The document provides an overview of cities to visit during the Renaissance in Italy, including Florence, Rome, and Venice. It summarizes key details about each city: Florence is described as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance, with a strong economy and humanist movement under the Medicis. Rome became the center of the Renaissance in the 15th century under popes like Sixtus IV and Leo X who attracted great artists. Venice developed a unique artistic style under masters like Bellini and was a major trade hub where East met West, supporting many craftspeople. The cities represented centers of politics, religion, art and commerce during this period in Italy.

1. Travel Guide
to
Renaissance
Italy
By Gergely
Kovacs
9S 1

2. The Renaissance (History)
The Renaissance as a cultural movement that spanned roughly the
1400 to the beginning of the 1600’s. The word is French for 'rebirth'.
Historians first use it (from about 1840) for the period from the 14th to
the 16th century, implying a rediscovery of rational civilization
(exemplified by Greece and Rome) after the medieval centuries - seen
as superstitious and artistically primitive.
The Renaissance may be vivid in the mind's eye - in images of human
figures sculpted in the round, or in scenes painted with a profound and
moving realism. But as a concept it is a slippery customer.
The Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well
as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic
developments and the contributions of such polymath as Leonardo de
Vinchi and Michelangelo who inspired the term "Renaissance man".
Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th
century, its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics,
science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance
scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for
realism and human emotion in art.
The Renaissance may be vivid in the mind's eye - in images of human
figures sculpted in the round, or in scenes painted with a profound and
2
moving realism. But as a concept it is a slippery customer.

3. Cities to visit in Renaissance
Italy
Coat of arms
Florence
Birthplace of the Italian Renaissance
The Renaissance was a rebirth that occurred throughout most of Europe. However,
the changes that we associate with the Renaissance first occurred in the Italian city
of Florence and continued to be more pervasive there than anywhere else. The city's
economy and its writers, painters, architects, and philosophers all made Florence a
model of Renaissance culture.
Fifteenth-century Florence was an exciting place to be. In 1425 the city had a
population of 60,000 and was a self-governed, independent city-state. Twelve artist
guilds that regulated the trades were the basis of Florence's commercial success.
Members of the guilds, who were wealthy and held positions in government, were
some of Florence's most influential people in society and politics. Because of its
strong economy and a political philosophy that was dedicated to the welfare of the
city, Florence thrived. Many families of Florence, beginning in the thirteenth century,
were successful bankers. The Florentine gold coin known as the florin was of such
reliable purity that it was the standard coinage throughout Europe. Florentine
bankers were known throughout Europe as well, for they established banking
houses in other important cities such as London, Geneva, and Bruges (Belgium).
Life In Florence
The humanist movement was strong in Florence. Cosimo de Medici, Florence's
wealthiest and most influential citizen, studied the works of ancient authors and
collected manuscripts of classical writings.
The Florentines enjoyed many pleasurable diversions from business and intellectual
life. Lorenzo de Medici, Cosimo's grandson who was known as "The Magnificent,"
influenced the types of entertainment held and often sponsored the activities.
Mystery plays, based on the theme of the Passion (the sufferings of Jesus), were
regularly staged for the enjoyment and edification of the citizens. To celebrate the
feast day of Saint John, Florence's patron saint, Florentines held a horse race that
ran throughout the city. And festivals held during the season before Lent--called
Carnival--were grand productions, especially in the late fifteenth century.
Florence Art and Architecture
3
Florence, like many cities of the Renaissance, had been built over many years and so
was home to numerous churches, public buildings, and houses constructed with

4. Rome, the city of God
During the Middle Ages, the city of
Rome was abandoned due to the
transfer of the papal court to
Avignon, in France. The absence of
the Pope caused a severe economic
crisis that forced the population to
abandon the city. Reduced to
poverty, Rome became a mass of
ruins where herds of sheep and
cattle grazed. But, after the year
1418, the year when Pope Martin V
Rome was not the centre of the Renaissance from the very beginning: Flourishing
commerce, particularly with the East, went hand in hand with cultural progress
particularly around cities such as Venice and Florence. The race for power set the
various noble families of Rome into direct competition as each attempted to
outdo the next in terms of magnificence.
This soon allowed Rome to compete with any of the other European cities in
terms of wealth, beauty and art and indeed to overtake those cities that hitherto
had exhibited a far greater cultural and economic development, such as Florence
for example. Rome became the centre of the Renaissance movement in Europe,
attracting many if not all of the greatest and most gifted artists and architects of
the age. Men such as Bramante, Michaelangelo and Rafael were given one
commission after another to complete and beautify the city of God.
The City In The Renaissance
The entry of Pope Martin V (a member of the Colonna family) into Rome in 1420
marked the beginning of the Renaissance city and of the absolute papal rule that
lasted until 1870. Although Martin was neither a builder nor a patron of the arts, he
laid the foundations of government that made Rome the capital of a Renaissance state.
From this period the apostolic vice chamberlain, as governor of Rome, controlled
municipal offices, communal finances, and the statutes of the city. The Roman
commune was transformed into a unit of authoritarian papal rule, and the surrounding
Papal States (the various territories of the pope in central Italy) increasingly came
under the firm control of papal officials.
During the 15th-century pontificates of Nicholas V and, especially, Sixtus IV, the
squalid narrow streets of medieval Rome were widened and paved, and new
Renaissance buildings replaced crumbling structures. At the same time, the
monuments of ancient Rome suffered further damage as they were torn apart for their
building materials, and their marble went too often into the lime kilns rather than into
new structures. However, the popes attracted scholars and artists from across Italy,
and by the end of the 15th century Rome had become the principal centre of
4
Renaissance culture. The high point was reached under Leo X(reigned 1513–21), with
his plans for the new St Peter’s and his patronage of such artists as Michelangelo and

5. Venice, where East meets West
Just as with Florence, Venice was a Republic during the
Renaissance. Actually, Venice was an empire that
controlled land in modern day Italy, a whole lot of sea
coast down the Adriatic and countless islands. It enjoyed a
stable political climate and thriving trade economy, both
of which survived outbreaks of the Black Death and the fall
of Constantinople (a major trading partner). Venice was, in
fact, so prosperous and healthy that it took someone
named Napoleon to undo its empire status...but, that was
quite a while after the Renaissance had faded away and
had nothing to do with art.
The important part is, Venice (again, like Florence) had the
economy to support art and artists, and did so in a big
way.
As a major port of trade, Venice was able to find ready
markets for whatever decorative arts Venetian craftsmen
could produce. The whole Republic was crawling with
ceramists, glassworkers, woodworkers, lace makers and
Venice: The leading art center
Although concurrent with the Italian High Renaissance, the Venetian Renaissance
is considered separately. Venice was a stable, powerful and prosperous city
where East meets West. It was independent from the Church in Rome, and
enjoyed a more relaxed outlook with attitudes to match. Wealthy patrons eagerly
supported the arts for both public and private use. Venetian artists were treated
as craftsmen and didn't enjoy the high intellectual regard afforded their Italian
Renaissance contemporaries. Venetian painting is filled with the soft, muted,
reflected light one sees in Venice. Many of the subjects were stated as allegories.
While Venetian art appeals more to the senses and emotion, Italian High
Renaissance art focuses more on intellect. Venetian art is imbued with soft,
reflected light, and muted tones.
Venice was the leading center of art in Northern Italy. In Venice a unique style of
art flourished, led by master Giovanni Bellini and his pupils, Giorgione and Titian.
Giovanni Bellini, also emerged as a Venetian master in the Early Renaissance. The
contours and lines of his paintings are not as brittle and sharp as those of
Mantegna. His colors are softer and his paintings are more light-filled than
Mantegna's. Bellini shows a regard for every detail of nature. He was an
established artist when the era of Venetian painting came into its own during
what is
known as the High Renaissance. 5
Giorgione is considered one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance.
Unfortunately, he died young - in his early thirties - after contracting the plague,

6. . By land
• For most people during the Renaissance traveling by land was limited to the local
fair of farmer’s Market. Road were little more than rocky pathways, and could be
dangerous, with bandits waiting to pounce on unsuspecting travelers. Common
vehicles for traveling on land during the Renaissance Italy included horses, pack
mules, wagons and for the wealthy, coaches. The most common way to get around
on land was on foot. And it was usually the most efficient. Carts and wagons were
slow and cumbersome. Traveling by horseback was the fastest way, but only the
wealthy had horses for riding.
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7. Local customs and manners
(p.6 and 7)
Society
While it has been traditionally viewed simply as the context
for extraordinary artistic creativity, patronage has more
recently been examined by historians and art historians
alike as a comprehensive system of patron-client
structures which permeated society and social relations.
Day-to-day life
Both Catholics and Protestants celebrated Sunday as a holy
day and a day off from work. In many places, such as
England, the law required people to attend church every
week and to take Communion a certain number of times a
year. (And from 1570 into the 1590s, the law also
demanded that Englishmen, except for nobles, wear
woolen caps to church-part of a government plan to
support the nation's wool industry.) After the worship
service, or between morning and evening services, there
was often time for fun and relaxation. Monks and nuns
were expected to follow a specific rule of behavior. Many
monasteries used the sixth-century Rule of Saint Benedict,
sometimes altered to reflect the goals of different
monastic groups. A portion of the Rule was read aloud in
the monastery every morning so that everyone would
remember how they were supposed to behave. By the
Renaissance, however, there were numerous complaints
that monks and nuns were not living the simple life that
the Rule required. In the wake of the Protestant
Reformation, the Catholic Church made an extra effort to
encourage monks and nuns to go back to closely following
the Rule.
Politics president, king
Henry VIII of England, the monarch who broke away from the
Catholic Church and established the Church of England, this led to
years of religious strife. Holbein, a German painter moved to
England, where he became the official court portrait painter to king
Henry VIII.
Julius II was elected pope 1503. Henry VIII of England, the
His papacy was notable for monarch who broke away
vigorous political and military from the Catholic Church
campaigns to consolidate the and established the
Church’s power, as well as a Church of England, this led
flourishing of the arts that made to years of religious strife.
Rome
the unrivaled center of High Holbein, a German painter 7
Renaissance culture. He summoned moved to England, where
Raphael and Michelangelo to Rome he became the official

8. Local manners (e.g., table manners) Michelangelo painted the
ceiling of the Sistine
As with most everything in Renaissance Europe,
Italy set the style and pace in courtly graces and
manners in the early 16th century. Italy led
Europe in hygiene, dress, cooking, table
manners and conversation and considered the
rest of Europe, with the exception of a thin
upper crust in England and France, as little
better than barbarians. The French, impressed
with their own adaptation of Italian manners,
tended to agree.
Italy's leadership in manners and courtly
behavior actually began in the High Middle
Ages. Many books describing proper behavior
Beliefs
Renaissance humanists believed that the liberal arts (art, music, grammar, rhetoric,
oratory, history, poetry, using classical texts, and the studies of all of the above)
should be practiced by all levels of "richness". They also approved of self, human
worth and individual dignity. They hold the belief that everything in life has a
determinate nature, but man's privilege is to be able to choose his own nature.
Scholars began comparing their accomplishments with the glories of the achievements
of ancient Greece and Rome. During the 14th century, one group of Italian writers
believed that the current age was like the great civilizations of the past because the
current age showed an emphasis on artists and their achievements as did, as they
believed, all great societies of the past.
A shift in political beliefs began too. Florentine scholar Leonardo Bruni believed the
best form of government was a republican or representative form of government. He,
and like-minded thinkers, found such a government when they studied ancient Rome
before the emperors came to power. They believed this was the best model for a
government to take. This movement encouraged education in social and political life.
They believed in patriotism and in humanistic learning and that, the residents of
Florence, in particular, and other Italian cities should be proud of their heritage.
Death
By Shakespeare's time, humanism and the revival of classical philosophy resulted in
the growing influence of alternative ways of thinking about death. As a subject for
8

9. What to wear (p.8 and 9)
Clothes
A part of the Age of Renaissance was the reign of Queen
Elizabeth. The clothing during that period spoke much about the
social standing of the wearer. One could largely distinguish
between aristocracy or nobility and the lower-downs. In fact what
one wore was extremely important, as compared to the present
day scenario.
The rich wore fabrics such as velvet, satin and cotton, whereas
the poor wore flannel and other cheaply available fabrics. It may
It is believed that during the
surprise some how cotton was regarded as a rich person’s
Renaissance, clothes wore such an
clothing. In those days, cotton was not easily available as
important treasure that those
compared to today and was imported from India and America,
belonging to the upper classes of
levying a high taxation. Amongst the common fabrics were flax
nobility and aristocracy would
and wool. Wool was spun into a form know as tweed.
spend all their earnings on what
they wore. The women finely
decorated their dresses. Typical
Renaissance clothing was not just
limited to England, which was ruled
by Queen Elizabeth, but its
9

10. Men of the Renaissance Age commonly wore
boots, pants, a shirt, a vest and a hat. Women
would be seen wearing shoes, an over and under
skirt, a shirt, a bodice, and a hat or snood. They
generally braided their long hair. Curls were a
mark of beauty. Children after the age of years
would wear what the adults wore.
Fashion
Because the Renaissance era encompasses approximately 150 years of history, its
fashions changed dramatically from beginning to end. At the dawn of the Renaissance
in 1450, clothing styles were influenced by Medieval and Gothic designs, as well as the
Italian Renaissance movement in art. Women's fashions assumed a more natural
appearance from their Gothic predecessors. Dresses gradually lost their long trains,
and flowing skirts became increasingly popular. The robe, which was actually a dress
with an attached bodice and skirt, appeared on the fashion scene. In addition, the long,
rigid, corset that extended in a cone shape below the waist to a V debuted during the
early part of the Renaissance period. Women also began showing their hair again.
Instead of covering their heads, they adorned their coiffures with shimmering veils and
dazzling jewels. In men's fashions, doublets shortened and low-necked tunics and
Braiding
chemises became common garb. Hose became a common necessity for the well-
dressed gentleman. Brocades and velvets were among the favored fabrics for both
men's and women's clothing.
Hair
Women had been a very vital part of this century for the hair styles tell mostly about
them. Tell of their life and social standing in this passed time.
Generally, renaissance hair styles are all about long hairs. So now I will present to
you two different hair styles of some hair styles present during this era.
The act of braiding the hair of many women which is long was originally the custom.
Even artworks, paintings, tapestries and other captured and documented this through
the ages that show us many women who wore their hair in elaborate braids and
styles, with hair that fell well past their hips in most cases.
Beauty
Women of the Renaissance period did not concern themselves with things like a few
extra pounds of weight. In fact, just the opposite was true. The ideal beauty of that
era was
more voluptuous than perhaps any other time in history. Paintings from the
10

11. What to see and do
Art
The Renaissance patrons wanted art that showed joy in human
beauty and life’s pleasures. Renaissance art is more lifelike than in the
art of the Middle Ages. Renaissance artists studied perspective, or the
differences in the way things look when they are close to something or
far away. The artists painted in a way that showed these differences. As
a result, their paintings seem to have depth.
An artist from Florence named Giotto was one of the first to
paint in this new style. Giotto lived more than a century before the
beginning of the Renaissance, but his paintings show real emotion. The
bodies look solid, and the background of his Leonardo da Vinci was
paintings shows
born in 1452 in the village of
Vinci. Leonardo began his career
working for a master painter in
Florence. His Last Supper shows
clearly the different feelings of
Jesus and his followers.
Leonardo’s fame grew—but not
just for his painting. Leonardo
was truly a “Renaissance Man,”
skilled in many fields. He was a
scientist and an inventor as well
as an artist. He made notes and
drawings of everything he saw.
Leonardo invented clever
machines, and even designed
imitation wings that he hoped
would let a person fly like a bird.
Michelangelo Buonarroti of Florence was one of the greatest
artists of all time. Like Leonardo, Michelangelo was a “Renaissance
Man” of many talents. He was a sculptor, a painter, and an architect.
When Michelangelo carved a statue of Moses, he included veins and
muscles in the arms and legs.
Michelangelo was a devout Christian, and the church was his
greatest patron. He designed the dome of St. Peter’s church in
Rome. Nearby, Michelangelo’s paintings cover the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel, the building where new popes have been selected for
11
more than five hundred years. Michelangelo’s painting illustrates the
Book of Genesis, with scenes that span from the Creation to the

12. What to eat
Food and Cooking
During the Renaissance, as in ages past, food was a
matter of social class, as well as region and season. In
modest European homes, meat was not necessarily
served every day (although for special occasions,
meat dishes were often served in abundance, to
display the generosity of the host). Bread was the
fundamental staple for the lower and middle classes,
was made with cheaper grains than wheat: barley and
rye, for example. Meals for the lower social classes
usually consisted of dark bread such as rye or barley,
The middle class enjoyed more variety, as each meal generally consisted of
several different dishes, with a game bird of some kind being the standard main
course. For dessert, the middle class dined on sweets and confections with
spiced wine. Meals for the wealthiest classes were similar to those of the middle
class, although the rich also enjoyed unusual delicacies such as molded jelly and
pastries. The bread of the upper classes was made with a higher proportion of
wheat, which was more finely ground and sifted. Stale bread was cut into
squares and used for trenchers, a surface on which to serve other foods and
sauces. When the rich were done with their meals, the sauce-soaked bread was
usually given to the poor.
Most meat was usually served either extremely fresh (birds kept in cages until
killed for dinner), or salted and preserved. The spicing of many Renaissance
recipes was intended to mask the fact that the meat was extremely salty and had
to be soaked and boiled for a long time. Meat was commonly served in ragouts
and pottages, or baked into pies. Roasted meats naturally had to be fresh and of
Usual types of food in the
renaissance:
1. Soups
2. Roasts
3. Salads
4. Cheese
5. Pastas
6. Pastries
7. Seasonings
8. Side-Dishes
9. Desserts, Appetizers
12

13. Diseases and wars in the Renaissance
Black
One theory that has been advanced is that the
devastation caused by the Black Death in Florence, which
hit Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in
the world view of people in 14th-century Italy. Italy was
particularly badly hit by the plague, and it has been
speculated that the familiarity with death that this
brought caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on
Earth, rather than on spiritually and the afterlife. It has
also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new
wave of piety, manifested in the sponsorship of religious
works of art. However, this does not fully explain why
Great Pox
During the 1490's, northern Italy was struck with a series of terrifying events which
the Florentine historian Guicciardini would later characterize as the calamity of Italy:
Charles VIII of France invaded in 1494; the winter of 14956 was intensely cold; there
were floods, earthquakes, and a serious famine. In the midst of this, a new disease
broke out in Italy, reportedly arriving with the French troops in Naples in 1494. It
covered the body with abscesses and racked • with pain. Eventually the malady filled
it The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
the streets with beggars, for, unlike the plague, it killed slowly. Roses (1455-1485
• The Wars of the
• The Italian Wars (1494-1559)
Wars • The Valois-Hapsburg Wars
• The Eighty Years War
• The Wars of Religion [Huguenot Wars]
(1562-1598)
• The Thirty Years War
• The English Civil Wars
• The Anglo-Dutch Wars
• The War of the League of Augsburg
• The Great Northern War
The warfare of this period was affected by developing technologies:
• gunpowder (introduced to Europe in the mid 13th century)
• artillery (chiefly bombards used as siege weapons)
• muskets (a heavy, smoothbore gun fired from the shoulder, invented in the
15th century)
• rifles (guns having a rifled bore, invented in 1520)
13
In military terms, the period is perhaps best described as pike and shot, describing
the principal arms of the foot soldiers of the time. Tactics developed from the

14. Imortant people: Leonardo da Vinci
Born in the Tuscan village of Vinci near Florence, Leonardo (1452-1519) was the
embodiment of the "Universal Renaissance Man," or uomo universale. He worked as a
sculptor and architect, and also painted a small number of pictures. He kept
voluminous notebooks and wrote on many topics, with plans to publish treatises on
painting, anatomy, mechanics, and water, among others. He is also left notes on
geometry, bronze casting, ancient weapons, a bestiary, riddles, fables, and more, and
was famed for his inventions. Although regarded as a Florentine artist, he worked
mostly in Milan, as a military engineer for the Sforzas, and died in France at the court
of Francis I.
Leonardo da Vinci was a man who had attained mastery over all branches of art and
science. He was a painter, sculptor, architect and engineer besides being a scholar in
the natural sciences, medicine and philosophy. Leonardo is probably most famous for
painting the Mona Lisa, which is one of the world's best-known and most widely
recognized works of art.
He was commissioned by Francesco del Giocondo, a friend of Leonardo's father, to
paint a portrait of the man's wife, Lisa Gherardini del Giocondo. The result was the
Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) (1503-1506), Some of the attributesonethisthe most famous
which was to become of of list of talents
pictures in the world, although the portrait was artist, sculptor, time and never
include: not finished in anatomist, urban
delivered to the client. Leonardo received several more important commissions,
planner, mathematician, inventor, gourmet
including the commission to decorate the Grand Council athelete, architect--and the
cook, equestrian, Chamber in the Palazzo
Vecchio, the seat of government of Florence.
list continues. A man so far ahead of his
time, his inventions included prototypes of
helicopters and flying machines, parachutes
Leonardo's Flying Machine
14

15. Imortant people: Michelangelo Buonarroti
Michelangelo Buonarroti was born on March 6, 1475 in the village of
Caprese, Italy. He was one of the most important artists of the Italian
Renaissance, a period when the arts and sciences flourished.
Michelangelo became an apprentice to prominent Florentine painter,
Domenico Ghirlandaio at the age of 12, but soon began to study sculpture
instead. He attracted the attention and patronage of Lorenzo de Medici,
who was ruler of Florence until 1492.
At age 23, Michelangelo completed his magnificent Pieta, a marble statue
that shows the Virgin Mary grieving over the dead Jesus. He began work
on the colossal figure of "David" in 1501, and by 1504 the sculpture
(standing at 4.34m/14 ft 3 in tall) was in place outside the Palazzo
Vecchio. The statue became a symbol for the new republic that had
replaced Medici rule.
Michelangelo portrayed David partly as the ideal man, partly as an
adolescent youth. Unlike predesessors by other sculptors which depict
David with the grissly head of the giant under his foot, Michelangelo poses
David at the moment he faces the giant, with the deed before him. He
believed this was the moment of David's greatest courage.
From 1508 until 1512 Michelangelo worked on his most famous project,
the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. He had always considered
himself a sculptor and resisted painting the Sistine with characteristic
vehemence: "I cannot live under pressures from patrons, let alone paint."
Only the power of the Pope Julius II forced him into the reluctant
achievement of the world's greatest single fresco. He covered the ceiling
with paintings done on wet plaster, showing nine scenes from the Old
Testament. Michelangelo later painted "The Last Judgment" on the altar
wall of the Sistine Chapel.
Toward the end of his life, Michelangelo became more involved in
architecture and poetry. In 1546 he was made chief architect of the partly
finished St. Peter’s Basalica in Rome, where the Pieta is now kept.
15

16. Imortant people: Sandro Bottice'i
Botticelli, a Florentine painter, was one of the most distinctive and popular of
Renaissance artists. Apprenticed to Filippo Lippi, he developed a highly
personalized style taking Filippo Lippi's linear approach to new heights of
gracefulness. His work was elegantly executed with a rich language of sometimes
highly personal and melancholy gesture.
By 1480 Botticelli had is own workshop with assistants. He spent almost all of his
life working for the great families of Florence, especially the Medici family, for
whom he painted portraits, most notably the Giuliano de' Medici. Adoration of the
Magi was painted on commission (though not for the Medicis), and contains
likenesses of the Medici family. His ideal of feminine beauty is shown in his
Imortant people: King Matthias
The most popular of all Hungarian Kings was Matthias Corvinus. The Renaissance
King's (1458 - 1490) popularity was based on his uncomplicated, traditional character.
Since 1301 (the extinction of the Hungarian House of Árpád) he was the first
Hungarian on the throne. Matthias valued the sciences, arts and architecture, he
invited foreign humanists, writers, musicians and artist. In his court he was
entertaining such outstanding guests as the renaissance poet Janus Pannonius, the
Italian historian Antonio Bonfini and the astronomer Regiomontanus (Johann Müller).
The first Hungarian press and set up the Corvin library that held at least 500 volumes.
Culturally Hungary was equal to any West European nation. Under King Matthias
Hungary also became one of the most powerful nations in Europe. Thanks to his
flamboyance the Renaissance reached Hungary at an early date. Matthias, brought up
by eminent Humanists, was passionately fond of the new artistic luxuries, and highly
prized the relics of classical Greece and Rome. After he married Beatrix of Aragon
(daughter of the King of Naples), representatives of Italian Renaissance found a second
home in his court. Contemporary descriptions of the court of Matthias provide
splendid pictures of the feasts where, after exotic and highly spiced dishes, Matthias
16

17. Bibliography (p. 17 and 18)
Page 1:
picture: http://www.artchive.com/artchive/m/michelangelo/deluge.jpg
Page 2:
picture 1: http://library.thinkquest.org/2838/renmap.gif
picture 2: http://wine.appellationamerica.com/images/appellations/features/
renaissance-art-300.jpg
picture 3: http://www.kmkz.com/jonesj/gallery/renaissance%20italy%5B1%5D.jpg
text 1: The Renaissance Period, www.library.thinkquest.org, 26 Sept 2009, http://
library.thinkquest.org/15413/history/history-ren.htm
text 2: Jacob Burchardt Renaissance-Cultural history, www.age-of-the-sage.org, 26
Sept 2009, http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/history/historian/
Jacob_Burckhardt.html
Text 3: Why did the Renaissance start in Italy during the 15th century?,
www.coursework.info, 27 Sept 2009, http://www.coursework.info/GCSE/Art/
Why_did_the_Renaissance_start_in_Italy_d_L112408.html
Page 3:
picture 1: http://www.vacation-italy.com/images/santa-croce-1-exterior.jpg
picture 2: http://www.iub.edu/%7Efrithome/news/images/canal.jpg
picture 3: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Firenze-
Stemma.png
text: Renaissance: Focus on Florence, www.learner.org, 27 Sept 2009, http://
www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/florence.html
Page 4:
picture 1: http://romeitaly.ca/images/palazzosenatorio.jpg
picture 2: http://www.michaelhaldane.com/CockLandscape.jpg
text:Tour of Renaissance Rome, www.tours-italy.com, 27 Sept 2009, http://
www.tours-italy.com/rome/renaissance.htm
Book: Corrain Lucia, The Art of The Renaissance, p.30, Firenze, Italia, Volo publisher,
2008
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18. Page 6:
picture 1: http://www.miniwagons.com/images/old_style_photo.jpg
picture 2: http://www.cowboycooking.com/photo1.jpg
picture 3: http://www.decalzone.com/images/decals/animals/wst094.png
picture 4: http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/images/Europe/factfile/
Santamaria.jpg
Page 7:
picture 1: http://www.wikiwak.com/image/09julius.jpg
picture 2: http://www.iamthewitness.com/books/img/King.Henry.VIII.jpg
text 1: Life in The Renaissance, www.kathrynhinds.com, 28 Sept 2009, http://
www.kathrynhinds.com/RENAISSANCE.htm#Reviews
text 2: Lord Aubrey de Baudricourt, Courtly graces and manners in the renaissance,
www.stormypetrel.org, 28 Sept 2009, http://www.stormypetrel.org/aubrey/
arpcourt.html
Book: Corrain Lucia, The Art of The Renaissance, p.5 and 60, Firenze, Italia, Volo
publisher, 2008
Page 8:
picture 1: http://www.christusrex.org/www1/Sistine/0-Sistine.gif
picture 2: website adress not found
text 1: Death: The undiscovered country, www.internetshakespeare.uvic.ca, 29 Sept
2009, http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/ideas/death2.html
Page 9:
picture 1: http://christianliturgyandtradition.podbean.com/wp-content/
blogs5/89331/uploads/renaissance-clothing-5.jpg
picture 2: http://images.buycostumes.com/mgen/merchandiser/31346.jpg
text 1: The Renaissance Era (1450-1600), Fashion, www.erasofelegance.com, 29
Sept 2009, http://www.erasofelegance.com/history/renaissancelife.html
text 2: Costumes and Clothing Renaissance, The Italian Renaissance,
www.geocities.com, 29 Sept 2009, http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Acres/
18
7631/costume4.htm,
text 3: Renaissance Life, The Renaissance, www.realarmorofgod.com, 30 Sept 2009

19. Page 11:
picture 1: http://www.penwith.co.uk/artofeurope/
leonardo_da_vinci_last_supper.jpg
picture 2: http://www.mrdowling.com/images/704moses.jpg
text 1: The Mind of Leonardo, In Leonardo’s Studio, www.brunelleschi.imss.fi.it, 30
Sept 2009, http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/menteleonardo/emdl.asp?
c=13419&k=13394&rif=13394
Page 12:
picture 1: http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/food-art/cook_kitchen.gif
picture 2: http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/86050/1/Market-Woman-
With-Fruit,-Vegetables-And-Poultry-1564.jpg
text 1: Renaissance Food, www.renaissance-spell.com, 1 Oct 2009, http://
www.renaissance-spell.com/Renaissance-Food.html
Page 13:
picture 1: http://wikibiddle.wikispaces.com/file/view/black_death.jpg/71613283
picture 2: http://www.jasinski.co.uk/wojna/battles/1600-Sw/1600-Sw-07.htm
text 1: The Black Death, www.socyberty.com, 2 Oct 2009, http://socyberty.com/
history/the-black-death-2/
Page 14:
picture 1: http://www.imagekind.com/Art/renaissance_art/italian_renaissance_art/
italian_renaissance_art.jpg
picture 2: http://palscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/leonardo-da-
vinci.jpg
picture 3: http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Images/art-friends/leonardo-da-
vinci-art.jpg
text 1: Leonardo da Vinci, www.en.wikipedia.org, 3 Oct 2009, http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
Page 15:
picture 1: http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96mar/96margifs/michelangelo.gif
picture 2: http://arthistorystudents.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/pieta_small.jpg
19

20. Page 16:
Sandro Botticelli
picture 1: http://www.theartgallery.com.au/ArtEducation/greatartists/Botticelli/
venus/
picture 2: http://simplyartonline.net/Sandro%20Botticelli.jpg
text: Sandro Botticelli, www.en.wikipedia.org, 8 Oct 2009, http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Sandro_Botticelli
Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
picture 1: http://szentkoronaradio.com/files/matyas_kiraly_2.jpg
picture 2: http://www.iz.or.at/acprojpic/img_60_1_0.jpg
text: Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, www.en.wikipedia.org, 10 Oct 2009 http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus_of_Hungary
Page 21:
picture: http://places2explore.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/63.jpg
20

21. The End
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