NULL COUNT(×Ö¶Î
)Í³
¼Æ·Ç¿ÕÖµ

* MAX(),MIN() ºöÂÔ
NULL

* ×éº¯ÊýÖÐ¿ÉÒÔÊ¹ÓÃALL ÊÇÈ±Ê¡Öµ£Èç£º A),COUNT(ALL
DISTINCTºÍ
ALL£¬ COUNT(DISTINCT
»
A)£»

* The datatypes for the arguments may be CHAR, VARCHAR2, NUMBER, or DATE where
expr is listed. £-
? ???? 8i ÖÐÊÇ·ñÓÐ±ä»¯
?????

* You can use AVG and SUM functions against columns that store numeric data. You can
use MAX and MIN functions for any datatype.

* GROUP BY Clause Gidelines

Cannot select individual results as well unless the individual column appears in the
GROUP BY clause.

You cannot use the positional notation or column alias in the GROUP BY clause.

By default, rows are sorted by ascending order of the GROUP BY list. You can override
this by using the ORDER BY clause.

* The ORDER BY clause is always the last clause in a SELECT statement.


001

Lession6 Subqueries

* You can place the subquery in a number of SQL command clauses:
WHERE clause
HAVING clause
FROM clause of a SELECT or DELETE statement

* Additionally, subqueries can be placed in the
CREATE VIEW statement,
CREATE TABLE statement,
CREATE SNAPSHOT statement,
UPDATE clause,
INTO clause of an INSERT statement,
SET clause of an UPDATE statement.

* A subquery executes once before the main query, and may execute multiple times in
correlated subqueries. --Ïà¹Ø×Ó²éÑ¯ÖÐÖ´ÐÐ¶à´Î

* Comparison operators fall into two classes: single row (>, =, >=, <, <>, <=) and
multiple row (IN, NOT IN) operators.

* The subquery generally executes first, and its output is used to complete the query
condition for the main or outer query.

* Subqueries Guidelines

Enclose a subquery within parentheses.

Place the subquery after the comparison operator.

Do not add an ORDER BY clause to a subquery. You can have only one ORDER BY
clause for a SELECT statement, and if specified, it must be the last clause in the main
SELECT statement.

Must appear on the right side of the operator.

* Single row subquery: =, >, <, >=, or <=. One common error with subqueries is more
than one row returned for a single row subquery.

* Multiple row subqueries: IN

* To produce a nonpairwise comparison in a multiple -column subquery, use a WHERE
clause with multiple conditions. A nonpairwise comparison produces a cross product.


001

Lession7 Specifying Variable at Runtime

* In SQL*PLUS: ACCEPT reads a line of user input and stores it in a variable. DEFINE
creates and assigns a value to a variable.

* SQL*Plus does not support validation checks on user input.

* &user_variable: SQL*Plus discards a new variable once it is used. £-Èç¹ûÊ¹ÓÃ
&&£¬
SQLPLUS ½«¼Ç×¡Ê¹ÓÃÁË &&Ö®ºóÍ¬Ãû±äÁ¿µÄÖµ

* With the single ampersand, the user is prompted every time the command is executed.

* Setting SET VERIFY to ON forces SQL*Plus to display the text of a command before and
after it replaces substitution variables with values.

* ACCEPT variable [datatype][FORMAT][PROMPT text][HIDE]

HIDE suppresses what the user enters, for example a password.

* Both the ACCEPT and DEFINE commands will create a variable if the variable does not
exist; these commands will automatically redefine a variable if it exists.

* Use the ACCEPT command to:
Give a customized prompt when accepting user input. Otherwise, you will see the
default “ Enter value for variable.”
Explicitly define a NUMBER or DATE datatype variable.
Hide user input for security reasons.

* The ECHO variable controls whether START and @ commands list each command in a
command file as the command is executed.

* To define you wanted variables for every session, modify your login.sql file so that those
variables are created at startup.

* Reports can accept a maximum of nine parameters that are named from &1 to &9.

* SQL*Plus retains report parameters and their values until you redefine them, undefine
them, or terminate your SQL*Plus session.

* Without the single quotes encl sing the variable value an invalid column name error
o
occurs.


001

Lession8 Overview of data Modeling and Database Design

* System Development Cycle
1. Strategy and Analysis
2. Design
3. Build and Document
4. Transition
5. Production

* Entity relationship models are derived from business specifications or narratives.

* Component Description

-------------------------------------------------------------

Entity A thing of significance about which information needs to be known.
Attribute Something that describes or qualifies an entity.
Relationship A named association between entities showing optionality or
degree.

* One-to-one Degree of one and only one in both directions. These types are rare,
and may really be the same entity, or an attribute of the entity.

Many-to-one Degree of one or more in one direction and a degree of one and
only one in the other direction. Very common.

Many-to-many Degree of one or more in both directions. Very common. Resolve
them with an intersection entity.

* First normal form (1NF) All attributes must be single-valued and not repeating.

Second normal form (2NF) An attribute must depend upon its entity’ entire
s
unique identifier.

Third normal form (3NF) No non-UID attribute can be dependent upon another
non-UID attribute.

* Integrity Constraint Type Description
----------------------------------------------------------------
Entity No part of a primary key can be NULL and the value must
be unique.
Referential Foreign key values must match a primary key or be NULL.
Column Values in the column must match the defined datatype.


001

User-defined Values must comply with the business rules.

* A primary key consisting of multiple columns is called a composite primary key or a
compound primary key.

* A foreign key (FK) is a column or combination of columns in one table that refers to a
primary key or unique key in the same table or in another table.

* Database Design Steps

1. Map the Entities to Tables

2. Map the Attributes to Columns: Map mandatory attributes, tagged with an asterisk
(*), to columns defined as NOT NULL (NN).

3. Map the Unique Identifiers to Primary Keys: symbol (#) to primary key columns and
label the key type as PK.

4. Map relationship to foreign keys.

Lession9 Creating Tables

* When create table, you can use $, _, # , number for table name and column name, must
start with character (ÖØµã
)

* Tables can have up to 254 columns and must conform to standard database object
naming conventions. -- 8i ÖÐÃ»ÓÐÏÞÖÆ

* A schema is a collection of objects. Schema objects are the logical structures that directly
refer to the data in a database. Schema objects include tables, views, synonyms,
sequences, stored procedures, indexes, clusters, and database links.

* The default value can be a literal, an expression, or SQL function, such as SYSDATE and
USER, but the value cannot be the name of another column or a pseudocolumn, such as
NEXTVAL or CURRVAL. The default expression must match the datatype of the column.

* The basic datatypes are character, number, date, and RAW. --8i ÖÐÔö¼ÓÁË
????

* If not refered, default values are available (38 for NUMBER and 1 for CHAR).

* If you do not name your constraint, Oracle7 generates a name with the format SYS_Cn,
where n is an integer to create a unique constraint name.


001

* Null values are allowed if the unique key is based on a single column.

* UNIQUE indexes are created automatically when you create PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE
constraints.

* A foreign key that is part of a primary key cannot be a null value because no part of a
primary key can be NULL.

* FOREIGN KEY: Without the ON DELETE CASCADE option, the row in the parent table
cannot be deleted if it is referenced in the chil department.

* The CHECK constraint defines a condition that each row must satisfy. The condition can
use the same constructs as query conditions, with the following exceptions:

References to the CURRVAL, NEXTVAL, LEVEL, or ROWNUM pseudocolumns

Calls to SYSDATE, UID, USER, or USERENV functions

Queries that refer to other values in other rows

* CHECK constraints can be defined at the column-constraint level or table-constraint level.
The constraint syntax can apply to any column in the table, not only on the column on
which it is defined. --±í¼¶¶¨ÒåCHECK Ê±£¬¿ÉÒÔ¶Ô¶àÁÐ×éºÏ¶¨Òå£¬Èç£º CHECK (A+B=10)

* CTAS = CREATE TABLE AS SELECT

The column definition can contain only the column name, default value, and integrity
constraints, not the datatype or referential integrity constraint.

Only the NOT NULL constraint is inherited from the subquery table to corresponding
columns in the new table.

* ×¢Òâ¶¨Òå
CONSTRAINTS µÄÓï·¨£¬ÔÚ×Ö¶Î¼¶¶¨ÒåÊ±·ÅÔÚ¡°£¡±Ç°Ãæ£¬
¬
×îºóÒ»¸ö×Ö¶Î¶¨Òå½áÊøµÄ¡°£¡±ºóÃæºÍ±í¶¨Òå¡°£¡±Ç°Ãæ£
¬ CONSTRAINTS ÒÔ¡°£¡±·Ö¿ª
¬. ©

* The ENABLE clause can be used in the ALTER TABLE and CREATE TABLE commands.

* The keywords PRIVATE and OR REPLACE are invalid when creating a synonym. Triggers
may be enabled using the ENABLE clause in the ALTER TABLE command.

* By creating a public synonym for the table owned by user, you have eliminated the need
to qualify an object name with its schema name. The CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM
statement makes a synonym accessible to all users. -- ¶ÔÓÃ»§×ÔÉíÓµÓÐµÄ±í½¨Á¢Í
Ê±£¬ÐèÒªÈ¥³ý SCHEMA Ç°×º


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